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Child's Nervous System
Published in: Child's Nervous System 4/2012

01-04-2012 | Original Paper

Clinical, radiological profile and outcome in pediatric Spetzler–Martin grades I–III arteriovenous malformations

Authors: Anup P. Nair, Raj Kumar, Anant Mehrotra, A. K. Srivastava, Rabi Narayan Sahu, Prakash Nair

Published in: Child's Nervous System | Issue 4/2012

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Abstract

Background

Treatment of pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is always a challenge considering their hemorrhagic presentation, associated morbidity and mortality, and the potential long life span of these children. Spetzler–Martin grades I–III are the grey zones as far as the treatment options are concerned. With a generous multimodality approach, one can reduce the morbidity and mortality to a considerable extent.

Objective

To analyze the demographic and clinico-radiological profile of pediatric intracranial AVMs belonging to Spetzler–Martin grades I–III and their outcome following microsurgical excision.

Methods

Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age) from a period of January 2001–January 2011 were included in the study. Patients with associated aneurysms or tumors were excluded from the study. Post-operative DSA/CT angiography was done within 6 weeks after surgery. Outcome was analyzed in terms of neurological improvement according to Medical Research Council Grade (MRC), obliteration of the AVM in post-operative angiography and Modified Rankin score. Outcome based on Modified Rankin score was favorable with a score of 0–2 and unfavorable when the score was 3–6.

Results

A total of 36 patients with a mean follow-up of 12.75 months were identified. Thirty-one patients (86.1%) presented with hemorrhage while only 15 (41.6%) presented with seizures. There were 25 (69.4%) males and 11 (30.6%) females. Spetzler–Martin grade was grade I in six patients, grade II in 20 patients, and grade III in ten patients. All patients underwent surgical excision of the AVMs and post-operative angiography showed a 100% obliteration rate. There was a favorable outcome in 86.1% of the patients according to modified Rankin score.

Conclusion

The aim of treating a pediatric AVM should be complete obliteration of the AVM considering the high risk of hemorrhage and the morbidity and mortality associated with hemorrhage. With careful planning and adopting a multimodality treatment, complete obliteration can definitely be achieved.
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Metadata
Title
Clinical, radiological profile and outcome in pediatric Spetzler–Martin grades I–III arteriovenous malformations
Authors
Anup P. Nair
Raj Kumar
Anant Mehrotra
A. K. Srivastava
Rabi Narayan Sahu
Prakash Nair
Publication date
01-04-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Child's Nervous System / Issue 4/2012
Print ISSN: 0256-7040
Electronic ISSN: 1433-0350
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-011-1668-6

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