Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 12/2018

01-12-2018 | Basic Science

New iPAD-based test for the detection of color vision deficiencies

Authors: Dolores de Fez, María José Luque, Lucía Matea, David P. Piñero, Vicente J. Camps

Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology | Issue 12/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

To develop and validate a new iPad-based color vision test (Optopad).

Methods

A total of 341 student eyes were enrolled in a first comparative study between Optopad and the Isihara tests. In a second comparative study, Optopad vs. the Farnworth-Munsell test (FM 100H), a total of 66 adult eyes were included. Besides the agreement between tests, the correlation between FM 100H and Optopad outcomes were investigated. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict the total error score (TES) from contrast thresholds measured with the Optopad test.

Results

The Ishihara and Optopad tests detected the same anomalous patients. Concerning FM 100H vs. Optopad, 10 subjects were diagnosed as anomalous with both tests, 3 mild anomalous cases based on TES were classified as normal with Optopad, and 2 anomalous subjects based on Optopad test showed normal TES values. Statistically significant correlations of TES and partial error red-green (PTESRG) with thresholds measured with the red-green Optopad stimuli were found. A multiple quadratic regression model was obtained relating TES and chromatic contrast values from Optopad (R2 = 0.855), with only 13 cases showing residuals of ≥ 25 units.

Conclusions

The design and implementation of a chromatic contrast discrimination test has been carried out, with promising clinical results. This test seems to provide comparable outcomes to those obtained with Ishihara and FM 100H tests.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Black JM, Jacobs RJ, Phillips G, Chen L, Tan E, Tran A, Thompson B (2013) An assessment of the iPad as a testing platform for distance visual acuity in adults. BMJ Open 3(6)CrossRef
2.
Kollbaum PS, Jansen ME, Kollbaum EJ, Bullimore MA (2014) Validation of an iPad test of letter contrast sensitivity. Optom Vis Sci 91:291–296PubMed
3.
Obradovic IV, Cappelli R, Priluck JC, Chalam KV, Grover S (2012) Comparison of color vision testing by standard Ishihara Color Plates versus iPad version. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:E-Abstract 6394
4.
LC Nguyen, E Yi-Luen Do, A Chia, Y Wang, H Benn-Lird Duh (2014) DoDo Game, a color vision deficiency screening test for young children. Paper presented at the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto, 26 April-1 May 2014
5.
de Fez D, Luque MJ, Garcia-Domene MC, Camps V, Piñero D (2016) Colorimetric characterization of mobile devices for vision applications. Optom Vis Sci 93:85–93PubMed
6.
7.
García-Domene MC, Luque MJ, de Fez MD (2015) Software [design of a campimeter of incremental threshold for projection]. Property registration 09 / 2015 / 447; University of Alicante, Spain
8.
Stokes M, Fairchild MD, Berns RS (1992) Precision requirements for digital color reproduction. ACM Trans Graph 11:406–422CrossRef
9.
Luo MR, Cui G, Rigg B (2001) The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formulaCIEDE2000. Color Res Appl 26:340–350CrossRef
10.
Day EA, Taplin L, Berns RS (2004) Colorimetric characterization of a computer-controlled liquid crystal display. Color Res Appl 29:365Y73CrossRef
11.
de Fez MD, Luque MJ, García-Domene MC, Caballero MT, Camps VJ (2018) Can applications designed to evaluate visual function be used in different iPads? Optom Vis Sci
12.
13.
14.
Birch J (1991) Colour vision tests: general classification. Vol 7 in Vision and visual dysfunction. General editor Cronly-Dillon JR, MacMillan Press, Boca Raton, FL
15.
Kinnear PR, Sahraie A (2002) New Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test norms of normal observers for each year of age 5-22 and for age decades 30-70. Br J Ophthalmol 86:1408–1411CrossRef
16.
Vingrys AJ, Atchison DA, Bowman KJ (1992) The use of colour difference vectors in diagnosing congenital colour vision deficiencies with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 12:38–45PubMed
17.
Smith VC, Pokorny J, Pass AS (1985) Color-axis determination on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Am J Ophthalmol 100:176–182CrossRef
18.
Mäntyjärvi M (2001) Normal test scores in the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test. Doc Ophthalmol 102:73–80CrossRef
19.
20.
Kitahara K, Kandatsu A (1985) Determining a standard for the FM 100-hue test in cases where there may or may not be a clear orientation axis of the hue errors. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 89:10891093
21.
Dain SJ, Birch J (1987) An averaging method for the interpretation of the farnsworth-munsell 100-hue test—I. congenital colour vision defects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 7:267–280PubMed
22.
Barton FB, Fong DS, Knatterud GL (2004) Classification of Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test results in the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study. Am J Ophthalmol 138:119–124CrossRef
23.
Smith VC, Pokorny J (1996) The design and use of a cone chromaticity space: a tutorial. Color Res Appl 21:375–383CrossRef
24.
Boynton RM (1986) A system of photometry and colorimetry based on cone excitations. Color Res Appl 11:244–252CrossRef
25.
Capilla P, Díez-Ajenjo MA, Luque MJ, Malo J (2004) Corresponding-pair procedure: a new approach to simulation of dichromatic color perception. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 21:176–186CrossRef
26.
Derrington AM, Krauskopf J, Lennie P (1984) Chromatic mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. J Physiol 357:241–265CrossRef
27.
28.
Vingrys AJ, King-Smith PE (1988) A quantitative scoring technique for panel tests of color vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:50–63PubMed
29.
Regan BC, Reffin JP, Mollon JD (1994) Luminance noise and the rapid determination of discrimination ellipses in colour deficiency. Vis Res 34:1279–1299CrossRef
30.
Barbur JL, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Harlow A (2006) Establishing the statistical limits of “normal” chromatic sensitivity. Paper presented at the CIE Expert Symposium, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 16-17 May 2006
31.
Arden GB, Gunduz K, Perry S (1988) Colour vision testing with a computer graphics system. Clin Vis Sci 2:303–320
32.
Arden GB, Wolf JE (2004) Colour vision testing as an aid diagnosis and management of age related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 88:1180–1185CrossRef
33.
O’Neill-Biba M, Sivaprasad S, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Wolf JE, Barbur JL (2010) Loss of chromatic sensitivity in AMD and diabetes: a comparative study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 30:705–716CrossRef
34.
Rabin J, Gooch J, Ivan D (2011) Rapid quantification of color vision: the cone contrast test. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:816–820CrossRef
35.
Rodríguez-Carmona M, Sharpe LT, Harlow JA, Barbur JL (2008) Sex-related differences in chromatic sensitivity. Vis Neurosci 25:433–440CrossRef
36.
Birch J (1997) Efficiency of the Ishihara test for identifying red-green colour deficiency. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 17:403–408CrossRef
37.
Birch J (1989) Use of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test in the examination of congenital colour vision defects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 9:156–162CrossRef
38.
Seshadri J, Christensen J, Lakshminarayanan V, Bassi CJ (2005) Evaluation of the new web-based “colour assessment and diagnosis” test. Optom Vis Sci 82:882–885CrossRef
39.
Viliunas V, Lukauskiene R, Svegzda A, Zukauskas A (2006) End-box scoring artefact evaluation of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue colour vision test. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 26:580–586CrossRef
Metadata
Title
New iPAD-based test for the detection of color vision deficiencies
Authors
Dolores de Fez
María José Luque
Lucía Matea
David P. Piñero
Vicente J. Camps
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology / Issue 12/2018
Print ISSN: 0721-832X
Electronic ISSN: 1435-702X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-4154-y

Other articles of this Issue 12/2018

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 12/2018 Go to the issue

Pathology

CD163+ macrophages infiltrate axon bundles of postmortem optic nerves with glaucoma

Glaucoma

Relationship between filtering bleb vascularization and surgical outcomes after trabeculectomy: an optical coherence tomography angiography study

Retinal Disorders

Improved analysis of foveal avascular zone area with optical coherence tomography angiography

Pediatrics

Current trends among pediatric ophthalmologists to decrease myopia progression—an international perspective

Trauma

Intravitreal decorin preventing proliferative vitreoretinopathy in perforating injuries: a pilot study

Cornea

The role of novel DMEK graft shapes in facilitating intraoperative unscrolling