Skip to main content
Top
Published in: CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 1/2017

01-01-2017 | Review

The Essentials of Parathyroid Hormone Venous Sampling

Authors: Bedros Taslakian, Scott O. Trerotola, Barry Sacks, Rahmi Oklu, Amy Deipolyi

Published in: CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone in the blood due to over-activity of one or more parathyroid gland. Localization of abnormal glands with noninvasive imaging modalities, such as technetium sestamibi scan and cross-sectional imaging, has a high success rate. Parathyroid venous sampling is performed for patients with persistent or recurrent disease after previous parathyroid surgery, when repeat noninvasive imaging studies are negative or discordant. The success of invasive localization studies and results interpretation is dependent on the interventional radiologist’s understanding of the normal and ectopic anatomic locations of parathyroid glands, as well as their blood supply and venous drainage. Anatomic and technical considerations for selective parathyroid venous sampling are reviewed.
Literature
1.
2.
go back to reference Trombetti A, Christ ER, Henzen C, Gold G, Brändle M, Herrmann FR, et al. Clinical presentation and management of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism of the Swiss primary hyperparathyroidism cohort: a focus on neuro-behavioral and cognitive symptoms. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(5):567–76.CrossRefPubMed Trombetti A, Christ ER, Henzen C, Gold G, Brändle M, Herrmann FR, et al. Clinical presentation and management of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism of the Swiss primary hyperparathyroidism cohort: a focus on neuro-behavioral and cognitive symptoms. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(5):567–76.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Griebeler ML, Kearns AE, Ryu E, Hathcock MA, Melton LJ 3rd, Wermers RA. Secular trends in the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism over five decades (1965–2010). Bone. 2015;73:1–7.CrossRefPubMed Griebeler ML, Kearns AE, Ryu E, Hathcock MA, Melton LJ 3rd, Wermers RA. Secular trends in the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism over five decades (1965–2010). Bone. 2015;73:1–7.CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
go back to reference Kaplan EL, Yashiro T, Salti G. Primary hyperparathyroidism in the 1990s. Choice of surgical procedures for this disease. Ann Surg. 1992;215(4):300–17.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kaplan EL, Yashiro T, Salti G. Primary hyperparathyroidism in the 1990s. Choice of surgical procedures for this disease. Ann Surg. 1992;215(4):300–17.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, Silverberg SJ, Udelsman R, Marcocci C, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3561–9.CrossRefPubMed Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, Silverberg SJ, Udelsman R, Marcocci C, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3561–9.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Peel J, Melck A. Same-day discharge after unilateral parathyroidectomy is safe. Can J Surg. 2016;59(4):13715.CrossRef Peel J, Melck A. Same-day discharge after unilateral parathyroidectomy is safe. Can J Surg. 2016;59(4):13715.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Smit PC, Borel Rinkes IH, van Dalen A, van Vroonhoven TJ. Direct, minimally invasive adenomectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism: an alternative to conventional neck exploration? Ann Surg. 2000;231(4):559–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Smit PC, Borel Rinkes IH, van Dalen A, van Vroonhoven TJ. Direct, minimally invasive adenomectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism: an alternative to conventional neck exploration? Ann Surg. 2000;231(4):559–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
go back to reference Kunstman JW, Udelsman R. Superiority of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Adv Surg. 2012;46:171–89.CrossRefPubMed Kunstman JW, Udelsman R. Superiority of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Adv Surg. 2012;46:171–89.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Greene AB, Butler RS, McIntyre S, Barbosa GF, Mitchell J, Berber E, et al. National trends in parathyroid surgery from 1998 to 2008: a decade of change. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209(3):332–43.CrossRefPubMed Greene AB, Butler RS, McIntyre S, Barbosa GF, Mitchell J, Berber E, et al. National trends in parathyroid surgery from 1998 to 2008: a decade of change. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209(3):332–43.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Gracie D, Hussain SS. Use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy techniques in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2012;126(3):221–7.CrossRefPubMed Gracie D, Hussain SS. Use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy techniques in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2012;126(3):221–7.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Westerdahl J, Bergenfelz A. Unilateral versus bilateral neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism: five-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246(6):976–80.CrossRefPubMed Westerdahl J, Bergenfelz A. Unilateral versus bilateral neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism: five-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246(6):976–80.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Sugg SL, Fraker DL, Alexander R, Doppman JL, Miller DL, Chang R, et al. Prospective evaluation of selective venous sampling for parathyroid hormone concentration in patients undergoing reoperations for primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1993;114(6):1004–9 (Discussion 1009–1010).PubMed Sugg SL, Fraker DL, Alexander R, Doppman JL, Miller DL, Chang R, et al. Prospective evaluation of selective venous sampling for parathyroid hormone concentration in patients undergoing reoperations for primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1993;114(6):1004–9 (Discussion 1009–1010).PubMed
14.
go back to reference Billingsley KG, Fraker DL, Doppman JL, Norton JA, Shawker TH, Skarulis MC, et al. Localization and operative management of undescended parathyroid adenomas in patients with persistent primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1994;116(6):982–9 (Discussion 989–990).PubMed Billingsley KG, Fraker DL, Doppman JL, Norton JA, Shawker TH, Skarulis MC, et al. Localization and operative management of undescended parathyroid adenomas in patients with persistent primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1994;116(6):982–9 (Discussion 989–990).PubMed
15.
go back to reference Jaskowiak N, Norton JA, Alexander HR, Doppman JL, Shawker T, Skarulis M, et al. A prospective trial evaluating a standard approach to reoperation for missed parathyroid adenoma. Ann Surg. 1996;224(3):308–20 (Discussion 20–21).CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jaskowiak N, Norton JA, Alexander HR, Doppman JL, Shawker T, Skarulis M, et al. A prospective trial evaluating a standard approach to reoperation for missed parathyroid adenoma. Ann Surg. 1996;224(3):308–20 (Discussion 20–21).CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference Weber CJ, Sewell CW, McGarity WC. Persistent and recurrent sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: histopathology, complications, and results of reoperation. Surgery. 1994;116(6):991–8.PubMed Weber CJ, Sewell CW, McGarity WC. Persistent and recurrent sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: histopathology, complications, and results of reoperation. Surgery. 1994;116(6):991–8.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Shen W, Duren M, Morita E, Higgins C, Duh QY, Siperstein AE, et al. Reoperation for persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg. 1996;131(8):861–7 (Discussion 7–9).CrossRefPubMed Shen W, Duren M, Morita E, Higgins C, Duh QY, Siperstein AE, et al. Reoperation for persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg. 1996;131(8):861–7 (Discussion 7–9).CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Doherty GM, Weber B, Norton JA. Cost of unsuccessful surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1994;116(6):954–7 (Discussion 957–958).PubMed Doherty GM, Weber B, Norton JA. Cost of unsuccessful surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1994;116(6):954–7 (Discussion 957–958).PubMed
19.
go back to reference Shin JJ, Milas M, Mitchell J, Berber E, Ross L, Siperstein A. Impact of localization studies and clinical scenario in patients with hyperparathyroidism being evaluated for reoperative neck surgery. Arch Surg. 2011;146(12):1397–403.CrossRefPubMed Shin JJ, Milas M, Mitchell J, Berber E, Ross L, Siperstein A. Impact of localization studies and clinical scenario in patients with hyperparathyroidism being evaluated for reoperative neck surgery. Arch Surg. 2011;146(12):1397–403.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Hessman O, Stålberg P, Sundin A, Garske U, Rudberg C, Eriksson L-G, et al. High success rate of parathyroid reoperation may be achieved with improved localization diagnosis. World J Surg. 2008;32(5):774–81 (Discussion 782–783).CrossRefPubMed Hessman O, Stålberg P, Sundin A, Garske U, Rudberg C, Eriksson L-G, et al. High success rate of parathyroid reoperation may be achieved with improved localization diagnosis. World J Surg. 2008;32(5):774–81 (Discussion 782–783).CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Arici C, Cheah WK, Ituarte PH, Morita E, Lynch TC, Siperstein AE, et al. Can localization studies be used to direct focused parathyroid operations? Surgery. 2001;129(6):720–9.CrossRefPubMed Arici C, Cheah WK, Ituarte PH, Morita E, Lynch TC, Siperstein AE, et al. Can localization studies be used to direct focused parathyroid operations? Surgery. 2001;129(6):720–9.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Carty SE, Worsey J, Virji MA, Brown ML, Watson CG. Concise parathyroidectomy: the impact of preoperative SPECT 99mTc sestamibi scanning and intraoperative quick parathormone assay. Surgery. 1997;122(6):1107–14 (Discussion 1114–1116).CrossRefPubMed Carty SE, Worsey J, Virji MA, Brown ML, Watson CG. Concise parathyroidectomy: the impact of preoperative SPECT 99mTc sestamibi scanning and intraoperative quick parathormone assay. Surgery. 1997;122(6):1107–14 (Discussion 1114–1116).CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Henry JF. Reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism: tips and tricks. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2010;395(2):103–9.CrossRefPubMed Henry JF. Reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism: tips and tricks. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2010;395(2):103–9.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference MacFarlane MP, Fraker DL, Shawker TH, Norton JA, Doppman JL, Chang RA, et al. Use of preoperative fine-needle aspiration in patients undergoing reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1994;116(6):959–64 (Discussion 964–965).PubMed MacFarlane MP, Fraker DL, Shawker TH, Norton JA, Doppman JL, Chang RA, et al. Use of preoperative fine-needle aspiration in patients undergoing reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1994;116(6):959–64 (Discussion 964–965).PubMed
25.
go back to reference Sacks BA, Pallotta JA, Cole A, Hurwitz J. Diagnosis of parathyroid adenomas: efficacy of measuring parathormone levels in needle aspirates of cervical masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163(5):1223–6.CrossRefPubMed Sacks BA, Pallotta JA, Cole A, Hurwitz J. Diagnosis of parathyroid adenomas: efficacy of measuring parathormone levels in needle aspirates of cervical masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163(5):1223–6.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Chen H, Mack E, Starling JR. A comprehensive evaluation of perioperative adjuncts during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: which is most reliable? Ann Surgery. 2005;242(3):375–80. Chen H, Mack E, Starling JR. A comprehensive evaluation of perioperative adjuncts during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: which is most reliable? Ann Surgery. 2005;242(3):375–80.
27.
go back to reference Cheung K, Wang TS, Farrokhyar F, Roman SA, Sosa JA. A meta-analysis of preoperative localization techniques for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(2):577–83.CrossRefPubMed Cheung K, Wang TS, Farrokhyar F, Roman SA, Sosa JA. A meta-analysis of preoperative localization techniques for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(2):577–83.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Weber T, Maier-Funk C, Ohlhauser D, Hillenbrand A, Cammerer G, Barth TF, et al. Accurate preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas with C-11 methionine PET/CT. Ann Surg. 2013;257(6):1124–8.CrossRefPubMed Weber T, Maier-Funk C, Ohlhauser D, Hillenbrand A, Cammerer G, Barth TF, et al. Accurate preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas with C-11 methionine PET/CT. Ann Surg. 2013;257(6):1124–8.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Rodgers SE, Hunter GJ, Hamberg LM, Schellingerhout D, Doherty DB, Ayers GD, et al. Improved preoperative planning for directed parathyroidectomy with 4-dimensional computed tomography. Surgery. 2006;140(6):932–40 (Discussion 940–941).CrossRefPubMed Rodgers SE, Hunter GJ, Hamberg LM, Schellingerhout D, Doherty DB, Ayers GD, et al. Improved preoperative planning for directed parathyroidectomy with 4-dimensional computed tomography. Surgery. 2006;140(6):932–40 (Discussion 940–941).CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Hoang JK, Sung WK, Bahl M, Phillips CD. How to perform parathyroid 4D CT: tips and traps for technique and interpretation. Radiology. 2014;270(1):15–24.CrossRefPubMed Hoang JK, Sung WK, Bahl M, Phillips CD. How to perform parathyroid 4D CT: tips and traps for technique and interpretation. Radiology. 2014;270(1):15–24.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Lundstroem AK, Trolle W, Soerensen CH, Myschetzky PS. Preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands with 4D-CT. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2015;273:1253–9.CrossRef Lundstroem AK, Trolle W, Soerensen CH, Myschetzky PS. Preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands with 4D-CT. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2015;273:1253–9.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Hunter GJ, Ginat DT, Kelly HR, Halpern EF, Hamberg LM. Discriminating parathyroid adenoma from local mimics by using inherent tissue attenuation and vascular information obtained with four-dimensional CT: formulation of a multinomial logistic regression model. Radiology. 2014;270(1):168–75.CrossRefPubMed Hunter GJ, Ginat DT, Kelly HR, Halpern EF, Hamberg LM. Discriminating parathyroid adenoma from local mimics by using inherent tissue attenuation and vascular information obtained with four-dimensional CT: formulation of a multinomial logistic regression model. Radiology. 2014;270(1):168–75.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Mortenson MM, Evans DB, Lee JE, Hunter GJ, Shellingerhout D, Vu T, et al. Parathyroid exploration in the reoperative neck: improved preoperative localization with 4D-computed tomography. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(5):888–95 (Discussion 895–896).CrossRefPubMed Mortenson MM, Evans DB, Lee JE, Hunter GJ, Shellingerhout D, Vu T, et al. Parathyroid exploration in the reoperative neck: improved preoperative localization with 4D-computed tomography. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(5):888–95 (Discussion 895–896).CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Mahajan A, Starker LF, Ghita M, Udelsman R, Brink JA, Carling T. Parathyroid four-dimensional computed tomography: evaluation of radiation dose exposure during preoperative localization of parathyroid tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2012;36(6):1335–9.CrossRefPubMed Mahajan A, Starker LF, Ghita M, Udelsman R, Brink JA, Carling T. Parathyroid four-dimensional computed tomography: evaluation of radiation dose exposure during preoperative localization of parathyroid tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2012;36(6):1335–9.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Wakamatsu H, Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Yamashita H, Tamura S, Jinnouchi S, et al. Technetium-99m tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: a direct comparison with (99m)Tc-MIBI, (201)Tl, MRI and US. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28(12):1817–27.CrossRefPubMed Wakamatsu H, Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Yamashita H, Tamura S, Jinnouchi S, et al. Technetium-99m tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: a direct comparison with (99m)Tc-MIBI, (201)Tl, MRI and US. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28(12):1817–27.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Ogilvie CM, Brown PL, Matson M, Dacie J, Reznek RH, Britton K, et al. Selective parathyroid venous sampling in patients with complicated hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;155(6):813–21.CrossRefPubMed Ogilvie CM, Brown PL, Matson M, Dacie J, Reznek RH, Britton K, et al. Selective parathyroid venous sampling in patients with complicated hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;155(6):813–21.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Powell AC, Alexander HR, Chang R, Marx SJ, Skarulis M, Pingpank JF, et al. Reoperation for parathyroid adenoma: a contemporary experience. Surgery. 2009;146(6):1144–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Powell AC, Alexander HR, Chang R, Marx SJ, Skarulis M, Pingpank JF, et al. Reoperation for parathyroid adenoma: a contemporary experience. Surgery. 2009;146(6):1144–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
go back to reference Lebastchi AH, Aruny JE, Donovan PI, Quinn CE, Callender GG, Carling T, et al. Real-time super selective venous sampling in remedial parathyroid surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220(6):994–1000.CrossRefPubMed Lebastchi AH, Aruny JE, Donovan PI, Quinn CE, Callender GG, Carling T, et al. Real-time super selective venous sampling in remedial parathyroid surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220(6):994–1000.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Akerström G, Malmaeus J, Bergström R. Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands. Surgery. 1984;95(1):14–21.PubMed Akerström G, Malmaeus J, Bergström R. Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands. Surgery. 1984;95(1):14–21.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Edis AJ, Grant CS, Egdahl RH. Manual of endocrine surgery. New York: Springer; 2012. Edis AJ, Grant CS, Egdahl RH. Manual of endocrine surgery. New York: Springer; 2012.
41.
go back to reference Carter WB, Carter DL, Cohn HE. Cause and current management of reoperative hyperparathyroidism. Am Surg. 1993;59(2):120–4.PubMed Carter WB, Carter DL, Cohn HE. Cause and current management of reoperative hyperparathyroidism. Am Surg. 1993;59(2):120–4.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Edis AJ, Levitt MD. Supernumerary parathyroid glands: implications for the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 1987;11(3):398–401.CrossRefPubMed Edis AJ, Levitt MD. Supernumerary parathyroid glands: implications for the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 1987;11(3):398–401.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Arveschoug AK, Brochner-Mortensen J, Bertelsen H, Vammen B. Supernumerary parathyroid glands in recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 2002;27(8):599–601.CrossRefPubMed Arveschoug AK, Brochner-Mortensen J, Bertelsen H, Vammen B. Supernumerary parathyroid glands in recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 2002;27(8):599–601.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Bliss RD, Gauger PG, Delbridge LW. Surgeon’s approach to the thyroid gland: surgical anatomy and the importance of technique. World J Surg. 2000;24(8):891–7 (Review).CrossRefPubMed Bliss RD, Gauger PG, Delbridge LW. Surgeon’s approach to the thyroid gland: surgical anatomy and the importance of technique. World J Surg. 2000;24(8):891–7 (Review).CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Skandalakis JE, Skandalakis PN, Skandalakis LJ. Surgical anatomy and technique. A pocket manual. New York: Springer; 1995.CrossRef Skandalakis JE, Skandalakis PN, Skandalakis LJ. Surgical anatomy and technique. A pocket manual. New York: Springer; 1995.CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Richards ML, Thompson GB, Farley DR, Grant CS. Reoperative parathyroidectomy in 228 patients during the era of minimal-access surgery and intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring. Am J Surg. 2008;196(6):937–42 (Discussion 42–43).CrossRefPubMed Richards ML, Thompson GB, Farley DR, Grant CS. Reoperative parathyroidectomy in 228 patients during the era of minimal-access surgery and intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring. Am J Surg. 2008;196(6):937–42 (Discussion 42–43).CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Flament J, Delattre J, Pluot M. Arterial blood supply to the parathyroid glands: implications for thyroid surgery. Anat Clin. 1982;3(3):279–87.CrossRef Flament J, Delattre J, Pluot M. Arterial blood supply to the parathyroid glands: implications for thyroid surgery. Anat Clin. 1982;3(3):279–87.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Jander HP, Diethelm AG, Russinovich NA. The parathyroid artery. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1980;135(4):821–8.CrossRefPubMed Jander HP, Diethelm AG, Russinovich NA. The parathyroid artery. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1980;135(4):821–8.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Nobori M, Saiki S, Tanaka N, Harihara Y, Shindo S, Fujimoto Y. Blood supply of the parathyroid gland from the superior thyroid artery. Surgery. 1994;115(4):417–23.PubMed Nobori M, Saiki S, Tanaka N, Harihara Y, Shindo S, Fujimoto Y. Blood supply of the parathyroid gland from the superior thyroid artery. Surgery. 1994;115(4):417–23.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Doppman JL, Hammond WG. The anatomic basis of parathyroid venous sampling. Radiology. 1970;95(3):603–10.CrossRefPubMed Doppman JL, Hammond WG. The anatomic basis of parathyroid venous sampling. Radiology. 1970;95(3):603–10.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Lippert H, Pabst R. Arterial variations in man: classification and frequency. New York: Springer; 1985.CrossRef Lippert H, Pabst R. Arterial variations in man: classification and frequency. New York: Springer; 1985.CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Wafae N, Hirose K, Franco C, Wafae GC, Ruiz CR, Daher L, et al. The anatomy of the human thyroid veins and its surgical application. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2008;67(4):221–5. Wafae N, Hirose K, Franco C, Wafae GC, Ruiz CR, Daher L, et al. The anatomy of the human thyroid veins and its surgical application. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2008;67(4):221–5.
54.
go back to reference Tomita H, Yamada T, Murakami K, Hashimoto K, Tazawa Y, Kumano R, et al. Anatomical variation of thyroid veins on contrast-enhanced multi-detector row computed tomography. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84(5):872–6.CrossRefPubMed Tomita H, Yamada T, Murakami K, Hashimoto K, Tazawa Y, Kumano R, et al. Anatomical variation of thyroid veins on contrast-enhanced multi-detector row computed tomography. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84(5):872–6.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Krausen AS. The inferior thyroid veins–the ultimate guardians of the trachea. Laryngoscope. 1976;86(12):1849–55.CrossRefPubMed Krausen AS. The inferior thyroid veins–the ultimate guardians of the trachea. Laryngoscope. 1976;86(12):1849–55.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Doppman JL, Mallette LE, Marx SJ, Monchik JM, Broadus A, Spiegel AM, et al. The localization of abnormal mediastinal parathyroid glands. Radiology. 1975;115(1):31–6.CrossRefPubMed Doppman JL, Mallette LE, Marx SJ, Monchik JM, Broadus A, Spiegel AM, et al. The localization of abnormal mediastinal parathyroid glands. Radiology. 1975;115(1):31–6.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Taslakian B, Sebaaly MG, Al-Kutoubi A. Patient evaluation and preparation in vascular and interventional radiology: what every interventional radiologist should know (part 1: patient assessment and laboratory tests). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(3):325–33.CrossRefPubMed Taslakian B, Sebaaly MG, Al-Kutoubi A. Patient evaluation and preparation in vascular and interventional radiology: what every interventional radiologist should know (part 1: patient assessment and laboratory tests). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(3):325–33.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Taslakian B, Sebaaly MG, Al-Kutoubi A. Patient evaluation and preparation in vascular and interventional radiology: what every interventional radiologist should know (part 2: patient preparation and medications). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(4):489–99.CrossRefPubMed Taslakian B, Sebaaly MG, Al-Kutoubi A. Patient evaluation and preparation in vascular and interventional radiology: what every interventional radiologist should know (part 2: patient preparation and medications). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(4):489–99.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Monchik JM, Doppman JL, Earll JM, Aurbach GD. Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone on samples from the large veins of the neck and thorax and selectively catheterized thyroid veins. Am J Surg. 1975;129(4):413–20.CrossRefPubMed Monchik JM, Doppman JL, Earll JM, Aurbach GD. Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone on samples from the large veins of the neck and thorax and selectively catheterized thyroid veins. Am J Surg. 1975;129(4):413–20.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Shimkin PM, Powell D, Doppman JL, Marx SJ, Pearson KD, Wells S, et al. Parathyroid venous sampling. Radiology. 1972;104(3):571–4.CrossRefPubMed Shimkin PM, Powell D, Doppman JL, Marx SJ, Pearson KD, Wells S, et al. Parathyroid venous sampling. Radiology. 1972;104(3):571–4.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Seehofer D, Steinmuller T, Rayes N, Podrabsky P, Riethmuller J, Klupp J, et al. Parathyroid hormone venous sampling before reoperative surgery in renal hyperparathyroidism: comparison with noninvasive localization procedures and review of the literature. Arch Surg. 2004;139(12):1331–8.CrossRefPubMed Seehofer D, Steinmuller T, Rayes N, Podrabsky P, Riethmuller J, Klupp J, et al. Parathyroid hormone venous sampling before reoperative surgery in renal hyperparathyroidism: comparison with noninvasive localization procedures and review of the literature. Arch Surg. 2004;139(12):1331–8.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Udelsman R, Aruny JE, Donovan PI, Sokoll LJ, Santos F, Donabedian R, et al. Rapid parathyroid hormone analysis during venous localization. Ann Surg. 2003;237(5):714–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Udelsman R, Aruny JE, Donovan PI, Sokoll LJ, Santos F, Donabedian R, et al. Rapid parathyroid hormone analysis during venous localization. Ann Surg. 2003;237(5):714–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
63.
go back to reference Gimm O, Arnesson LG, Olofsson P, Morales O, Juhlin C. Super-selective venous sampling in conjunction with quick PTH for patients with persistent primary hyperparathyroidism: report of five cases. Surg Today. 2012;42(6):570–6.CrossRefPubMed Gimm O, Arnesson LG, Olofsson P, Morales O, Juhlin C. Super-selective venous sampling in conjunction with quick PTH for patients with persistent primary hyperparathyroidism: report of five cases. Surg Today. 2012;42(6):570–6.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Buckley O, Brien JO, Doody O, Torreggiani WC. A novel technique in selective venous sampling in the localization of parathyroid tumours utilizing a micro-wire and standardized catheter. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(4):1125–7.CrossRefPubMed Buckley O, Brien JO, Doody O, Torreggiani WC. A novel technique in selective venous sampling in the localization of parathyroid tumours utilizing a micro-wire and standardized catheter. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(4):1125–7.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Miller DL, Doppman JL. Petrosal sinus sampling: technique and rationale. Radiology. 1991;178(1):37–47.CrossRefPubMed Miller DL, Doppman JL. Petrosal sinus sampling: technique and rationale. Radiology. 1991;178(1):37–47.CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Estella E, Leong MS, Bennett I, Hartley L, Wetzig N, Archibald CA, et al. Parathyroid hormone venous sampling prior to reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism. ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(10):800–5.CrossRefPubMed Estella E, Leong MS, Bennett I, Hartley L, Wetzig N, Archibald CA, et al. Parathyroid hormone venous sampling prior to reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism. ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(10):800–5.CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Chaffanjon PC, Voirin D, Vasdev A, Chabre O, Kenyon NM, Brichon PY. Selective venous sampling in recurrent and persistent hyperparathyroidism: indication, technique, and results. World J Surg. 2004;28(10):958–61.CrossRefPubMed Chaffanjon PC, Voirin D, Vasdev A, Chabre O, Kenyon NM, Brichon PY. Selective venous sampling in recurrent and persistent hyperparathyroidism: indication, technique, and results. World J Surg. 2004;28(10):958–61.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Koyama Y, Ishijima H, Ishibashi A, Katsuya T, Ishizaka H, Aoki J, et al. Intact PTH-producing hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial embolization. Abdom Imaging. 1999;24(2):144–6.CrossRefPubMed Koyama Y, Ishijima H, Ishibashi A, Katsuya T, Ishizaka H, Aoki J, et al. Intact PTH-producing hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial embolization. Abdom Imaging. 1999;24(2):144–6.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Krudy AG, Doppman JL, Brennan MF. The significance of the thyroidea ima artery in arteriographic localization of parathyroid adenomas. Radiology. 1980;136(1):45–51.CrossRef Krudy AG, Doppman JL, Brennan MF. The significance of the thyroidea ima artery in arteriographic localization of parathyroid adenomas. Radiology. 1980;136(1):45–51.CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Doppman JL. Parathyroid localization: arteriography and venous sampling. Radiol Clin North Am. 1976;14(2):163–88.PubMed Doppman JL. Parathyroid localization: arteriography and venous sampling. Radiol Clin North Am. 1976;14(2):163–88.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Miller DL, Doppman JL, Krudy AG, Shawker TH, Norton JA, Vucich JJ, et al. Localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients who have undergone surgery. Part II. Invasive procedures. Radiology. 1987;162(1 Pt 1):138–41.CrossRefPubMed Miller DL, Doppman JL, Krudy AG, Shawker TH, Norton JA, Vucich JJ, et al. Localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients who have undergone surgery. Part II. Invasive procedures. Radiology. 1987;162(1 Pt 1):138–41.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Rotstein L, Irish J, Gullane P, Keller MA, Sniderman K. Reoperative parathyroidectomy in the era of localization technology. Head Neck. 1998;20(6):535–9.CrossRefPubMed Rotstein L, Irish J, Gullane P, Keller MA, Sniderman K. Reoperative parathyroidectomy in the era of localization technology. Head Neck. 1998;20(6):535–9.CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Gough I. Reoperative parathyroid surgery: the importance of ectopic location and multigland disease. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76(12):1048–50.CrossRefPubMed Gough I. Reoperative parathyroid surgery: the importance of ectopic location and multigland disease. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76(12):1048–50.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Reidel MA, Schilling T, Graf S, Hinz U, Nawroth P, Buchler MW, et al. Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands by selective venous sampling in reoperation for primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 2006;140(6):907–13 (Discussion 913).CrossRefPubMed Reidel MA, Schilling T, Graf S, Hinz U, Nawroth P, Buchler MW, et al. Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands by selective venous sampling in reoperation for primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 2006;140(6):907–13 (Discussion 913).CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Yen TW, Wang TS, Doffek KM, Krzywda EA, Wilson SD. Reoperative parathyroidectomy: an algorithm for imaging and monitoring of intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels that results in a successful focused approach. Surgery. 2008;144(4):611–9.CrossRefPubMed Yen TW, Wang TS, Doffek KM, Krzywda EA, Wilson SD. Reoperative parathyroidectomy: an algorithm for imaging and monitoring of intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels that results in a successful focused approach. Surgery. 2008;144(4):611–9.CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Guenette JP, Dupuy DE. Lung ablation. In: Mauro MA, Murphy KPJ, Thomson KR, Venbrux AC, Morgan RA, editors. Image-guided interventions. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2014. p. 1145–53. Guenette JP, Dupuy DE. Lung ablation. In: Mauro MA, Murphy KPJ, Thomson KR, Venbrux AC, Morgan RA, editors. Image-guided interventions. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2014. p. 1145–53.
77.
go back to reference Ali M, Kumpe DA. Embolization of bronchial artery-supplied ectopic parathyroid adenomas located in the aortopulmonary window. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(1):138–43.CrossRefPubMed Ali M, Kumpe DA. Embolization of bronchial artery-supplied ectopic parathyroid adenomas located in the aortopulmonary window. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(1):138–43.CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Singh Ospina N, Thompson GB, Lee RA, Reading CC, Young WF Jr. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous parathyroid ethanol ablation in patients with recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(1):E87–90.CrossRefPubMed Singh Ospina N, Thompson GB, Lee RA, Reading CC, Young WF Jr. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous parathyroid ethanol ablation in patients with recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(1):E87–90.CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Taslakian B, Al-Kutoubi A, Hoballah JJ, editors. Procedural dictations in image-guided intervention: non-vascular, vascular and neuro interventions. Springer; 2016. Taslakian B, Al-Kutoubi A, Hoballah JJ, editors. Procedural dictations in image-guided intervention: non-vascular, vascular and neuro interventions. Springer; 2016.
80.
go back to reference Fadel SA. Adrenal venous sampling. In: Taslakian B, Al-Kutoubi A, Hoballah JJ, editors. Procedural dictations in image-guided intervention: non-vascular, vascular and neuro interventions. Springer International Publishing; 2016. pp. 595–97. Fadel SA. Adrenal venous sampling. In: Taslakian B, Al-Kutoubi A, Hoballah JJ, editors. Procedural dictations in image-guided intervention: non-vascular, vascular and neuro interventions. Springer International Publishing; 2016. pp. 595–97.
Metadata
Title
The Essentials of Parathyroid Hormone Venous Sampling
Authors
Bedros Taslakian
Scott O. Trerotola
Barry Sacks
Rahmi Oklu
Amy Deipolyi
Publication date
01-01-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 0174-1551
Electronic ISSN: 1432-086X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-016-1481-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 1/2017 Go to the issue