Top

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Published in:

01-03-2015 | Review Article

Current status and future role of brain PET/MRI in clinical and research settings

Authors: P. Werner, H. Barthel, A. Drzezga, O. Sabri

Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Issue 3/2015

Abstract

Hybrid PET/MRI systematically offers a complementary combination of two modalities that has often proven itself superior to the single modality approach in the diagnostic work-up of many neurological and psychiatric diseases. Emerging PET tracers, technical advances in multiparametric MRI and obvious workflow advantages may lead to a significant improvement in the diagnosis of dementia disorders, neurooncological diseases, epilepsy and neurovascular diseases using PET/MRI. Moreover, simultaneous PET/MRI is well suited to complex studies of brain function in which fast fluctuations of brain signals (e.g. related to task processing or in response to pharmacological interventions) need to be monitored on multiple levels. Initial simultaneous studies have already demonstrated that these complementary measures of brain function can provide new insights into the functional and structural organization of the brain.

Dukart J, Mueller K, Horstmann A, Barthel H, Möller HE, Villringer A, et al. Combined evaluation of FDG-PET and MRI improves detection and differentiation of dementia. PLoS One. 2011;6:e18111.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Jack Jr CR, Lowe VJ, Senjem ML, Weigand SD, Kemp BJ, Shiung MM, et al. 11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain J Neurol. 2008;131:665–80.CrossRef

Pauleit D, Floeth F, Hamacher K, Riemenschneider MJ, Reifenberger G, Müller H-W, et al. O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET combined with MRI improves the diagnostic assessment of cerebral gliomas. Brain J Neurol. 2005;128:678–87.CrossRef

Pirotte BJ, Levivier M, Goldman S, Massager N, Wikler D, Dewitte O, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided volumetric resection of supratentorial high-grade gliomas: a survival analysis in 66 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery. 2009;64:471–81; discussion 481.CrossRefPubMed

Dunet V, Maeder P, Nicod-Lalonde M, Lhermitte B, Pollo C, Bloch J, et al. Combination of MRI and dynamic FET PET for initial glioma grading. Nuklearmedizin. 53:155–61.

Catana C, Drzezga A, Heiss W-D, Rosen BR. PET/MRI for neurologic applications. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1916–25.CrossRefPubMed

Heiss W-D. Radionuclide imaging in ischemic stroke. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1831–41.CrossRefPubMed

Zhang K, Herzog H, Mauler J, Filss C, Okell TW, Kops ER, et al. Comparison of cerebral blood flow acquired by simultaneous [15O]water positron emission tomography and arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:1373–80.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Rischpler C, Nekolla SG, Dregely I, Schwaiger M. Hybrid PET/MR imaging of the heart: potential, initial experiences, and future prospects. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:402–15.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Bolus NE, George R, Washington J, Newcomer BR. PET/MRI: the blended-modality choice of the future? J Nucl Med Technol. 2009;37:63–71. quiz 72–73.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Beyer T, Antoch G, Müller S, Egelhof T, Freudenberg LS, Debatin J, et al. Acquisition protocol considerations for combined PET/CT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2004;45 Suppl 1:25S–35.PubMed

12.

Gilmore CD, Comeau CR, Alessi AM, Blaine M, El Fakhri GN, Hunt JK, et al. PET/MR imaging consensus paper: a joint paper by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Technologist Section and the Section for Magnetic Resonance Technologists. J Nucl Med Technol. 2013;41:108–13.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Carney JP, Townsend DW, Rappoport V, Bendriem B. Method for transforming CT images for attenuation correction in PET/CT imaging. Med Phys. 2006;33:976–83.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Navalpakkam BK, Braun H, Kuwert T, Quick HH. Magnetic resonance-based attenuation correction for PET/MR hybrid imaging using continuous valued attenuation maps. Invest Radiol. 2013;48:323–32.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Berker Y, Franke J, Salomon A, Palmowski M, Donker HC, Temur Y, et al. MRI-based attenuation correction for hybrid PET/MRI systems: a 4-class tissue segmentation technique using a combined ultrashort-echo-time/Dixon MRI sequence. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:796–804.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Andersen FL, Ladefoged CN, Beyer T, Keller SH, Hansen AE, Højgaard L, et al. Combined PET/MR imaging in neurology: MR-based attenuation correction implies a strong spatial bias when ignoring bone. Neuroimage. 2014;84:206–16.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Keereman V, Fierens Y, Broux T, De Deene Y, Lonneux M, Vandenberghe S. MRI-based attenuation correction for PET/MRI using ultrashort echo time sequences. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:812–8.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Poynton CB, Chen KT, Chonde DB, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Gollub RL, Gerstner ER, et al. Probabilistic atlas-based segmentation of combined T1-weighted and DUTE MRI for calculation of head attenuation maps in integrated PET/MRI scanners. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;4:160–71.PubMedCentralPubMed

19.

Rezaei A, Defrise M, Nuyts J. ML-reconstruction for TOF-PET with simultaneous estimation of the attenuation factors. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2014;33:1563–72.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Delso G, Fürst S, Jakoby B, Ladebeck R, Ganter C, Nekolla SG, et al. Performance measurements of the Siemens mMR integrated whole-body PET/MR scanner. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1914–22.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Oakes TR, Johnstone T, Ores Walsh KS, Greischar LL, Alexander AL, Fox AS, et al. Comparison of fMRI motion correction software tools. Neuroimage. 2005;28:529–43.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Catana C, Benner T, van der Kouwe A, Byars L, Hamm M, Chonde DB, et al. MRI-assisted PET motion correction for neurologic studies in an integrated MR-PET scanner. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:154–61.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

23.

Fung EK, Carson RE. Cerebral blood flow with [15O]water PET studies using an image-derived input function and MR-defined carotid centerlines. Phys Med Biol. 2013;58:1903–23.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

24.

Su Y, Arbelaez AM, Benzinger TLS, Snyder AZ, Vlassenko AG, Mintun MA, et al. Noninvasive estimation of the arterial input function in positron emission tomography imaging of cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:115–21.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

25.

Olivot J-M, Mlynash M, Thijs VN, Kemp S, Lansberg MG, Wechsler L, et al. Optimal Tmax threshold for predicting penumbral tissue in acute stroke. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2009;40:469–75.CrossRef

26.

Sugawara Y, Zasadny KR, Neuhoff AW, Wahl RL. Reevaluation of the standardized uptake value for FDG: variations with body weight and methods for correction. Radiology. 1999;213:521–5.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Chan T. Computerized method for automatic evaluation of lean body mass from PET/CT: comparison with predictive equations. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:130–7.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Acosta-Cabronero J, Williams GB, Cardenas-Blanco A, Arnold RJ, Lupson V, Nestor PJ. In vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2013;8:e81093.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

29.

Rivlin M, Horev J, Tsarfaty I, Navon G. Molecular imaging of tumors and metastases using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Sci Rep. 2013;3:3045.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Sorbi S, Hort J, Erkinjuntti T, Fladby T, Gainotti G, Gurvit H, et al. EFNS-ENS Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of disorders associated with dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:1159–79.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Jack Jr CR, Scheltens P, Thompson PM. The clinical use of structural MRI in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:67–77.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

32.

Frisoni GB, Bocchetta M, Chételat G, Rabinovici GD, de Leon MJ, Kaye J, et al. Imaging markers for Alzheimer disease: which vs how. Neurology. 2013;81:487–500.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

33.

Jack CR, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:119–28.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

34.

Mosconi L. Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:486–510.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Heiss WD, Kessler J, Szelies B, Grond M, Fink G, Herholz K. Positron emission tomography in the differential diagnosis of organic dementias. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1991;33:13–9.PubMed

36.

Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Herholz K, Pupi A, Drzezga A, Lucignani G, et al. Multicenter standardized 18F-FDG PET diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and other dementias. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:390–8.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

37.

Clark CM, Schneider JA, Bedell BJ, Beach TG, Bilker WB, Mintun MA, et al. Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology. JAMA. 2011;305:275–83.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Nordberg A, Carter SF, Rinne J, Drzezga A, Brooks DJ, Vandenberghe R, et al. A European multicentre PET study of fibrillar amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:104–14.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

39.

Barthel H, Gertz H-J, Dresel S, Peters O, Bartenstein P, Buerger K, et al. Cerebral amyloid-β PET with florbetaben (18F) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls: a multicentre phase 2 diagnostic study. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:424–35.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Hsiao I-T, Huang C-C, Hsieh C-J, Hsu W-C, Wey S-P, Yen T-C, et al. Correlation of early-phase 18F-florbetapir (AV-45/Amyvid) PET images to FDG images: preliminary studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:613–20.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Jones DT, Machulda MM, Vemuri P, McDade EM, Zeng G, Senjem ML, et al. Age-related changes in the default mode network are more advanced in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2011;77:1524–31.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

42.

Sheline YI, Raichle ME, Snyder AZ, Morris JC, Head D, Wang S, et al. Amyloid plaques disrupt resting state default mode network connectivity in cognitively normal elderly. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:584–7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

43.

Myers N, Pasquini L, Göttler J, Grimmer T, Koch K, Ortner M, et al. Within-patient correspondence of amyloid-β and intrinsic network connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain J Neurol. 2014;137:2052–64.CrossRef

44.

Griffa A, Baumann PS, Thiran J-P, Hagmann P. Structural connectomics in brain diseases. Neuroimage. 2013;80:515–26.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Alsop DC, Dai W, Grossman M, Detre JA. Arterial spin labeling blood flow MRI: its role in the early characterization of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:871–80.PubMedCentralPubMed

46.

Kendziorra K, Wolf H, Meyer PM, Barthel H, Hesse S, Becker GA, et al. Decreased cerebral α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease assessed with positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:515–25.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Meyer PM, Strecker K, Kendziorra K, Becker G, Hesse S, Woelpl D, et al. Reduced alpha4beta2*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and its relationship to mild cognitive and depressive symptoms in Parkinson disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:866–77.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Jagust W. Time for tau. Brain. 2014;137:1570–1.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Bailey DL, Barthel H, Beuthin-Baumann B, Beyer T, Bisdas S, Boellaard R, et al. Combined PET/MR: Where are we now? Summary report of the second international workshop on PET/MR imaging April 8-12, 2013, Tubingen, Germany. Mol Imaging Biol. 2014;16:295–310PubMed

50.

Garibotto V, Heinzer S, Vulliemoz S, Guignard R, Wissmeyer M, Seeck M, et al. Clinical applications of hybrid PET/MRI in neuroimaging. Clin Nucl Med. 2013;38:e13–8.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Drzezga A, Barthel H, Minoshima S, Sabri O. Potential clinical applications of PET/MR imaging in neurodegenerative diseases. J Nucl Med. 2014;55 Suppl 2;47S–57S.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Schmidt H, Schwenzer NF, Bezrukov I, Mantlik F, Kolb A, Kupferschläger J, et al. On the quantification accuracy, homogeneity, and stability of simultaneous positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging systems. Invest Radiol. 2014;49:373–81.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Hitz S, Habekost C, Fürst S, Delso G, Förster S, Ziegler S, et al. Systematic comparison of the performance of integrated whole-body PET/MR imaging to conventional PET/CT for 18F-FDG brain imaging in patients examined for suspected dementia. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:923–31.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Barker 2nd FG, Chang SM, Huhn SL, Davis RL, Gutin PH, McDermott MW, et al. Age and the risk of anaplasia in magnetic resonance-nonenhancing supratentorial cerebral tumors. Cancer. 1997;80:936–41.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Scott JN, Brasher PMA, Sevick RJ, Rewcastle NB, Forsyth PA. How often are nonenhancing supratentorial gliomas malignant? A population study. Neurology. 2002;59:947–9.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Kruser TJ, Mehta MP, Robins HI. Pseudoprogression after glioma therapy: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13:389–403.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Duffau H. A new philosophy in surgery for diffuse low-grade glioma (DLGG): oncological and functional outcomes. Neurochirurgie. 2013;59:2–8.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Galldiks N, Kracht LW, Dunkl V, Ullrich RT, Vollmar S, Jacobs AH, et al. Imaging of non- or very subtle contrast-enhancing malignant gliomas with [11C]-methionine positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging. 2011;10:453–9.PubMed

59.

Galldiks N, Ullrich R, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Jacobs AH, Kracht LW. Volumetry of [(11)C]-methionine PET uptake and MRI contrast enhancement in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:84–92.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

60.

Bangiyev L, Rossi Espagnet MC, Young R, Shepherd T, Knopp E, Friedman K, et al. Adult brain tumor imaging: state of the art. Semin Roentgenol. 2014;49:39–52.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Law M, Yang S, Wang H, Babb JS, Johnson G, Cha S, et al. Glioma grading: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging compared with conventional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1989–98.PubMed

62.

Law M, Yang S, Babb JS, Knopp EA, Golfinos JG, Zagzag D, et al. Comparison of cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability from dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with glioma grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:746–55.PubMed

63.

La Fougère C, Suchorska B, Bartenstein P, Kreth F-W, Tonn J-C. Molecular imaging of gliomas with PET: opportunities and limitations. Neuro Oncol. 2011;13:806–19.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

64.

Ceyssens S, Van Laere K, de Groot T, Goffin J, Bormans G, Mortelmans L. [11C]methionine PET, histopathology, and survival in primary brain tumors and recurrence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:1432–7.PubMed

65.

Ullrich RT, Kracht L, Brunn A, Herholz K, Frommolt P, Miletic H, et al. Methyl-L-11C-methionine PET as a diagnostic marker for malignant progression in patients with glioma. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1962–8.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Singhal T, Narayanan TK, Jacobs MP, Bal C, Mantil JC. 11C-methionine PET for grading and prognostication in gliomas: a comparison study with 18F-FDG PET and contrast enhancement on MRI. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1709–15.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Pöpperl G, Kreth FW, Mehrkens JH, Herms J, Seelos K, Koch W, et al. FET PET for the evaluation of untreated gliomas: correlation of FET uptake and uptake kinetics with tumour grading. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1933–42.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Kunz M, Thon N, Eigenbrod S, Hartmann C, Egensperger R, Herms J, et al. Hot spots in dynamic (18)FET-PET delineate malignant tumor parts within suspected WHO grade II gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2011;13:307–16.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

69.

Pirotte B, Goldman S, Massager N, David P, Wikler D, Vandesteene A, et al. Comparison of 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine for PET-guided stereotactic brain biopsy of gliomas. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1293–8.

70.

Purz S, Mauz-Körholz C, Körholz D, Hasenclever D, Krausse A, Sorge I, et al. [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for detection of bone marrow involvement in children and adolescents with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3523–8.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Grosu AL, Weber WA, Franz M, Stärk S, Piert M, Thamm R, et al. Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade gliomas using amino acid PET (SPECT)/CT/MRI image fusion to determine gross tumor volume for stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:511–9.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Pirotte B, Goldman S, Dewitte O, Massager N, Wikler D, Lefranc F, et al. Integrated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection of brain tumors: a report of 103 consecutive procedures. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:238–53.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Boss A, Bisdas S, Kolb A, Hofmann M, Ernemann U, Claussen CD, et al. Hybrid PET/MRI of intracranial masses: initial experiences and comparison to PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1198–205.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Bisdas S, Ritz R, Bender B, Braun C, Pfannenberg C, Reimold M, et al. Metabolic mapping of gliomas using hybrid MR-PET imaging: feasibility of the method and spatial distribution of metabolic changes. Invest Radiol. 2013;48:295–301.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Preuss M, Werner P, Barthel H, Nestler U, Christiansen H, Hirsch FW, et al. Integrated PET/MRI for planning navigated biopsies in pediatric brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 30:1399–403.

76.

Werner P, Fritzsch D, Holland H, Bauer M, Krupp W, Hoffmann K-T, et al. Definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma – letter. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:2011–2.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Sharma H. Multiparametric imaging and MR image texture analysis in brain tumors (PhD thesis). The University of Western Ontario; 2014.

78.

Artan Y, Yetik IS, Haider MA. Automated prostate cancer localization with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. In: El-Baz AS, Saba L, Suri JS, editors. Abdomen and thoracic imaging: an engineering and clinical perspective. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 559–86.CrossRef

79.

Prior FW, Fouke SJ, Benzinger T, Boyd A, Chicoine M, Cholleti S, et al. Predicting a multi-parametric probability map of active tumor extent using random forests. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:6478–81.PubMedCentralPubMed

80.

Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Dávalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1317–29.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Heiss WD, Grond M, Thiel A, von Stockhausen HM, Rudolf J, Ghaemi M, et al. Tissue at risk of infarction rescued by early reperfusion: a positron emission tomography study in systemic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis of acute stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18:1298–307.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Thijs VN, Adami A, Neumann-Haefelin T, Moseley ME, Marks MP, Albers GW. Relationship between severity of MR perfusion deficit and DWI lesion evolution. Neurology. 2001;57:1205–11.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Merino JG, Warach S. Imaging of acute stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:560–71.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Albers GW, Thijs VN, Wechsler L, Kemp S, Schlaug G, Skalabrin E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:508–17.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Hacke W, Furlan AJ, Al-Rawi Y, Davalos A, Fiebach JB, Gruber F, et al. Intravenous desmoteplase in patients with acute ischaemic stroke selected by MRI perfusion-diffusion weighted imaging or perfusion CT (DIAS-2): a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:141–50.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

86.

Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW, Levi C, Butcher KS, Peeters A, et al. Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:299–309.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Bokkers RP, Bremmer JP, van Berckel BNM, Lammertsma AA, Hendrikse J, Pluim JPW, et al. Arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI at multiple delay times: a correlative study with H(2)(15)O positron emission tomography in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30:222–9.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

88.

Nael K, Meshksar A, Liebeskind DS, Coull BM, Krupinski EA, Villablanca JP. Quantitative analysis of hypoperfusion in acute stroke: arterial spin labeling versus dynamic susceptibility contrast. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2013;44:3090–6.CrossRef

89.

Zaro-Weber O, Moeller-Hartmann W, Heiss W-D, Sobesky J. Maps of time to maximum and time to peak for mismatch definition in clinical stroke studies validated with positron emission tomography. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2010;41:2817–21.CrossRef

90.

O’Brien TJ, Hicks RJ, Ware R, Binns DS, Murphy M, Cook MJ. The utility of a 3-dimensional, large-field-of-view, sodium iodide crystal–based PET scanner in the presurgical evaluation of partial epilepsy. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1158–65.PubMed

91.

Lee KK, Salamon N. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography and MR imaging coregistration for presurgical evaluation of medically refractory epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:1811–6.CrossRefPubMed

92.

LoPinto‐Khoury C, Sperling MR, Skidmore C, Nei M, Evans J, Sharan A, et al. Surgical outcome in PET‐positive, MRI‐negative patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53:342–8.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Chassoux F, Rodrigo S, Semah F, Beuvon F, Landre E, Devaux B, et al. FDG-PET improves surgical outcome in negative MRI Taylor-type focal cortical dysplasias. Neurology. 2010;75:2168–75.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Gok B, Jallo G, Hayeri R, Wahl R, Aygun N. The evaluation of FDG-PET imaging for epileptogenic focus localization in patients with MRI positive and MRI negative temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroradiology. 2013;55:541–50.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Purz S, Sabri O, Viehweger A, Barthel H, Kluge R, Sorge I, et al. Potential pediatric applications of PET/MR. J Nucl Med. 2014;55 Suppl 2:32S–39S.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Sander CY, Hooker JM, Catana C, Normandin MD, Alpert NM, Knudsen GM, et al. Neurovascular coupling to D2/D3 dopamine receptor occupancy using simultaneous PET/functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:11169–74.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

97.

Wehrl HF, Martirosian P, Schick F, Reischl G, Pichler BJ. Assessment of rodent brain activity using combined [(15)O]H2O-PET and BOLD-fMRI. Neuroimage. 2014;89:271–9.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Wehrl HF, Hossain M, Lankes K, Liu C-C, Bezrukov I, Martirosian P, et al. Simultaneous PET-MRI reveals brain function in activated and resting state on metabolic, hemodynamic and multiple temporal scales. Nat Med. 2013;19:1184–9.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Riedl V, Bienkowska K, Strobel C, Tahmasian M, Grimmer T, Förster S, et al. Local activity determines functional connectivity in the resting human brain: a simultaneous FDG-PET/fMRI study. J Neurosci. 2014;34:6260–6.CrossRefPubMed

100.

Schultz CC, Fusar-Poli P, Wagner G, Koch K, Schachtzabel C, Gruber O, et al. Multimodal functional and structural imaging investigations in psychosis research. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262 Suppl 2:S97–106.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Uppal R, Catana C, Ay I, Benner T, Sorensen AG, Caravan P. Bimodal thrombus imaging: simultaneous PET/MR imaging with a fibrin-targeted dual PET/MR probe – feasibility study in rat model. Radiology. 2011;258:812–20.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

102.

Morbelli S, Perneczky R, Drzezga A, Frisoni GB, Caroli A, van Berckel BN, et al. Metabolic networks underlying cognitive reserve in prodromal Alzheimer disease: a European Alzheimer disease consortium project. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:894–902.CrossRefPubMed

103.

Yakushev I, Chételat G, Fischer FU, Landeau B, Bastin C, Scheurich A, et al. Metabolic and structural connectivity within the default mode network relates to working memory performance in young healthy adults. Neuroimage. 2013;79:184–90.CrossRefPubMed

104.

Villien M, Wey H-Y, Mandeville JB, Catana C, Polimeni JR, Sander CY, et al. Dynamic functional imaging of brain glucose utilization using fPET-FDG. Neuroimage. 2014;100:192–9.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Current status and future role of brain PET/MRI in clinical and research settings
Authors: P. Werner
H. Barthel
A. Drzezga
O. Sabri
Publication date: 01-03-2015
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Issue 3/2015
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Electronic ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2970-9

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Current status and future role of brain PET/MRI in clinical and research settings

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2015

Increased evidence for the prognostic value of primary tumor asphericity in pretherapeutic FDG PET for risk stratification in patients with head and neck cancer

Nonsurgical giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath or of the diffuse type: Are MRI or 18F-FDG PET/CT able to provide an accurate prediction of long-term outcome?

Predictive value of early 18F-FDG PET/CT studies for treatment response evaluation to ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma: preliminary results of an ongoing study

68Ga-NOTA-exendin-4 PET/CT in detection of occult insulinoma and evaluation of physiological uptake

18F-GE-180: a novel TSPO radiotracer compared to 11C-R-PK11195 in a preclinical model of stroke

[18F]DPA-714 PET imaging of translocator protein TSPO (18 kDa) in the normal and excitotoxically-lesioned nonhuman primate brain