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Published in:

01-07-2014 | Review

Epilepsies associated with hippocampal sclerosis

Authors: Fernando Cendes, Americo C. Sakamoto, Roberto Spreafico, William Bingaman, Albert J. Becker

Published in: Acta Neuropathologica | Issue 1/2014

Abstract

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is considered the most frequent neuropathological finding in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Hippocampal specimens of pharmacoresistant MTLE patients that underwent epilepsy surgery for seizure control reveal the characteristic pattern of segmental neuronal cell loss and concomitant astrogliosis. However, classification issues of hippocampal lesion patterns have been a matter of intense debate. International consensus classification has only recently provided significant progress for comparisons of neurosurgical and clinic-pathological series between different centers. The respective four-tiered classification system of the International League Against Epilepsy subdivides HS into three types and includes a term of “gliosis only, no-HS”. Future studies will be necessary to investigate whether each of these subtypes of HS may be related to different etiological factors or with postoperative memory and seizure outcome. Molecular studies have provided potential deeper insights into the pathogenesis of HS and MTLE on the basis of epilepsy-surgical hippocampal specimens and corresponding animal models. These include channelopathies, activation of NMDA receptors, and other conditions related to Ca²⁺ influx into neurons, the imbalance of Ca²⁺—binding proteins, acquired channelopathies that increase neuronal excitability, paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic inflammatory events, and epigenetic regulation promoting or facilitating hippocampal epileptogenesis. Genetic predisposition for HS is clearly suggested by the high incidence of family history in patients with HS, and by familial MTLE with HS. So far, it is clear that HS is multifactorial and there is no individual pathogenic factor either necessary or sufficient to generate this intriguing histopathological condition. The obvious variety of pathogenetic combinations underlying HS may explain the multitude of clinical presentations, different responses to clinical and surgical treatment. We believe that the stratification of neuropathological patterns can help to characterize specific clinic-pathological entities and predict the postsurgical seizure control in an improved fashion.

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Title: Epilepsies associated with hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Fernando Cendes
Americo C. Sakamoto
Roberto Spreafico
William Bingaman
Albert J. Becker
Publication date: 01-07-2014
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Acta Neuropathologica / Issue 1/2014
Print ISSN: 0001-6322
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0533
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1292-0

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Epilepsies associated with hippocampal sclerosis

Abstract

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Abstract

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