Top

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Published in:

Open Access 01-08-2010 | Review Article

Small-animal SPECT and SPECT/CT: application in cardiovascular research

Authors: Reza Golestani, Chao Wu, René A. Tio, Clark J. Zeebregts, Artiom D. Petrov, Freek J. Beekman, Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx, Hendrikus H. Boersma, Riemer H. J. A. Slart

Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Issue 9/2010

Abstract

Preclinical cardiovascular research using noninvasive radionuclide and hybrid imaging systems has been extensively developed in recent years. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is based on the molecular tracer principle and is an established tool in noninvasive imaging. SPECT uses gamma cameras and collimators to form projection data that are used to estimate (dynamic) 3-D tracer distributions in vivo. Recent developments in multipinhole collimation and advanced image reconstruction have led to sub-millimetre and sub-half-millimetre resolution SPECT in rats and mice, respectively. In this article we review applications of microSPECT in cardiovascular research in which information about the function and pathology of the myocardium, vessels and neurons is obtained. We give examples on how diagnostic tracers, new therapeutic interventions, pre- and postcardiovascular event prognosis, and functional and pathophysiological heart conditions can be explored by microSPECT, using small-animal models of cardiovascular disease.

Recchia FA, Lionetti V. Animal models of dilated cardiomyopathy for translational research. Vet Res Commun 2007;31(Suppl 1):35–41.PubMedCrossRef

Moon A. Mouse models of congenital cardiovascular disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2008;84:171–248.PubMedCrossRef

Franc BL, Acton PD, Mari C, Hasegawa BH. Small-animal SPECT and SPECT/CT: important tools for preclinical investigation. J Nucl Med 2008;49(10):1651–63.PubMedCrossRef

Jaszczak RJ, Li JY, Wang HL, Zalutsky MR, Coleman RE. Pinhole collimation for ultra-high-resolution, small-field-of-view SPECT. Phys Med Biol 1994;39:425–37.PubMedCrossRef

Ishizu K, Mukai T, Yonekura Y, et al. Ultra-high-resolution SPECT system using four pinhole collimators for small animal studies. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2282–7.PubMed

Habraken JBA, de Bruin K, Shehata M, Booij J, Bennink R, Smit BLFV, et al. Evaluation of high-resolution pinhole SPECT using a small rotating animal. J Nucl Med 2001;42:1863–9.PubMed

McElroy DP, MacDonald LR, Beekman FJ, Wang YC, Patt BE, Iwanczyk JS, et al. Performance evaluation of A-SPECT: a high resolution desktop pinhole SPECT system for imaging small animals. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2002;49:2139–47.CrossRef

Schramm NU, Ebel G, Engeland U, Schurrat T, Béhé M, Behr TM. High-resolution SPECT using multipinhole collimation. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003;50(3):315–20.CrossRef

Walrand S, Jamar F, de Jong M, Pauwels S. Evaluation of novel whole-body high-resolution rodent SPECT (Linoview) based on direct acquisition of linogram projections. J Nucl Med 2005;46(11):1872–80.PubMed

10.

Metzler SD, Jaszczak RJ, Patil NH, Vemulapalli S, Akabani G, Chin BB. Molecular imaging of small animals with a triple-head SPECT system using pinhole collimation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2005;24:853–62.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Moore SC, Zimmerman RE, Mahmood A, Mellen R, Lim CB. A triple-detector multi-pinhole system for SPECT imaging of rodents. J Nucl Med 2004;45(5):97P.

12.

Hesterman JY, Kupinski MA, Furenlid LR, Wilson DW, Barrett HH. The multi-module, multi-resolution system ((MR)-R-3): a novel small-animal SPECT system. Med Phys 2007;34:987–93.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Kastis GK, Barber HB, Barrett HH, Gifford HC, Pang IW, Patton DD, et al. High resolution SPECT imager for three-dimensional imaging of small animals (abstract 25). J Nucl Med 1998;39(5 Suppl):9P.

14.

Liu Z, Kastis GA, Stevenson GD, Barrett HH, Furenlid LR, Kupinski MA, et al. Quantitative analysis of acute myocardial infarct in rat hearts with ischemia-reperfusion using a high-resolution stationary SPECT system. J Nucl Med 2002;43(7):933–9.PubMed

15.

Furenlid LR, Wilson DW, Chen YC, Kim H, Pietraski PJ, Crawford MJ, et al. FastSPECT II: a second-generation high-resolution dynamic SPECT imager. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2004;51:631–5.

16.

Beekman FJ, van der Have F, Vastenhouw B, van der Linden AJA, van Rijk PP, Burbach JPH, et al. U-SPECT-I: a novel system for sub-millimeter resolution tomography of radiolabeled molecules in mice. J Nucl Med 2005;46:1194–200.PubMed

17.

van der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Ramakers RM, Branderhorst W, Krah JO, Ji C, et al. U-SPECT-II: an ultra-high-resolution device for molecular small-animal imaging. J Nucl Med 2009;50:599–605.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Kupinski MA, Barrett HH, editors. Small-animal SPECT imaging. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2005.

19.

Vastenhouw B, Beekman FJ. Submillimeter total-body murine imaging with U-SPECT-I. J Nucl Med 2007;48:487–93.PubMed

20.

Beekman FJ, van der Have F. The pinhole: gateway to ultra-high resolution three-dimensional radionuclide imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:151–61.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Meikle SR, Kench P, Kassiou M, Banati RB. Small animal SPECT and its place in the matrix of molecular imaging technologies. Phys Med Biol 2005;50(22):R45–61.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Visser EP, Disselhorst JA, Brom M, et al. Spatial resolution and sensitivity of the inveon small-animal PET scanner. J Nucl Med 2009;50(1):139–47.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Yang Y, Tai YC, Siegel S, et al. Optimization and performance evaluation of the microPET II scanner for in vivo small-animal imaging. Phys Med Biol 2004;49(12):2527–45.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Tamaki N, Kuge Y, Tsukamoto E. The road to quantitation of regional myocardial uptake of tracer. J Nucl Med 2001;42:780–1.PubMed

25.

Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Bar-Shalom R. Hybrid Imaging (SPECT/CT and PET/CT) – improving the diagnostic accuracy of functional/metabolic and anatomic imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2009;39:264–75.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Seo Y, Mari C, Hasegawa BH. Technological development and advances in single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. Semin Nucl Med 2008;38:177–98.PubMedCrossRef

27.

O’Connor MK, Kemp BJ. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography: basic instrumentation and innovations. Semin Nucl Med 2006;36:258–66.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Bockisch A, Freudenberg LS, Schmidt D, Kuwert T. Hybrid imaging by SPECT/CT and PET/CT: proven outcomes in cancer imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2009;39:276–89.PubMedCrossRef

29.

Tsui BM, Frey EC, LaCroix KJ, Lalush DS, McCartney WH, King MA, et al. Quantitative myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 1998;5(5):507–22.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Beekman FJ, de Jong HW, van Geloven S. Efficient fully 3-D iterative SPECT reconstruction with Monte Carlo-based scatter compensation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2002;21(8):867–77.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Zaidi H, Hasegawa B. Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. J Nucl Med 2003;44(2):291–315.PubMed

32.

Bateman TM, Cullom SJ. Attenuation correction single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2005;35(1):37–51.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Hwang AB, Taylor CC, VanBrocklin HF, Dae MW, Hasegawa BH. Attenuation correction of small animal SPECT images acquired with I-125-iodorotenone. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006;53(3):1213–20.CrossRef

34.

Cherry SR. Multimodality in vivo imaging systems: twice the power or double the trouble? Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2006;8:35–62.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Xiao J, de Wit TC, Staelens SG, Beekman FJ. Evaluation of 3D Monte Carlo-based scatter correction for 99mTc cardiac perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 2006;47(10):1662–9.PubMed

36.

Xiao J, de Wit TC, Zbijewski W, Staelens SG, Beekman FJ. Evaluation of 3D Monte Carlo-based scatter correction for 201Tl cardiac perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 2007;48(4):637–44.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Hwang AB, Franc BL, Gullberg GT, Hasegawa BH. Assessment of the sources of error affecting the quantitative accuracy of SPECT imaging in small animals. Phys Med Biol 2008;53:2233–52.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Hugg J, Uribe J, Jansen F, Manjeshwar R, Laib H, Pang J, et al. A small-animal microSPECT/microCT system with a stationary CZT detector ring and rotating multi-pinhole and multi-slit collimators. J Nucl Med 2006;47(Suppl 1):231P.

39.

Yang YF, Rendig S, Siegel S, Newport DF, Cherry SR. Cardiac PET imaging in mice with simultaneous cardiac and respiratory gating. Phys Med Biol 2005;50(13):2979–89.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Vanhove C, Defrise M, Bossuyt A, Lahoutte T. Improved quantification in single-pinhole and multiple-pinhole SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36(7):1049–63.PubMedCrossRef

41.

Wu C, van der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Dierckx R, Paans A, Beekman F. Absolute quantitative focusing pinhole SPECT. Proceedings of the Tenth International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 5–10 September 2009. Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. p. 291–4. http://www.fully3d2009.org/download/proceedings_2009.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2009

42.

Chow PL, Stout DB, Komisopoulou E, Chatziioannou AF. A method of image registration for small animal, multi-modality imaging. Phys Med Biol 2006;51(2):379–90.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Loening AM, Gambhir SS. AMIDE: a free software tool for multimodality medical image analysis. Mol Imaging 2003;2(3):131–7.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Ji C, Van der Have F, Ramakers R, Beekman FJ. Automatic co-registration of ultra-high-resolution small-animal SPECT with micro-CT images. Submitted.

45.

Beekman FJ, Hutton BF. Multi-modality imaging on track. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34(9):1410–4.PubMedCrossRef

46.

MILabs. U-SPECT/CT. http://www.milabs.com/pages/preclinical-imaging/u-spectct.php. Accessed 20 Nov 2009

47.

Bioscan. NanoSPECT/CT in vivo preclinical imager. http://www.bioscan.com/molecular-imaging/nanospect-ct. Accessed 20 Nov 2009

48.

Schramm NU, Lackas C, Hoppin JW, Forrer F, de Jong M. The nanoSPECT/CT: a high-sensitivity small-animal SPECT/CT with submillimeter spatial resolution. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:S117.CrossRef

49.

Schramm NU, Lackas C, Gershman B, Norenberg JP, de Jong M. Improving resolution, sensitivity and applications for the NanoSPECT/CT: a high-performance SPECT/CT imager for small-animal research. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:S226–7.

50.

Acton PD, Kung HF. Small animal imaging with high resolution single photon emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2003;30(8):889–95.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Wu MC, Gao DW, Sievers RE, Lee RJ, Hasegawa BH, Dae MW. Pinhole single-photon emission computed tomography for myocardial perfusion imaging of mice. J Am Col Cardiol 2003;42(3):576–82.CrossRef

52.

Constantinesco A, Choquet P, Monassier L, Israel-Jost V, Mertz L. Assessment of left ventricular perfusion, volumes, and motion in mice using pinhole gated SPECT. J Nucl Med 2005;46:1005–11.PubMed

53.

Lahoutte T. Monitoring left ventricular function in small animals. J Nucl Cardiol 2007;14(3):371–9.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Vanhove C, Lahoutte T, Defrise M, Bossuyt A, Franken PR. Reproducibility of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction measurements in rat using pinhole gated SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:211–20.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Okada DR, Johnson G, Liu Z, Hocherman SD, Khaw BA, Okada RD. Early detection of infarct in reperfused canine myocardium using 99mTc-glucarate. J Nucl Med 2004;45:655–64.PubMed

56.

Khaw BA, Nakazawa A, O’Donnell SM, Pak KY, Narula J. Avidity of technetium 99 m glucarate for the necrotic myocardium: in vivo and in vitro assessment. J Nucl Cardiol 1997;4:283–90.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Khaw BA, Silva JD, Petrov A, Hartner W. Indium 111 antimyosin and Tc-99m glucaric acid for noninvasive identification of oncotic and apoptotic myocardial necrosis. J Nucl Cardiol 2002;9:471–81.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Johnson LL, Schofield L, Donahay T, Bouchard M, Poppas A, Haubner R. Radiolabeled arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptides to image angiogenesis in swine model of hibernating myocardium. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1(4):500–10.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Narula J, Petrov A, Pak KY, Lister BC, Khaw BA. Very early noninvasive detection of acute experimental nonreperfused myocardial infarction with 99mTc-labeled glucarate. Circulation 1997;95:1577–84.PubMed

60.

Flotats A, Carrió I. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of myocardial apoptosis and necrosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30(4):615–30.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Ni Y, Marchal G, Yu J, et al. Localization of metalloporphyrin induced “specific” enhancement in experimental liver tumors: a comparison between MRI, microangiographic and histologic findings. Acad Radiol 1995;2:687–99.PubMedCrossRef

62.

Ni Y, Petré C, Miao Y, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-histomorphologic correlation studies on paramagnetic metalloporphyrins in rat models of necrosis. Invest Radiol 1997;32:770–9.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Maurer J, Strauss A, Ebert W, Bauer H, Felix R. Contrast-enhanced high resolution magnetic resonance imaging of pigmented malignant melanoma using Mn-TPPS4 and Gd-DTPA: experimental results. Melanoma Res 2000;10:40–6.PubMed

64.

Agostinis P, Vantieghem A, Merlevede W, de Witte PA. Hypericin in cancer treatment: more light on the way. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002;34:221–41.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Ni Y, Huyghe D, Verbeke K, et al. First preclinical evaluation of mono-[123I]iodohypericin as a necrosis-avid tracer agent. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:595–601.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Fonge H, Vunckx K, Wang H, et al. Non-invasive detection and quantification of acute myocardial infarction in rabbits using mono-[123I]iodohypericin mSPECT. Eur Heart J 2008;29:260–9.PubMedCrossRef

67.

Gottlieb RA, Engler RL. Apoptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;874:412–26.PubMedCrossRef

68.

Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, Babior BM, Engler RL. Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1621–8.PubMedCrossRef

69.

Brady NR, Hamacher-Brady A, Gottlieb RA. Proapoptotic BCL-2 family members and mitochondrial dysfunction during ischemia/reperfusion injury, a study employing cardiac HL-1 cells and GFP biosensors. Biochem Biophys Acta 2006;1757:667–78.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Blankenberg FG, Katsikis PD, Tait JF, Davis RE, Naumovski L, Ohtsuki K, et al. In vivo detection and imaging of phosphatidylserine expression during programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:6349–54.PubMedCrossRef

71.

Kang PM, Izumo S. Apoptosis and heart failure: a critical review of the literature. Circ Res 2000;86:1107–13.PubMed

72.

Blankenberg F, Narula J, Strauss HW. In vivo detection of apoptotic cell death: a necessary measurement for evaluating therapy for myocarditis, ischemia, and heart failure. J Nucl Cardiol 1999;6:531–9.PubMedCrossRef

73.

Narula J, Haider N, Virmani R, DiSalvo TG, Kolodgie FD, Hajjar RJ, et al. Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1182–9.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Hofstra L, Liem IH, Dumont EA, Boersma HH, van Heerde WL, Doevendans PA, et al. Visualisation of cell death in vivo in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2000;356:209–12.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Narula J, Zaret BL. Noninvasive detection of cell death: from tracking epitaphs to counting coffins. J Nucl Cardiol 2002;9:554–60.PubMedCrossRef

76.

Fonge H, de Saint Hubert M, Vunckx K, et al. Preliminary in vivo evaluation of a novel 99mTc-labeled HYNIC-cys-annexin A5 as an apoptosis imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008;18:3794–8.PubMedCrossRef

77.

Shirani J, Dilsizian V. Molecular imaging in heart failure. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007;18:65–72.PubMedCrossRef

78.

Taki J, Higuchi T, Kawashima A, Tait JF, Kinuya S, Muramori A, et al. Detection of cardiomyocyte death in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion using 99mTc-labeled annexin V. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1536–41.PubMed

79.

Shan D, Marchase RB, Chatham JC. Overexpression of TRPC3 increases apoptosis but not necrosis in response to ischemia-reperfusion in adult mouse cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008;294:C833–41.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Boersma HH, Kietselaer BL, Stolk LM, et al. Past, present, and future of annexin A5: from protein discovery to clinical applications. J Nucl Med 2005;46:2035–50.PubMed

81.

Corsten MF, Reutelingsperger CP, Hofstra L. Imaging apoptosis for detecting plaque instability: rendering death a brighter facade. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007;18:83–9.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Korngold EC, Jaffer FA, Weissleder R, Sosnovik DE. Noninvasive imaging of apoptosis in cardiovascular disease. Heart Fail Rev 2008;13:163–73.PubMedCrossRef

83.

Stodilka RZ, Blackwood KJ, Kong H, Prato FS. A method for quantitative cell tracking using SPECT for the evaluation of myocardial stem cell therapy. Nucl Med Commun 2006;27:807–13.PubMedCrossRef

84.

Jacob JL, Salis FV, Ruiz MA, Greco OT. Labeled stem cells transplantation to the myocardium of a patient with Chagas’ disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):e10–1.PubMedCrossRef

85.

Boersma HH, Tromp SC, Hofstra L, Narula J. Stem cell tracking: reversing the silence of the lambs. J Nucl Med 2005;46:200–3.PubMed

86.

Zhou R, Thomas DH, Qiao H, et al. In vivo detection of stem cells grafted in infarcted rat myocardium. J Nucl Med 2005;46:816–22.PubMed

87.

Sharma AK, Dhingra S, Khaper N, Singal PK. Activation of apoptotic processes during transition from hypertrophy to heart failure in guinea pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293:H1384–90.PubMedCrossRef

88.

Miyagawa M, Beyer M, Wagner B, et al. Cardiac reporter gene imaging using the human sodium/iodide symporter gene. Cardiovasc Res 2005;65:195–202.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Creemers E, Cleutjens JP, Smits JF, Daemen MJ. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition after myocardial infarction: a new approach to prevent heart failure? Circ Res 2001;89:201–10.PubMedCrossRef

90.

Su H, Spinale FG, Dobrucki LW, et al. Noninvasive targeted imaging of matrix metalloproteinase activation in a murine model of postinfarction remodeling. Circulation 2005;112:3157–67.PubMedCrossRef

91.

Jaffer FA, Sosnovik DE, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R. Molecular imaging of myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006;41:921–33.PubMedCrossRef

92.

Zhang H, Cuevas J. sigma Receptor activation blocks potassium channels and depresses neuroexcitability in rat intracardiac neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;313:1387–96.PubMedCrossRef

93.

Collier TL, Waterhouse RN, Kassiou M. Imaging sigma receptors: applications in drug development. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:51–72.PubMedCrossRef

94.

Verjans JW, Lovhaug D, Narula N, et al. Noninvasive imaging of angiotensin receptors after myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1(3):354–62.PubMedCrossRef

95.

Patel AD, Iskandrian AE. MIBG imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2002;9:75–95.PubMedCrossRef

96.

Langer A, Freeman MR, Josse RG, Armstrong PW. Metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging in diabetes mellitus: assessment of cardiac sympathetic denervation and its relation to autonomic dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:610–8.PubMedCrossRef

97.

Tomoda H, Yoshioka K, Shiina Y, Tagawa R, Ide M, Suzuki Y. Regional sympathetic denervation detected by iodine 123 metaiodobenzylguanidine in non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Am Heart J 1994;128:452–8.PubMedCrossRef

98.

Samnick S, Scheuer C, Münks S, El-Gibaly AM, Menger MD, Kirsch CM. Technetium-99m labeled 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-4-(2-mercapto-2-methyl-4-azapentyl)-4-(2-mercapto-2-methylpropylamino)-piperidine and iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine for studying cardiac adrenergic function: a comparison of the uptake characteristics in vascular smooth muscle cells and neonatal cardiac myocytes, and an investigation in rats. Nucl Med Biol 2004;31(4):511–22.PubMedCrossRef

99.

Richter S, Schaefer A, Menger MD, Kirsch CM, Samnick S. Mapping of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system by single photon emission tomography with technetium-99m-labelled fluorobenzylpiperidine derivative (99mTc-FBPBAT): result of a feasibility study in a porcine model and an initial dosimetric estimation in humans. Nucl Med Commun 2005;26:361–8.PubMedCrossRef

100.

Choe YS, Lee K. Targeted in vivo imaging of angiogenesis: present status and perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:17–31.PubMedCrossRef

101.

Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: part I. Circulation 2003;108(14):1664–72.PubMedCrossRef

102.

Langer HF, Haubner R, Pichler BJ, Gawaz M. Radionuclide imaging a molecular key to the atherosclerotic plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(1):1–12.PubMedCrossRef

103.

Kolodgie FD, Petrov A, Virmani R, et al. Targeting of apoptotic macrophages and experimental atheroma with radiolabeled annexin V: a technique with potential for noninvasive imaging of vulnerable plaque. Circulation 2003;108(25):3134–9.PubMedCrossRef

104.

Isobe S, Tsimikas S, Zhou J, Fujimoto S, Sarai M, Branks MJ, et al. Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient and low-density-lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice with annexin A5. J Nucl Med 2006;47:1497–505.PubMed

105.

Hartung D, Sarai M, Petrov A, et al. Resolution of apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaque by dietary modification and statin therapy. J Nucl Med 2005;46(12):2051–6.PubMed

106.

Winter PM, Shukla HP, Caruthers SD, et al. Molecular imaging of human thrombus with computed tomography. Acad Radiol 2005;12:S9–13.PubMedCrossRef

107.

Iuliano L, Signore A, Vallabajosula S, Colavita AR, Camastra C, Ronga G, et al. Preparation and biodistribution of 99m technetium labelled oxidized LDL in man. Atherosclerosis 1996;126(1):131–41.PubMedCrossRef

108.

Virgolini I, Rauscha F, Lupattelli G, et al. Autologous low-density lipoprotein labelling allows characterization of human atherosclerotic lesions in vivo as to presence of foam cells and endothelial coverage. Eur J Nucl Med 1991;18:948–51.PubMed

109.

Iuliano L, Signore A, Violi F. Uptake of oxidized LDL by human atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 1997;96:2093–4.PubMed

110.

Annovazzi A, Bonanno E, Arca M, et al. 99mTc-interleukin-2 scintigraphy for the in vivo imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:117–26.PubMedCrossRef

111.

Schafer M, Riemann B, Kopka K, et al. Scintigraphic imaging of matrix metalloproteinase activity in the arterial wall in vivo. Circulation 2004;109:2554–9.CrossRef

112.

Fujimoto S, Hartung D, Ohshima S, et al. Molecular imaging of matrix metalloproteinase in atherosclerotic lesions: resolution with dietary modification and statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(23):1847–57.PubMedCrossRef

113.

Davies JR, Rudd JH, Weissberg PL, Narula J. Radionuclide imaging for the detection of inflammation in vulnerable plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:C57–68.PubMedCrossRef

114.

Badea CT, Drangova M, Holdsworth DW, et al. In vivo small-animal imaging using micro-CT and digital subtraction angiography. Phys Med Biol 2008;53(19):R319–50.PubMedCrossRef

115.

Nahrendorf M, Badea C, Hedlund LW, Figueiredo JL, Sosnovik DE, Johnson GA, et al. High-resolution imaging of murine myocardial infarction with delayed-enhancement cine micro-CT. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;292(6):H3172–8.PubMedCrossRef

116.

Mukundan S Jr, Chaghada KB, Badea CT, et al. A liposomal nanoscale contrast agent for preclinical CT in mice. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;186(2):300–7.PubMedCrossRef

117.

Rabin O, Manuel Perez J, Grimm J, et al. An x-ray computed tomography imaging agent based on long-circulating bismuth sulphide nanoparticles. Nat Mater 2006;5(2):118–22.PubMedCrossRef

118.

Detombe SA, Ford NL, Xiang F, Lu X, Feng Q, Drangova M. Longitudinal follow-up of cardiac structure and functional changes in an infarct mouse model using retrospectively gated micro-computed tomography. Invest Radiol 2008;43(7):520–9.PubMedCrossRef

119.

Toyota E, Fujimoto K, Ogasawara Y, et al. Dynamic changes in three-dimensional architecture and vascular volume of transmural coronary microvasculature between diastolic- and systolic-arrested rat hearts. Circulation 2002;105(5):621–6.PubMedCrossRef

120.

Li JJ, Zhu CG, Yu B, Liu YX, Yu MY. The role of inflammation in coronary artery calcification. Ageing Res Rev 2007;6:263–70.PubMedCrossRef

121.

Clarke M, Bennett M. The emerging role of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in atherosclerosis and plaque stability. Am J Nephrol 2006;26:531–5.PubMedCrossRef

122.

Ritman EL, Bolander ME, Fitzpatrick LA, Turner RT. Micro-CT imaging of structure-to-function relationship of bone microstructure and associated vascular involvement. Technol Health Care 1998;6:403–12.PubMed

123.

Persy V, Postnov A, Neven E, Dams G, De Broe M, D’Haese P, et al. High-resolution X-ray microtomography is a sensitive method to detect vascular calcification in living rats with chronic renal failure. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:2110–6.PubMedCrossRef

Title: Small-animal SPECT and SPECT/CT: application in cardiovascular research
Authors: Reza Golestani
Chao Wu
René A. Tio
Clark J. Zeebregts
Artiom D. Petrov
Freek J. Beekman
Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
Hendrikus H. Boersma
Riemer H. J. A. Slart
Publication date: 01-08-2010
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Issue 9/2010
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Electronic ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-009-1321-8

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Small-animal SPECT and SPECT/CT: application in cardiovascular research

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 9/2010

The consequences of a new software package for the quantification of gated-SPECT myocardial perfusion studies

Proposal for standardization of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) cardiac sympathetic imaging by the EANM Cardiovascular Committee and the European Council of Nuclear Cardiology

PET imaging of hypoxia using [18F]HX4: a phase I trial

18F-Fluoride PET/CT for detection of sacroiliitis in ankylosing spondylitis

Diffusely increased muscular uptake of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose: a clue for the diagnosis of insulinoma?

Simultaneous dual-radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging with a solid-state dedicated cardiac camera