Top

Published in:

01-12-2010 | Review

Post infectious CNS disorders: towards a unified approach

Authors: Marc Gotkine, Peter G. E. Kennedy, Israel Steiner

Published in: Journal of Neurology | Issue 12/2010

Abstract

The spectrum of post infectious (PI) central nervous system (CNS) conditions includes a range of grey and white-matter disorders which can occur after viral or bacterial infections or in response to vaccinations. The clinical, radiological and immunological phenomenology raises a number of issues regarding the nature of immune-mediated CNS abnormalities, their etiology, pathogenesis and therapy. Here we focus on crucial issues pertaining to pathogenesis and aim to identify where current knowledge is insufficient in order to suggest future avenues of clinical and experimental research that may help to devise optimal therapy for these conditions.

Bayer AS, Galpin JE, Theofilopoulos AN, Guze LB (1981) Neurological disease associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonitis: demonstration of viable Mycoplasma pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid and blood by radioisotopic and immunofluorescent tissue culture techniques. Ann Intern Med 94(1):15–20PubMed

Thomas L, Davidson M, McCluskey RT (1966) Studies of PPLO infection. I. The production of cerebral polyarteritis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys; the neurotoxic property of the Mycoplasma. J Exp Med 123(5):897–912CrossRefPubMed

Reik L Jr (1980) Disseminated vasculomyelinopathy: an immune complex disease. Ann Neurol 7(4):291–296CrossRefPubMed

Rose NR, Bona C (1993) Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky’s postulates revisited). Immunol Today 14(9):426–430CrossRefPubMed

Witebsky E, Rose NR, Terplan K, Paine JR, Egan RW (1957) Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization. J Am Med Assoc 164(13):1439–1447PubMed

Hooshmand H, Escobar MR, Kopf SW (1972) Neurosyphilis. A study of 241 patients. Jama 219(6):726–729CrossRefPubMed

Goding JW (2001) Autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 345(23):1707–1708CrossRefPubMed

Krawitt EL (2006) Autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med 354(1):54–66CrossRefPubMed

Kirvan CA, Swedo SE, Heuser JS, Cunningham MW (2003) Mimicry and autoantibody-mediated neuronal cell signaling in Sydenham chorea. Nat Med 9(7):914–920CrossRefPubMed

10.

Hricik DE, Chung-Park M, Sedor JR (1998) Glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 339(13):888–899CrossRefPubMed

11.

Carson MJ, Doose JM, Melchior B, Schmid CD, Ploix CC (2006) CNS immune privilege: hiding in plain sight. Immunol Rev 213:48–65CrossRefPubMed

12.

Korn-Lubetzki I, Brand A, Steiner I (2004) Recurrence of Sydenham chorea: implications for pathogenesis. Arch Neurol 61(8):1261–1264CrossRefPubMed

13.

Giedd JN, Rapoport JL, Garvey MA, Perlmutter S, Swedo SE (2000) MRI assessment of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder or tics associated with streptococcal infection. Am J Psychiatry 157(2):281–283CrossRefPubMed

14.

Kantor L, Hewlett GH, Gnegy ME (1999) Enhanced amphetamine- and K⁺-mediated dopamine release in rat striatum after repeated amphetamine: differential requirements for Ca²⁺- and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation and synaptic vesicles. J Neurosci 19(10):3801–3808PubMed

15.

Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, Allen AJ, Rapoport JL, Dow SP et al (1997) Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry 154(1):110–112PubMed

16.

Edwards MJ, Trikouli E, Martino D, Bozi M, Dale RC, Church AJ et al (2004) Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in patients with atypical dystonia and tics: a prospective study. Neurology 63(1):156–158PubMed

17.

Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S et al (1998) Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 155(2):264–271PubMed

18.

Singer HS, Hong JJ, Yoon DY, Williams PN (2005) Serum autoantibodies do not differentiate PANDAS and Tourette syndrome from controls. Neurology 65(11):1701–1707CrossRefPubMed

19.

Loiselle CR, Lee O, Moran TH, Singer HS (2004) Striatal microinfusion of Tourette syndrome and PANDAS sera: failure to induce behavioral changes. Mov Disord 19(4):390–396CrossRefPubMed

20.

Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RA, Lees AJ, Adcock JE, Harding B et al (2004) Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. Brain 127(Pt 1):21–33CrossRefPubMed

21.

von-Economo (1931) Encephalitis lethargica. Its sequelae and treatment (trans: Newman KO). Oxford University Press, London

22.

Pearce SH, Merriman TR (2006) Genetic progress towards the molecular basis of autoimmunity. Trends Mol Med 12(2):90–98CrossRefPubMed

23.

Dranitzki Z, Steiner I (2007) PANDAS in siblings: a common risk? Eur J Neurol 14(6):e4CrossRefPubMed

24.

Hartung HP, Grossman RI (2001) ADEM: distinct disease or part of the MS spectrum? Neurology 56(10):1257–1260PubMed

25.

Giovannoni G, Cutter GR, Lunemann J, Martin R, Munz C, Sriram S et al (2006) Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 5(10):887–894CrossRefPubMed

26.

Graber DJ, Levy M, Kerr D, Wade WF (2008) Neuromyelitis optica pathogenesis and aquaporin 4. J Neuroinflammation 5(1):22CrossRefPubMed

27.

Tselis AC, Lisak RP (1995) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and isolated central nervous system demyelinative syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 8(3):227–229CrossRefPubMed

28.

Andersen O (2000) Myelitis. Curr Opin Neurol 13(3):311–316CrossRefPubMed

29.

Cohen O, Steiner-Birmanns B, Biran I, Abramsky O, Honigman S, Steiner I (2001) Recurrence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis at the previously affected brain site. Arch Neurol 58(5):797–801CrossRefPubMed

30.

Sani S, Boco T, Lewis SL, Cochran E, Patel AJ, Byrne RW (2008) Postoperative acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after exposure to microfibrillar collagen hemostat. J Neurosurg 109(1):149–152CrossRefPubMed

31.

Pandit L, Rao S (1996) Recurrent myelitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60(3):336–338CrossRefPubMed

32.

Krupp LB, Banwell B, Tenembaum S (2007) Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Neurology 68(16 Suppl 2):S7–S12CrossRefPubMed

33.

Hahn CD, Shroff MM, Blaser SI, Banwell BL (2004) MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis: evaluation in a pediatric cohort. Neurology 62(5):806–808PubMed

34.

Sejvar JJ, Kohl KS, Bilynsky R, Blumberg D, Cvetkovich T, Galama J et al (2007) Encephalitis, myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM): case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 25(31):5771–5792CrossRefPubMed

35.

de Seze J, Debouverie M, Zephir H, Lebrun C, Blanc F, Bourg V et al (2007) Acute fulminant demyelinating disease: a descriptive study of 60 patients. Arch Neurol 64(10):1426–1432CrossRefPubMed

36.

Poser CM (2008) Multiple sclerosis and recurrent disseminated encephalomyelitis are different diseases. Arch Neurol 65(5):674 (author reply 674–675)CrossRefPubMed

37.

Steinman L, Zamvil SS (2006) How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 60(1):12–21CrossRefPubMed

38.

Sriram S, Steiner I (2005) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a misleading model of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 58(6):939–945CrossRefPubMed

39.

Bennetto L, Scolding N (2004) Inflammatory/post-infectious encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(Suppl 1):i22–i28CrossRefPubMed

40.

Menge T, Kieseier BC, Nessler S, Hemmer B, Hartung HP, Stuve O (2007) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an acute hit against the brain. Curr Opin Neurol 20(3):247–254CrossRefPubMed

41.

Guerini FR, Ferrante P, Losciale L, Caputo D, Lombardi ML, Pirozzi G et al (2003) Myelin basic protein gene is associated with MS in DR4- and DR5-positive Italians and Russians. Neurology 61(4):520–526PubMed

42.

Becanovic K, Jagodic M, Sheng JR, Dahlman I, Aboul-Enein F, Wallstrom E et al (2006) Advanced intercross line mapping of Eae5 reveals Ncf-1 and CLDN4 as candidate genes for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 176(10):6055–6064PubMed

43.

Silver B, McAvoy K, Mikesell S, Smith TW (1997) Fulminating encephalopathy with perivenular demyelination and vacuolar myelopathy as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 54(5):647–650PubMed

44.

Hart YM, Andermann F, Robitaille Y, Laxer KD, Rasmussen T, Davis R (1998) Double pathology in Rasmussen’s syndrome: a window on the etiology? Neurology 50(3):731–735PubMed

Title: Post infectious CNS disorders: towards a unified approach
Authors: Marc Gotkine
Peter G. E. Kennedy
Israel Steiner
Publication date: 01-12-2010
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: Journal of Neurology / Issue 12/2010
Print ISSN: 0340-5354
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1459
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-010-5743-9

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Post infectious CNS disorders: towards a unified approach

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2010

Impairment of sensory-motor integration in patients affected by RLS

The clinical spectrum of late-onset Alexander disease: a systematic literature review

Salt-free diet and pregnancy-related central pontine myelinolysis: “To diet or not?”

Severe encephalopathy and polyneuropathy induced by dichloroacetate

Primary cerebral lymphomatoid granulomatosis as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS

Multiple cerebral cavernous malformations and a novel CCM3 germline deletion in a German family