Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Published in: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 3/2010

01-03-2010 | Original Article

Exploring the feasibility and possible efficacy of mass treatment and education of young females as schistosomiasis influences the HIV epidemic

Authors: Linn Elisabeth Lillerud, Vibeke Moerken Stuestoel, Ragnhild Elisabet Hoel, Zacharias Rukeba, Eyrun Floerecke Kjetland

Published in: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | Issue 3/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

Genital schistosomiasis may be a risk factor for HIV, but chronic lesions in adults may be refractory to standard treatment. We aimed to investigate young girls’ risk factors for gynaecological schistosomiasis, possible protective factors and possibilities for behavioural change and mass treatment in rural Tanzania.

Methods

A standardised questionnaire was used to interview females between 5 and 20 years of age in a small cross-sectional study.

Results

One third of the girls were found to be at risk of acquiring schistosomal infection. Younger and older girls were engaged in more risk behaviour than the 10–14-year-olds. Knowledge of the parasite was associated with less risky water contact, and most of the girls had acquired this knowledge through primary school education.

Conclusion

Mass treatment for gynaecological schistosomiasis should be done in collaboration with the school system as a joint venture with the health system in order to reach non-enrolled girls who may be at particular risk. Research is still needed to assess the preventive effect of treatment on genital lesions and on HIV incidence.
Literature
1.
2.
UNAIDS (2007) Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS epidemic update. Regional Summary, WHO
3.
Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Mduluza T, Gomo E, Gwanzura L, Mason P, Kurewa EN, Midzi N, Friis H, Gundersen SG (2005) Simple clinical manifestations of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72:311–319PubMed
4.
5.
Swai B, Poggensee G, Mtweve S, Krantz I (2006) Female genital schistosomiasis as an evidence of a neglected cause for reproductive ill-health: a retrospective histopathological study from Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 23:134. doi:10.​1186/​1471-2334-6-134 CrossRef
6.
Poggensee G, Kiwelu I, Saria M, Richter J, Krantz I, Feldmeier H (1998) Schistosomiasis of the lower reproductive tract without egg excretion in urine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:782–783PubMed
7.
Chandiwana SK, Woolhouse ME (1991) Heterogeneities in water contact patterns and the epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium. Parasitology 103:363–370CrossRefPubMed
8.
Kjetland EF, Kurewa EN, Ndhlovu PD, Gwanzura L, Mduluza T, Gomo E, Midzi N, Mason PR, Friis H, Gundersen SG (2008) Female genital schistosomiasis—a differential diagnosis to sexually transmitted disease: Genital itch and vaginal discharge as indicators of genital S. haematobium morbidity in a cross-sectional study in endemic rural Zimbabwe. Trop Med Int Health 13:1509. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-3156.​2008.​02161.​x
9.
Feldmeier H, Krantz I, Poggensee G (1994) Female genital schistosomiasis as a risk-factor for the transmission of HIV. AIDS 5:368–372
10.
11.
HSRCSA (2005) South African National HIV prevalence, HIV incidence, behaviour and communication survey. Nelson Mandela Foundation: Human Sciences Research Council South Africa
12.
13.
14.
Singh JA, Karim SA, Karim QA, Mlisana K, Williamson C, Gray C, Govender M, Gray A (2006) Enrolling adolescents in research on HIV and other sensitive issues: lessons from South Africa. PLoS Med 3:984–998
15.
Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, Senkoro K, Newell J, Klokke A, Changalucha J, West B, Mayaud P, Gavyole A et al (1995) A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: 2. Baseline survey results. AIDS 9:927–934. doi:10.​1097/​00002030-199508000-00015
16.
Barongo L, Borgdorff MW, Mosha FF, Nicoll A, Grosskurth H, Senkoro KP, Newell JN, Changalucha J, Klokke AH, Killewo JZ, Velema JP, Hayes RJ, Dunn DT, Muller LAS, Rugemalila JB (1992) The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in urban areas roadside settlements and rural villages in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. AIDS 6:1521–1528. doi:10.​1097/​00002030-199212000-00016 CrossRefPubMed
17.
Chenine AL, Shai-Kobiler E, Steele LN, Ong H, Augostini P, Song R, Lee SJ, Autissier P, Ruprecht RM, Secor WE (2008) Acute schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to systemic SHIV clade C infection in Rhesus Macaques after Mucosal virus exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2:e265. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pntd.​0000265 CrossRefPubMed
18.
19.
Poggensee G, Kiwelu I, Weger V, Goppner D, Diedrich T, Krantz I, Feldmeier H (2000) Female genital schistosomiasis of the lower genital tract: prevalence and disease-associated morbidity in Northern Tanzania. J Infect Dis 181:1210–1213. doi:10.​1086/​315345 CrossRefPubMed
20.
Buve A (1999) Genital ulcer disease in Africa: many pieces are still missing from the puzzle. Sex Transm Infect 75:85–86PubMed
21.
Hotez P, Fenwick A, Kjetland EF (2009) Africa’s 32 Cents Solution for HIV/AIDS. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (accepted)
22.
Nagot N, Ouedraogo A, Foulongne V, Konate I, Weiss HA, Vergne L, Defer MC, Djagbare D, Sanon A, Andonaba JB, Becquart P, Segondy M, Vallo R, Sawadogo A, Van de Perre P, Mayaud P (2007) Reduction of HIV-1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med 356:790–799. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa062607 CrossRefPubMed
23.
Orroth KK, Gavyole A, Todd J, Mosha F, Ross D, Mwijarubi E, Grosskurth H, Hayes RJ (2000) Syndromic treatment of sexually transmitted diseases reduces the proportion of incident HIV infections attributable to these diseases in rural Tanzania. AIDS 14:1429–1437. doi:10.​1097/​00002030-200007070-00017 CrossRefPubMed
24.
White RG, Orroth KK, Glynn JR, Freeman EE, Bakker R, Habbema JD, Terris-Prestholt F, Kumaranayake L, Buve A, Hayes RJ (2008) Treating curable sexually transmitted infections to prevent HIV in Africa: still an effective control strategy? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 47:346–353. doi:10.​1097/​QAI.​0b013e318160d56a​ CrossRefPubMed
25.
26.
Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Kurewa EN, Midzi N, Gomo E, Mduluza T, Friis H, Gundersen SG (2008) Prevention of gynecologic contact bleeding and genital sandy patches by childhood anti-schistosomal treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79:79–83PubMed
27.
McCullough FS (1972) The distribution of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in East Africa. Trop Geogr Med 24:199–207PubMed
28.
29.
Brooker S, Hay SI, Issae W, Hall A, Kihamia CM, Lwambo NJ, Wint W, Rogers DJ, Bundy DA (2001) Predicting the distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania using satellite sensor data. Trop Med Int Health 2001/12/12 ed 6:998-1007
30.
Turpie JK (2001) The use and value of natural resources of the Rufiji floodplain and delta, Tanzania. In: CaseBase NVFNF (ed) FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, p 116
31.
Annual report Mchukwi Mission Hospital (2005) Mchukwi, Rufiji District
32.
33.
34.
35.
Magnussen P, Ndawi B, Sheshe AK, Byskov J, Mbwana K, Christensen NO (2001) The impact of a school health programme on the prevalence and morbidity of urinary schistosomiasis in Mwera Division, Pangani District, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:58–64. doi:10.​1016/​S0035-9203(01)90333-5 CrossRefPubMed
36.
Aryeetey ME, Aholu C, Wagatsuma Y, Bentil G, Nkrumah FK, Kojima S (1999) Health education and community participation in the control of urinary schistosomiasis in Ghana. East Afr Med J 2000/04/06 ed 76:324-9
37.
Onayade AA, Abayomi IO, Fabiyi AK (1996) Urinary schistosomiasis: options for control within endemic rural communities: a case study in south-west Nigeria. Public Health 1996/07/01 ed 110:221-7
38.
Stothard JR, Mook P, Mgeni AF, Khamis IS, Khamis AN, Rollinson D (2006) Control of urinary schistosomiasis on Zanzibar (Unguja Island): a pilot evaluation of the educational impact of the Juma na Kichocho health booklet within primary schools. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101(Suppl 1):119–124. doi:10.​1590/​S0074-0276200600090001​9 PubMed
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Useh MF, Ejezie GC (1999) School-based schistosomiasis control programmes: a comparative study on the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among Nigerian school-age children in and out of school. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000/02/16 ed 93:387-91
44.
Husein MH, Talaat M, El-Sayed MK, El-Badawi A, Evans DB (1996) Who misses out with school-based health programmes? a study of schistosomiasis control in Egypt. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996/07/01 ed 90:362-65
45.
Fentiman A, Hall A, Bundy D (2001) Health and cultural factors associated with enrolment in basic education: a study in rural Ghana. Soc Sci Med 2001/05/02 ed 52:429-39
46.
Ghosh SK, Patil RR, Tiwari S, Dash AP (2006) A community-based health education programme for bio-environmental control of malaria through folk theatre (Kalajatha) in rural India. Malar J 2006/12/19 ed 5:123
47.
Gellert K, Braun KL, Morris R, Starkey V (2006) The ‘Ohana Day Project: a community approach to increasing cancer screening. Prev Chronic Dis 2006/06/17 ed 3:A99
48.
O’Farrell N, Sano P, Sopheap S, Heng LS, Sun LP, Vun MC, Fylkesnes K, Godwin P (2008) Changes in STI services following a community based STI-intervention project in Cambodia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39:867–875PubMed
49.
Sherr L, Lopman B, Kakowa M, Dube S, Chawira G, Nyamukapa C, Oberzaucher N, Cremin I, Gregson S (2007) Voluntary counselling and testing: uptake, impact on sexual behaviour, and HIV incidence in a rural Zimbabwean cohort. AIDS 21:851–860. doi:10.​1097/​QAD.​0b013e32805e8711​ CrossRefPubMed
50.
Swaddiwudhipong W, Chaovakiratipong C, Nguntra P, Mahasakpan P, Tatip Y, Boonmak C (1999) A mobile unit: an effective service for cervical cancer screening among rural Thai women. Int J Epidemiol 28:35–39. doi:10.​1093/​ije/​28.​1.​35 CrossRefPubMed
51.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Minjas JN (2001) Urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, and the factors influencing its transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002/01/11 ed 95:697-706
52.
McCullough FS, Eyakuze VM, Msinde J, Nditi H (1968) Water resources and bilharziasis transmission in the Misungwi area, Mwanza District, north-west Tanzania. East Afr Med J 45:295–308PubMed
53.
54.
Partnership for Child Development (1999) Self-diagnosis as a possible basis for treating urinary schistosomiasis: a study of schoolchildren in a rural area of the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 77:477–483
55.
Takougang I, Meli J, Fotso S, Angwafo F 3rd, Kamajeu R, Ndumbe PM (2004) Hematuria and dysuria in the self-diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis among school-children in Northern Cameroon. Afr J Health Sci 11(3–4):121–127
56.
Kjetland EF, Mduluza T, Ndhlovu PD, Gomo E, Gwanzura L, Midzi N, Mason P, Friis H, Gundersen SG (2006) Genital schistosomiasis in women—a clinical in vivo 12-months’ study following treatment with praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100:740–752. doi:10.​1016/​j.​trstmh.​2005.​09.​010 CrossRefPubMed
57.
58.
59.
El-Mofty AM, Nada M (1975) Cutaneous schistosomiasis. Egypt J Bilharz 2:23–30PubMed
60.
Savioli L, Gabrieli A, Neve H (1990) Vulvar Schistosomiasis haematobium lesion treated with Praziquantel. Trop Doct 20:45–46PubMed
61.
El-Zeneiny AH, Badawy SZ, Iskander SG (1968) Bilharziasis of the female genital tract. J Egypt Med Assoc 51:543–553PubMed
62.
El-Zawahry M (1975) Schistosomal granuloma of the skin. Br J Dermatol 11:344–348
63.
Shafeek MA, Hussein MA, Osman MI (1977) Fibroma of the vulva associated with schistosomiasis (bilharziasis). J Egypt Med Assoc 60:651–658PubMed
64.
Attili R, Hira S, Dube MK (1983) Schistosomal genital granulomas: a report of 10 cases. Br J Vener Dis 59:269–272PubMed
65.
Leutscher PD, Raharisolo C, Pecarrere JL, Ravaoalimalala VE, Serieye J, Rasendramino M, Vennervald B, Feldmeier H, Esterre P (1997) Schistosoma haematobium induced lesions in the female genital tract in a village in Madagascar. Acta Trop 66:27–33. doi:10.​1016/​S0001-706X(97)00673-6 CrossRefPubMed
66.
67.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2009) Reshaping economic geography. World Development Report pp 248–249
68.
Nandha B, Sadanandane C, Jambulingam P, Das P (2007) Delivery strategy of mass annual single dose DEC administration to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in the urban areas of Pondicherry, South India: 5 years of experience. Filaria J 6:7
69.
Ramaiah KD, Vijay Kumar KN, Chandrakala AV, Augustin DJ, Appavoo NC, Das PK (2001) Effectiveness of community and health services-organized drug delivery strategies for elimination of lymphatic filariasis in rural areas of Tamil Nadu, India. Trop Med Int Health 6(12):1062–1069
Metadata
Title
Exploring the feasibility and possible efficacy of mass treatment and education of young females as schistosomiasis influences the HIV epidemic
Authors
Linn Elisabeth Lillerud
Vibeke Moerken Stuestoel
Ragnhild Elisabet Hoel
Zacharias Rukeba
Eyrun Floerecke Kjetland
Publication date
01-03-2010
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics / Issue 3/2010
Print ISSN: 0932-0067
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0711
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1108-y

Other articles of this Issue 3/2010

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 3/2010 Go to the issue

Original Article

Vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor level during gestation

Original Article

Complications of trans-cervical Foley catheter for labor induction among 1,083 women

Gynecologic Oncology

Extraovarian primary peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma

General Gynecology

Retroperitoneal haematomas in obstetrics: literature review

Original Article

Regulated expression of the Renin-Angiotensin-System in human granulosa lutein cells: Angiotensin II increases VEGF expression but its synthesis is reduced by hCG

Original Article

Sleep–wake cycles in normal fetuses