Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
International Journal of Legal Medicine
Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine 2/2012

01-03-2012 | Review Article

Postmortem chemistry update part I

Authors: Cristian Palmiere, Patrice Mangin

Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine | Issue 2/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Postmortem chemistry is becoming increasingly essential in the forensic pathology routine and considerable progress has been made over the past years. Biochemical analyses of vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine may provide significant information in determining the cause of death or in elucidating forensic cases. Postmortem chemistry may essentially contribute in the determination of the cause of death when the pathophysiological changes involved in the death process cannot be detected by morphological methods (e.g. diabetes mellitus, alcoholic ketoacidosis and electrolytic disorders). It can also provide significant information and useful support in other forensic situations, including anaphylaxis, hypothermia, sepsis and hormonal disturbances. In this article, we present a review of the literature that covers this vast topic and we report the results of our observations. We have focused our attention on glucose metabolism, renal function and electrolytic disorders.
Literature
1.
Coe JI (1993) Postmortem chemistry update. Emphasis on forensic application. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 14(2):91–117PubMed
2.
Arroyo A, Valero J, Marrón T, Vidal C, Hontecillas B, Bernal J (1998) Pericardial fluid postmortem: comparative study of natural and violent deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19(3):266–268PubMed
3.
Madea B, Kreuser C, Banaschak S (2001) Postmortem biochemical examination of synovial fluid—a preliminary study. Forensic Sci Int 118(1):29–35PubMed
4.
Gagajewski A, Murakami MM, Kloss J, Edstrom M, Hillyer M, Peterson GF, Amatuzio J, Apple FS (2004) Measurement of chemical analytes in vitreous humor: stability and precision studies. J Forensic Sci 49(2):371–374PubMed
5.
Arroyo A, Rosel P, Marrón T (2005) Cerebrospinal fluid: postmortem biochemical study. J Clin Forensic Med 12(3):153–156PubMed
6.
Mulla A, Massey KL, Kalra J (2005) Vitreous humor biochemical constituents: evaluation of between-eye differences. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 26(2):146–149PubMed
7.
Madea B, Musshoff F (2007) Postmortem chemistry. Forensic Sci Int 165(2–3):165–171PubMed
8.
Uemura K, Shintani-Ishida K, Saka K, Nakajima M, Ikegaya H, Kikuchi Y, Yoshida K (2008) Biochemical blood markers and sampling sites in forensic autopsy. J Forensic Leg Med 15(5):312–317PubMed
9.
Thierauf A, Musshoff F, Madea B (2009) Postmortem biochemical investigations of vitreous humor. Forensic Sci Int 192(1–3):78–82PubMed
10.
Luna A (2009) Is postmortem biochemistry really useful? Why is it not widely used in forensic pathology? Leg Med (Tokyo) 11(Suppl 1):S27–S30
11.
Maeda H, Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Quan L, Michiue T (2009) Significance of postmortem biochemistry in determining the cause of death. Leg Med (Tokyo) 11(Suppl 1):S46–S49
12.
Hess C, Musshoff F, Madea B (2011) Disorders of glucose metabolism—post mortem analyses in forensic cases: part I. Int J Legal Med 125(2):163–170PubMed
13.
Musshoff F, Hess C, Madea B (2011) Disorders of glucose metabolism—post mortem analyses in forensic cases—part II. Int J Legal Med 125(2):171–180PubMed
14.
Maeda H, Ishikawa T, Michiue T (2011) Forensic biochemistry for functional investigation of death: concept and practical application. Leg Med (Tokyo) 13(2):55–67
15.
Boulagnon C, Garnotel R, Fornes P, Gillery P (2011) Postmortem biochemistry of vitreous humor and glucose metabolism: an update. Clin Chem Lab Med 49(8):1265–1270PubMed
16.
Hamilton-Paterson JL, Johnson EWM (1940) Postmortem glycolysis. J Pathol Bacteriol 50:473–482
17.
Tonge JI, Wannan JS (1949) The postmortem blood sugar. Med J Aust 1:439–447PubMed
18.
Naumann HN (1949) Diabetes and uremia diagnosed at autopsy by testing cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Arch Pathol (Chic) 47(1):70–77
19.
Naumann HN (1959) Postmortem chemistry of the vitreous body in man. Arch Ophthalmol 62:356–363PubMed
20.
Fekete JF, Kerenyi NA (1965) Postmortem blood sugar and blood urea nitrogen determinations. Can Med Assoc J 92:970–973PubMed
21.
Leahy MS, Farber ER (1967) Postmortem chemistry of human vitreous humor. J Forensic Sci 12(2):214–222PubMed
22.
Coe JI (1969) Postmortem chemistries on human vitreous humor. Am J Clin Pathol 51(6):741–750PubMed
23.
Coe JI (1972) Use of chemical determinations on vitreous humor in forensic pathology. J Forensic Sci 17(4):541–546PubMed
24.
Coe JI (1973) Some further thoughts and observations on postmortem chemistries. Forensic Sci Gazette 5:2–6
25.
Coe JI (1974) Postmortem chemistry: practical considerations and a review of the literature. J Forensic Sci 19(1):13–32PubMed
26.
Swift PG, Worthy E, Emery JL (1974) Biochemical state of the vitreous humor of infants at necropsy. Arch Dis Child 49(9):680–685PubMed
27.
Coe JI (1977) Postmortem chemistry of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor. In: Tedeschi CG, Eckert WG, Tedeschi LG (eds) Forensic medicine, vol 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1030–1060
28.
Coe JI (1977) Postmortem chemistry of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor. Leg Med Annu 1976:55–92PubMed
29.
Daae LN, Teige B, Svaar H (1978) Determination of glucose in human vitreous humor. Various analytical methods give different results. Z Rechsmed 80(4):287–291
30.
Traub F (1969) Methode zur Erkennung von tödlichen Zuckerstoffwechselstörungen an der Leiche. Zbl Allg Path 112:390–399PubMed
31.
Sippel H, Möttönen M (1982) Combined glucose and lactate values in vitreous humor for postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Forensic Sci Int 19(3):217–222PubMed
32.
Kernbach G, Püschel K, Brinkmann B (1986) Biochemical measurements of glucose metabolism in relation to cause of death and postmortem effects. Z Rechtsmed 96(3):199–213PubMed
33.
Péclet C, Picotte P, Jobin F (1994) The use of vitreous humor levels of glucose, lactic acid and blood levels of acetone to establish antemortem hyperglycemia in diabetics. Forensic Sci Int 65(1):1–6PubMed
34.
De Letter EA, Piette MH (1998) Can routinely combined analysis of glucose and lactate in vitreous humor be useful in current forensic practice? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19(4):335–342PubMed
35.
Brinkmann B, Fechner G, Karger B, DuChesne A (1998) Ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis—frequent causes of death in chronic alcoholics? Int J Legal Med 111(3):115–119PubMed
36.
Osuna E, García-Víllora A, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Conejero J, Abenza JM, Martínez P, Luna A (2001) Glucose and lactate in vitreous humor compared with the determination of fructosamine for the postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 22(3):244–249PubMed
37.
Karlovsek MZ (1995) Postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic coma: a comparison of HbA1, glucose, lactate and combined glucose and lactate values in vitreous humor and in cerebrospinal fluid. In: Jacob B, Bonte W (Eds), Advances in Forensic Sciences: Forensic Criminalistic 2, Vol. 4, Verlag Dr Köstner, Berlin, 1995, 38–48
38.
Karlovsek MZ (2004) Diagnostic values of combined glucose and lactate values in cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor—our experiences. Forensic Sci Int 2(146 Suppl):S19–S23
39.
Zilg B, Alkass K, Berg S, Druid H (2009) Postmortem identification of hyperglycemia. Forensic Sci Int 185(1–3):89–95PubMed
40.
Osuna E, García-Víllora A, Pérez-Cárceles M, Conejero J, Maria Abenza J, Martínez P, Luna A (1999) Vitreous humor fructosamine concentrations in the autopsy diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Int J Legal Med 112(5):275–279PubMed
41.
Vivero G, Vivero-Salmerón G, Pérez Cárceles MD, Bedate A, Luna A, Osuna E (2008) Combined determination of glucose and fructosamine in vitreous humor as a postmortem tool to identify antemortem hyperglycemia. Rev Diabet Stud 5(4):220–224PubMed
42.
Goullé JP, Lacroix C, Bouige D (2002) Gylcated haemoglobin: a useful postmortem reference marker in determining diabetes. Forensic Sci Int 128(1–2):44–49PubMed
43.
Mitchell GA, Kassovska-Bratinova S, Boukaftane Y, Robert MF, Wang SP, Ashmarina L, Lambert M, Lapierre P, Potier E (1995) Medical aspects of ketone body metabolism. Clin Invest Med 18(3):193–216PubMed
44.
Laffel L (1999) Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 15(6):412–426PubMed
45.
Laffel L (2000) Sick-day management in type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 29(4):707–723PubMed
46.
Pounder DJ, Stevenson RJ, Taylor KK (1998) Alcoholic ketoacidosis at autopsy. J Forensic Sci 43:812–816PubMed
47.
Osuna E, Vivero G, Conejero J, Abenza JM, Martínez P, Luna A, Pérez-Cárceles MD (2005) Postmortem vitreous humor beta-hydroxybutyrate: its utility for the postmortem interpretation of diabetes mellitus. Forensic Sci Int 153(2–3):189–195PubMed
48.
Kanetake J, Kanawaku Y, Mimasaka S, Sakai J, Hashiyada M, Nata M, Funayama M (2005) The relationship of a high level of serum beta-hydroxybutyrate to cause of death. Leg Med (Tokyo) 7(3):169–174
49.
Felby S, Nielsen E, Thomsen JL (2008) The postmortem distribution of ketone bodies between blood, vitreous humor, spinal fluid and urine. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 4(2):100–107PubMed
50.
Bailey DN (1990) Detection of isopropanol in acetonemic patients not exposed to isopropanol. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 28(4):459–466PubMed
51.
Davis PL, Dal Cortivo LA, Maturo J (1984) Endogenous isopropanol: forensic and biochemical implications. J Anal Toxicol 8(5):209–212PubMed
52.
Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Madro R (2009) Acetonaemia as an initial criterion of evaluation of a probable cause of sudden death. Leg Med (Tokyo) 11(1):18–24
53.
Jones AE, Summers RL (2000) Detection of isopropyl alcohol in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Emerg Med 19(2):165–168PubMed
54.
Jenkins AJ, Merrick TC, Oblock JM (2008) Evaluation of isopropanol concentrations in the presence of acetone in postmortem biological fluids. J Anal Toxicol 32(8):719–720PubMed
55.
Molina DK (2010) A characterization of sources of isopropanol detected on postmortem toxicologic analyses. J Forensic Sci 55(4):998–1002PubMed
56.
Duffens K, Marx JA (1987) Alcoholic ketoacidosis—a review. J Emerg Med 5(5):399–406PubMed
57.
Wrenn KD, Slovis CM, Minion GE, Rutkowski R (1991) The syndrome of alcoholic ketoacidosis. Am J Med 91(2):119–128PubMed
58.
Adams SL (1990) Alcoholic ketoacidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am 8(4):749–760PubMed
59.
Caspar CB, Risti B, Iten PX, Jost R, Russi EW, Speich (1993) Alcoholic ketoacidosis. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 123(41):1929–1934PubMed
60.
Hooper RJ (1994) Alcoholic ketoacidosis: the late presentation of acidosis in an alcoholic. Ann Clin Biochem 31(Pt 6):579–582PubMed
61.
Sibaï K, Eggimann P (2005) Alcoholic ketoacidosis: not rare cause of metabolic acidosis. Rev Med Suisse 1(32):2106, 2108–10, 2112–5.
62.
McGuire LC, Cruickshank AM, Munro PT (2005) Alcoholic ketoacidosis. Emerg Med J 23(6):417–420
63.
Denmark LN (1993) The investigation of beta-hydroxybutyrate as a marker for sudden death due to hypoglycemia in alcoholics. Forensic Sci Int 62(3):225–232PubMed
64.
Thomsen JL, Felby S, Theilade P, Nielsen E (1995) Alcoholic ketoacidosis as a cause of death in forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int 75(2–3):163–171PubMed
65.
Iten PX, Meier M (2000) Beta-hydroxybutyric acid—an indicator for an alcoholic ketoacidosis as cause of death in deceased alcohol abusers. J Forensic Sci 45(3):624–632PubMed
66.
Elliott S, Smith C, Cassidy D (2010) The postmortem relationship between beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetone and ethanol in ketoacidosis. Forensic Sci Int 198(1):53–57PubMed
67.
Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Madro R (2005) Biochemical background of ethanol-induced cold susceptibility. Leg Med (Tokyo) 7(1):15–23
68.
Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Madro R (2002) The influence of ethanol on the level of ketone bodies in hypothermia. Forensic Sci Int 127(1–2):88–96PubMed
69.
Winston DC (2000) Suicide via insulin overdose in nondiabetics: the New Mexico experience. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21(3):237–240PubMed
70.
Finkbeiner WE, Ursell PC, Davis RL (2004) Autopsy pathology. A manual and atlas. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia
71.
Niswender KD (2011) Basal insulin: physiology, pharmacology, and clinical implication. Postgrad Med 123(4):17–26PubMed
72.
Niswender KD (2011) Basal insulin: beyond glycemia. Postgrad Med 123(4):27–37PubMed
73.
Sturner WQ, Putnam RS (1972) Suicidal insulin poisoning with nine day survival: recovery in bile at autopsy by radioimmunoassay. J Forensic Sci 17(4):514–521PubMed
74.
Lindquist O, Rammer L (1975) Insulin in postmortem blood. Z Rechtsmed 75(4):275–277PubMed
75.
Bauman WA, Yalow RS (1981) Insulin as a lethal weapon. J Forensic Sci 26(3):594–598PubMed
76.
Campbell IW, Ratcliffe JG (1982) Suicidal insulin overdose managed by excision of insulin injection site. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285(6339):408–409
77.
Hood I, Mirchandani H, Monforte J, Stacer W (1986) Immunohistochemical demonstration of homicidal insulin injection site. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110(10):973–974PubMed
78.
Haibach H, Dix JD, Shah JH (1987) Homicide by insulin administration. J Forensic Sci 32(1):208–216PubMed
79.
Patel F (1992) Fatal self-induced hyperinsulinemia: a delayed postmortem analytical detection. Med Sci Law 32:151–159PubMed
80.
Beastall GH, Gibson IH, Martin J (1995) Successful suicide by insulin injection in a non-diabetic. Med Sci Law 35(1):79–85PubMed
81.
Patel F (1995) Successful suicide by insulin injection in a non-diabetic. Med Sci Law 35(2):181–182PubMed
82.
Kernbach-Wighton G, Püschel K (1998) On the phenomenology of lethal applications of insulin. Forensic Sci Int 93(1):61–73PubMed
83.
Wehner F, Mittmeyer HJ, Wehner HD, Schieffer MC (1998) Insulin or morphine injection? Immunohistochemical contribution to the elucidation of a case. Forensic Sci Int 95(3):241–246PubMed
84.
Marks V, Teale JD (1999) Hypoglycemia: factitious and felonious. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28(3):579–601PubMed
85.
86.
Marks V (2009) Murder by insulin: suspected, purported and proven. A review. Drug Test Anal 1(4):162–176PubMed
87.
Banaschak S, Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B (2000) Suicide of a diabetic by inducing hyperglycemic coma. Int J Legal Med 113(3):162–163PubMed
88.
Iwase H, Kobayashi M, Nakajima M, Takatori T (2001) The ratio of insulin to C-peptide can be used to make a forensic diagnosis of exogenous insulin overdosage. Forensic Sci Int 115(1–2):123–127PubMed
89.
Batalis NI, Prahlow JA (2004) Accidental insulin overdose. J Forensic Sci 49(5):1117–1120PubMed
90.
Nikolić S, Atanasijević T, Popović V (2006) A suicide by insulin injection—case report. Srp Arh Celok Lek 134(9–10):444–447PubMed
91.
Rao NG, Menezes RG, Nagesh KR, Kamath GS (2006) Suicide by combined insulin and glipizide overdose in a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus physician: a case report. Med Sci Law 46(3):263–269PubMed
92.
More DS, Arroyo MC (1985) Biochemical changes of the synovial fluid with regard to the cause of death. 1: Calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, proteins, and albumin. J Forensic Sci 30(2):541–546PubMed
93.
Zhu BL, Ishida K, Quan L, Taniguchi M, Oritani S, Li DR, Fujita MQ, Maeda H (2002) Postmortem serum uric acid and creatinine levels in relation to the causes of death. Forensic Sci Int 125(1):59–66PubMed
94.
Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Li DR, Zhao D, Quan L, Maeda H (2005) Evaluation of postmortem urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid levels in pericardial fluid in forensic autopsy. Leg Med (Tokyo) 7(5):287–292
95.
Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Tanaka S, Zhao D, Li DR, Quan L, Oritani S, Maeda H (2007) Differences in postmortem urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid levels between blood and pericardial fluid in acute death. Leg Med (Tokyo) 9(3):115–122
96.
Maeda H, Zhu BL, Bessho Y, Ishikawa T, Quan L, Michiue T, Zhao D, Li DR, Komatsu A (2008) Postmortem serum nitrogen compounds and C-reactive protein levels with special regard to investigation of fatal hyperthermia. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 4(3):175–180PubMed
97.
Byramji A, Cains G, Gilbert JD, Byard RW (2008) Hyponatremia at autopsy: an analysis of etiologic mechanisms and their possible significance. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 4(3):149–152PubMed
98.
Ingham AI, Byard RW (2009) The potential significance of elevated vitreous sodium levels at autopsy. J Forensic Leg Med 16(8):437–440PubMed
99.
DiMaio VJ, DiMaio D (2001) Forensic pathology. 2nd Ed
100.
Whitehead FJ, Couper RT, Moore L, Bourne AJ, Byard RW (1996) Dehydration deaths in infants and young children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 17(1):73–78PubMed
101.
Ross MP, Spiller HA (1999) Fatal ingestion of sodium hypochlorite bleach with associated hypernatremia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Vet Hum Toxicol 41(2):82–86PubMed
102.
Byard RW (2002) Incapacitation or death of a socially isolated parent or carer could result in the death of dependent children. J Paediatr Child Health 38(4):417–418PubMed
103.
Madea B, Lachenmeier DW (2005) Postmortem diagnosis of hypertonic dehydration. Forensic Sci Int 155(1):1–6PubMed
104.
Chen X, Huang G (1995) Autopsy case report of a rare acute iatrogenic water intoxication with a review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 76(1):27–34PubMed
105.
Arieff AI, Kronlund BA (1999) Fatal child abuse by forced water intoxication. Pediatrics 103(6 Pt 1):1292–1295PubMed
106.
Garigan TP, Ristedt DE (1999) Death from hyponatremia as a result of acute water intoxication in an Army basic trainee. Mil Med 164(3):234–238PubMed
107.
Gardner JW (2002) Death by water intoxication. Mil Med 167(5):432–434PubMed
108.
Gutmann FD, Gardner JW (2002) Fatal water intoxication of an Army trainee during urine drug testing. 167(5):435–437
109.
Farrell DJ, Bower L (2003) Fatal water intoxication. J Clin Pathol 56(10):803–804PubMed
110.
Hayashi T, Ishida Y, Miyashita T, Kiyokawa H, Kimura A, Kondo T (2005) Fatal water intoxication in a schizophrenic patient—an autopsy case. J Clin Forensic Med 12(3):157–159PubMed
111.
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Nguyen MK, Chang R, Kurtz I (2006) Fatal hyponatremia in a young woman after ecstasy ingestion. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2(5):283–288PubMed
112.
Vucicevic Z, Degoricija V, Alfirevic Z, Vukicevic-Badouin D (2007) Fatal hyponatremia and other metabolic disturbances associated with psychotropic drug polypharmacy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 45(5):289–292PubMed
113.
Musham CK, Jarathi A, Pedraza G (2010) A rare case of fatal hyponatremia due to a combination of psychotropic polypharmacy and hypothyroidism. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 12(4)
114.
Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Quan L, Li DR, Zhao D, Michiue T, Maeda H (2005) Evaluation of postmortem serum calcium and magnesium levels in relation to the causes of death in forensic autopsy. Forensic Sci Int 155(1):18–23PubMed
115.
Li DR, Quan L, Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Zhao D, Yoshida C, Chen JH, Wang Q, Komatsu A, Azuma Y, Maeda H (2009) Evaluation of postmortem calcium and magnesium levels in the pericardial fluid with regard to the cause of death in medicolegal autopsy. Forensic Sci Int 11(Suppl 1):S276–S278
116.
Azparren JE, de la Rosa I, Sancho M (1994) Biventricular measurement of blood strontium in real cases of drowning. Forensic Sci Int 69(2):139–148PubMed
117.
Azparren JE, Vallejo G, Reyes E, Herranz A, Sancho M (1998) Study of the diagnostic value of strontium, chloride, haemoglobin and diatoms in immersion cases. Forensic Sci Int 91(2):123–132PubMed
118.
Azparren JE, Ortega A, Bueno H, Andreu M (2000) Blood strontium concentration related to the length of the agonal period in seawater drowning cases. Forensic Sci Int 108(1):51–60PubMed
119.
Azparren JE, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Vallejo G (2003) Diagnosing death by drowning in fresh water using blood strontium as an indicator. Forensic Sci Int 137(1):55–59PubMed
120.
Azparren JE, Cubero C, Perucha E, Martínez P, Vallejo G (2007) Comparison between lung weight and blood strontium in bodies found in seawater. Forensic Sci Int 168(2):128–132PubMed
121.
Azparren JE, Perucha E, Martínez P, Muñoz R, Vallejo G (2007) Factors affecting strontium absorption in drawings. Forensic Sci Int 168(2–3):138–142PubMed
122.
Pérez-Cárceles MD, Sibón A, Gil del Castillo ML, Vizcaya MA, Osuna E, Casas T, Romero JL, Luna A (2008) Strontium levels in different causes of death: diagnostic efficacy in drowning. Biol Trace Elem Res 126(1–3):27–37PubMed
123.
Papadodima SA, Athanaselis SA, Skliros E, Spiliopoulou CA (2009) Forensic investigation of submersion deaths. Int J Clin Pract 64(1):75–83PubMed
Metadata
Title
Postmortem chemistry update part I
Authors
Cristian Palmiere
Patrice Mangin
Publication date
01-03-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
International Journal of Legal Medicine / Issue 2/2012
Print ISSN: 0937-9827
Electronic ISSN: 1437-1596
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-011-0625-y

Other articles of this Issue 2/2012

International Journal of Legal Medicine 2/2012 Go to the issue

Original Article

Diagnostic performance of ethyl glucuronide in hair for the investigation of alcohol drinking behavior: a comparison with traditional biomarkers

Technical Note

Age estimation based on a combined arteriosclerotic index

Short Communication

Development of two multiplex PCR systems for the analysis of 14 X-chromosomal STR loci in a southern Brazilian population sample

Original Article

Studies on the phase I metabolism of the new designer drug 3-fluoromethcathinone using rabbit liver slices

Original Article

The incidence of asymmetrical left/right skeletal and dental development in an Australian population and the effect of this on forensic age estimations

Original Article

Degradation and elimination of succinylcholine and succinylmonocholine and definition of their respective detection windows in blood and urine for forensic purposes