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Open Access 01-07-2019 | Original Article

The medicolegal, psycho-criminological, and epidemiological reality of intimate partner and non-intimate partner femicide in North-West Italy: looking backwards to see forwards

Authors: Georgia Zara, Franco Freilone, Sara Veggi, Eleonora Biondi, Dario Ceccarelli, Sarah Gino

Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine | Issue 4/2019

Abstract

This paper addresses femicide in Italy. The assumption is that femicide is not a discrete act of killing a woman. It is assumed that depending on the types of relationship between the victim and the perpetrator (e.g., known versus unknown, intimate versus acquaintance), the risk processes may differ. When femicide involves the killing of an intimate partner, it is likely to be characterized by sustained and escalating intimate partner violence (IPV) that can reach its climax with extreme acts of violence that lead to intimate partner femicide (IPF). Eighty-six cases of femicide that occurred in North-West Italy between 1993 and 2013 were examined in this study. Findings suggest that femicide was disproportionately perpetrated by intimate partners (current or past), rather than strangers. IPF was likely to be the epilogue of an abusive relationship, with high levels of contentiousness and conflicts being the frequent significant precursors. Non-intimate partner femicide (NPF) was more likely to be characterized by antisocial or predatory motives, highly frequent when the victims were prostitutes.

These preliminary findings suggest that joint scientific, professional, and political efforts are paramount in order to address strategies aimed at assessing the differential risk of IPV early in time so as to prevent it from escalating into IPF or NPF and to provide the appropriate support for victims and their families.

In this study, the general term femicide is used to imply the murder of a woman by any male perpetrator. The terms IPF and NPF are used when specifically referring to the murder of a woman by an intimate or a non-intimate partner perpetrator, respectively. In the “Materials and methods” and “Results” sections of this article, the differences in motives, dynamics, and weapons used to kill the victim are described and reported according to IPF and NPF, respectively.

Starting from the joint effort in Europe by the Council of Europe that led on 11 May 2011 to the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, called also Istanbul Convention (2011), the European Union and the United Nations are now collaborating on a new global initiative called “Spotlight” [50], with the aim of eliminating all forms of violence against women: this project represents an effort to achieve gender equality in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and shows Europe’s constant commitment to this issue.

A legal enforcement process against women discrimination and protection of women’s rights was achieved, passing through different stages, from New Family Law called the “Reform on Family Law” (law n. 151/1975), Divorce Law called “Discipline of cases of dissolution of marriage” (law n. 898/1970), Abortion Law called “Rules for the social protection of motherhood and the voluntary interruption of pregnancy” (law n. 194/1978), to the Abolition of Crimes of Honor called the “Repeal of the criminal relevance of the cause of honor” (law n. 442/1981) that led, in 2009, to the enactment of the law known as “Measures against persecutor acts” (see art. 612bis of the criminal code.). The art. 612bis was introduced with the decree, n. 11, 23 February 2009, and converted in law n. 38/2009, called “Persecutory Acts” (the so-called Anti-Stalking Law). Other measures were designed to tackle the problem of violence against women with Law Decree n. 93, 14 August 2013, converted with modifications into the law n. 119, 15 October 2013, called “Urgent provisions on security and the fight against gender-based violence and on civil protection and provincial commissioners.”

A “typology” is a system of groupings, the members of which are identified by postulating specified attributes that are “mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive […]. Typologies […] are less durable than classifications in that their descriptions are accepted only to the degree that they continue to provide solutions to problems” [61].

In Italy the Anti-Stalking Law was formally enacted in 2009. Before that time this type of crime was under the more general criminal code of Persecutory Acts. See note 3 in this article.

The purchase of firearms or weapons is strictly regulated in Italy. Applicants must obtain a specific authorization from the police, along with a gun license certificate, which is issued after medical and psychological examinations and after a favorable approval by the legal regulatory authority for the search on the criminal records of the applicant [74].

One of the perpetrators in this study confessed that he preferably looked for ugly, fat, old, and southerner prostitutes who resembled his stepmother, who he deeply hated. In his own words, he defined prostitutes as “[…] animals; they are only women, and I wanted to do some sort of clearance […].” In their work on prostitute homicide, Salfati and colleagues [94] addressed this issue and cited how the British serial killer Sutcliffe (1984) described why he had killed his victims: “the women I killed were filth-bastard prostitutes who were littering the streets. I was just clearing up the place a bit […].” Sutcliffe’s quote can be retrieved from http://members.aol.com/gjsayer/hutson/quotes.htm#victims

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Title: The medicolegal, psycho-criminological, and epidemiological reality of intimate partner and non-intimate partner femicide in North-West Italy: looking backwards to see forwards
Authors: Georgia Zara
Franco Freilone
Sara Veggi
Eleonora Biondi
Dario Ceccarelli
Sarah Gino
Publication date: 01-07-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine / Issue 4/2019
Print ISSN: 0937-9827
Electronic ISSN: 1437-1596
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02061-w

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The medicolegal, psycho-criminological, and epidemiological reality of intimate partner and non-intimate partner femicide in North-West Italy: looking backwards to see forwards

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At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

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