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Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 12/2016

01-12-2016 | Basic Science

Stress responses of human retinal pigment epithelial cells to glyoxal

Authors: Cora Roehlecke, Monika Valtink, Annika Frenzel, Doris Goetze, Lilla Knels, Henning Morawietz, Richard H. W. Funk

Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology | Issue 12/2016

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Abstract

Purpose

Intracellular formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a crucial pathological process in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy (DR). Glyoxal is a physiological metabolite produced during formation of AGEs and has also been shown to derive from photodegraded bisretinoid fluorophores in aging retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.

Methods

Flow cytometry was combined with either: 1) immunocytochemical staining to detect glyoxal induced formation of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML)-modifications of intracellular proteins (AGEs) and changes in the production of stress response proteins; or 2) vital staining to determine apoptosis rates (annexin V binding), formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and changes in intracellular pH upon treatment of cells with glyoxal. The percentage of apoptotic cells was further quantified by flow cytometry after staining of fixed cells with propidium iodide to determine cells with a subdiploid (fragmented) DNA content. Apoptosis related activation of caspase 3 was determined by Western blotting. Glyoxal induced changes in VEGF-A165a mRNA expression and protein production were determined by real-time PCR and by flow cytometry after immunocytochemical staining.

Results

Increasing glyoxal concentrations resulted in enhanced formation of AGEs, such as CML modifications of proteins. This was associated with elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, a depolarized MMP, and a decreased intracellular pH, resulting in an increased number of apoptotic cells. Apoptosis related caspase 3 activation increased in a dose dependent manner after glyoxal incubation. In consequence, the cells activated compensatory mechanisms and increased the levels of the anti-oxidative and stress-related proteins heme oxygenase-1, osteopontin, heat shock protein 27, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and cathepsin D. Furthermore, VEGF-A165a mRNA expression and VEGF-A protein production were significantly increased after incubation with glyoxal in ARPE-19 cells.

Conclusions

The glyoxal-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells may provide a suitable in vitro model for studying RPE cellular reactions to AGEs that occur in AMD or in DR.
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Metadata
Title
Stress responses of human retinal pigment epithelial cells to glyoxal
Authors
Cora Roehlecke
Monika Valtink
Annika Frenzel
Doris Goetze
Lilla Knels
Henning Morawietz
Richard H. W. Funk
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology / Issue 12/2016
Print ISSN: 0721-832X
Electronic ISSN: 1435-702X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-016-3463-2

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