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01-06-2014 | Original Paper

Mutually exclusive mutations of KIT and RAS are associated with KIT mRNA expression and chromosomal instability in primary intracranial pure germinomas

Authors: Shintaro Fukushima, Ayaka Otsuka, Tomonari Suzuki, Takaaki Yanagisawa, Kazuhiko Mishima, Akitake Mukasa, Nobuhito Saito, Toshihiro Kumabe, Masayuki Kanamori, Teiji Tominaga, Yoshitaka Narita, Soichiro Shibui, Mamoru Kato, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Masao Matsutani, Ryo Nishikawa, Koichi Ichimura, On behalf of the Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor Genome Analysis Consortium (iGCT Consortium)

Published in: Acta Neuropathologica | Issue 6/2014

Abstract

Intracranial germ cell tumors (iGCTs) are the second most common brain tumors among children under 15 in Japan. The pathogenesis of iGCTs is largely unexplored. Although a subset of iGCTs is known to have KIT mutation, its impact on the biology and patients’ survival has not been established. In this study, we investigated genes involved in the KIT signaling pathway. 65 iGCTs (30 pure germinomas, 14 teratomas, 18 mixed GCTs, 2 yolk sac tumors, 1 choriocarcinoma) were screened for mutation of KIT, KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, BRAF, PDGFRA, and IDH1 by direct sequencing. KIT expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. Chromosomal status was analyzed by array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Somatic mutations were detected only in KIT and RAS, which were frequently observed in pure germinomas (60.0 %), but rare in non-germinomatous GCTs (NGGCTs) (8.6 %). All KIT/RAS mutations were mutually exclusive. Regardless of the mutation status or mRNA expression, the KIT protein was expressed in all germinomas, while only in 54.3 % of NGGCTs. Amplification of KIT was found in one pure germinoma by aCGH. In pure germinomas, high expression of KIT mRNA was associated with the presence of KIT/RAS alterations and severe chromosomal instability. Our results indicate that alterations of the KIT signaling pathway play an important role in the development of germinomas. Pure germinomas may develop through two distinct pathogeneses: one with KIT/RAS alterations, elevated KIT mRNA expression and severe chromosomal instability, and the other through yet an unidentified mechanism without any of the above abnormalities.

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Title: Mutually exclusive mutations of KIT and RAS are associated with KIT mRNA expression and chromosomal instability in primary intracranial pure germinomas
Authors: Shintaro Fukushima
Ayaka Otsuka
Tomonari Suzuki
Takaaki Yanagisawa
Kazuhiko Mishima
Akitake Mukasa
Nobuhito Saito
Toshihiro Kumabe
Masayuki Kanamori
Teiji Tominaga
Yoshitaka Narita
Soichiro Shibui
Mamoru Kato
Tatsuhiro Shibata
Masao Matsutani
Ryo Nishikawa
Koichi Ichimura
On behalf of the Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor Genome Analysis Consortium (iGCT Consortium)
Publication date: 01-06-2014
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Acta Neuropathologica / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 0001-6322
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0533
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1247-5

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Mutually exclusive mutations of KIT and RAS are associated with KIT mRNA expression and chromosomal instability in primary intracranial pure germinomas

Abstract

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Abstract

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