Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Skeletal Radiology 5/2013

01-05-2013 | Review Article

The imaging of cartilaginous bone tumours. II. Chondrosarcoma

Authors: H. Douis, A. Saifuddin

Published in: Skeletal Radiology | Issue 5/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Chondrosarcoma is the third most common primary malignant bone tumour. There are various histological subtypes of chondrosarcomas, of which conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma is by far the most common. Rarer sub-types include clear cell chondrosarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma is also classified into central, peripheral and periosteal, dependent upon the lesion site, and into primary chondrosarcoma if the lesion arises de novo and secondary chondrosarcoma if the tumour arises in a pre-existing lesion. The various subtypes of chondrosarcoma have characteristic imaging features that may aid diagnosis and may guide biopsy, therefore potentially preventing misdiagnosis. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the pertinent clinical and imaging findings of the different forms of chondrosarcoma.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Brien EW, Mirra JM, Kerr R. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of bone and joint: their anatomic and theoretical basis with an emphasis on radiology, pathology and clinical biology. I. The intramedullary cartilage tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 1997;26:325–53.PubMedCrossRef Brien EW, Mirra JM, Kerr R. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of bone and joint: their anatomic and theoretical basis with an emphasis on radiology, pathology and clinical biology. I. The intramedullary cartilage tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 1997;26:325–53.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Marco RA, Gitelis S, Brebach GT, Healey JH. Cartilage tumors: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:292–304.PubMed Marco RA, Gitelis S, Brebach GT, Healey JH. Cartilage tumors: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:292–304.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Flemming DJ, Murphey MD. Enchondroma and chondrosarcoma. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2000;4:59–71.PubMedCrossRef Flemming DJ, Murphey MD. Enchondroma and chondrosarcoma. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2000;4:59–71.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Aigner T. Towards a new understanding and classification of chondrogenic neoplasias of the skeleton—biochemistry and cell biology of chondrosarcoma and its variants. Virchows Arch. 2002;441:219–30.PubMedCrossRef Aigner T. Towards a new understanding and classification of chondrogenic neoplasias of the skeleton—biochemistry and cell biology of chondrosarcoma and its variants. Virchows Arch. 2002;441:219–30.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Murphey MD, Walker EA, Wilson AJ, Kransdorf MJ, Temple HT, Gannon FH. From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of primary chondrosarcoma: radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2003;23:1245–78.PubMedCrossRef Murphey MD, Walker EA, Wilson AJ, Kransdorf MJ, Temple HT, Gannon FH. From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of primary chondrosarcoma: radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2003;23:1245–78.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Ahmed AR, Tan TS, Unni KK, Collins MS, Wenger DE, Sim FH. Secondary chondrosarcoma in osteochondroma: report of 107 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;193–206. Ahmed AR, Tan TS, Unni KK, Collins MS, Wenger DE, Sim FH. Secondary chondrosarcoma in osteochondroma: report of 107 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;193–206.
7.
go back to reference Altay M, Bayrakci K, Yildiz Y, Erekul S, Saglik Y. Secondary chondrosarcoma in cartilage bone tumors: report of 32 patients. J Orthop Sci. 2007;12:415–23.PubMedCrossRef Altay M, Bayrakci K, Yildiz Y, Erekul S, Saglik Y. Secondary chondrosarcoma in cartilage bone tumors: report of 32 patients. J Orthop Sci. 2007;12:415–23.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Bovee JV, van Roggen JF, Cleton-Jansen AM, Taminiau AH, van der Woude HJ, Hogendoorn PC. Malignant progression in multiple enchondromatosis (Ollier’s disease): an autopsy-based molecular genetic study. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:1299–303.PubMedCrossRef Bovee JV, van Roggen JF, Cleton-Jansen AM, Taminiau AH, van der Woude HJ, Hogendoorn PC. Malignant progression in multiple enchondromatosis (Ollier’s disease): an autopsy-based molecular genetic study. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:1299–303.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Shah ZK, Peh WC, Wong Y, Shek TW, Davies AM. Sarcomatous transformation in diaphyseal aclasis. Australas Radiol. 2007;51:110–9.PubMedCrossRef Shah ZK, Peh WC, Wong Y, Shek TW, Davies AM. Sarcomatous transformation in diaphyseal aclasis. Australas Radiol. 2007;51:110–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Skeletal Lesions Interobserver Correlation among Expert Diagnosticians (SLICED) Study Group. Reliability of histopathologic and radiologic grading of cartilaginous neoplasms in long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:2113–23.CrossRef Skeletal Lesions Interobserver Correlation among Expert Diagnosticians (SLICED) Study Group. Reliability of histopathologic and radiologic grading of cartilaginous neoplasms in long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:2113–23.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Eefting D, Schrage YM, Geirnaerdt MJ, Le Cessie S, Taminiau AH, Bovee JV, et al. Assessment of interobserver variability and histologic parameters to improve reliability in classification and grading of central cartilaginous tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:50–7.PubMedCrossRef Eefting D, Schrage YM, Geirnaerdt MJ, Le Cessie S, Taminiau AH, Bovee JV, et al. Assessment of interobserver variability and histologic parameters to improve reliability in classification and grading of central cartilaginous tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:50–7.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Reith JD, Horodyski MB, Scarborough MT. Grade 2 chondrosarcoma: stage I or stage II tumor? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;45–51. Reith JD, Horodyski MB, Scarborough MT. Grade 2 chondrosarcoma: stage I or stage II tumor? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;45–51.
13.
go back to reference O’Connor MI, Bancroft LW. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of the hand. Hand Clin. 2004;20:317–23. vi.PubMedCrossRef O’Connor MI, Bancroft LW. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of the hand. Hand Clin. 2004;20:317–23. vi.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Patil S, de Silva MV, Crossan J, Reid R. Chondrosarcoma of the bones of the feet. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;42:290–5.PubMedCrossRef Patil S, de Silva MV, Crossan J, Reid R. Chondrosarcoma of the bones of the feet. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;42:290–5.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Duarte MP, Maldjian C, Katta US, Kenan S. Conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma with subarticular involvement. Clin Imaging. 2008;32:69–72.PubMedCrossRef Duarte MP, Maldjian C, Katta US, Kenan S. Conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma with subarticular involvement. Clin Imaging. 2008;32:69–72.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Douis H, James SL, Grimer RJ, Davies MA. Is bone scintigraphy necessary in the initial surgical staging of chondrosarcoma of bone? Skeletal Radiol. 2012;41:429–36.PubMedCrossRef Douis H, James SL, Grimer RJ, Davies MA. Is bone scintigraphy necessary in the initial surgical staging of chondrosarcoma of bone? Skeletal Radiol. 2012;41:429–36.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Leerapun T, Hugate RR, Inwards CY, Scully SP, Sim FH. Surgical management of conventional grade I chondrosarcoma of long bones. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;463:166–72.PubMed Leerapun T, Hugate RR, Inwards CY, Scully SP, Sim FH. Surgical management of conventional grade I chondrosarcoma of long bones. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;463:166–72.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Jones K, Pacella J, Kirby AD, Pervez N. Unusual behaviour of low-grade chondrosarcoma of bone. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008;52:95–6.PubMedCrossRef Jones K, Pacella J, Kirby AD, Pervez N. Unusual behaviour of low-grade chondrosarcoma of bone. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008;52:95–6.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Damron TA, Ward WG, Stewart A. Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma: National Cancer Data Base report. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;459:40–7.PubMedCrossRef Damron TA, Ward WG, Stewart A. Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma: National Cancer Data Base report. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;459:40–7.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Schwab JH, Wenger D, Unni K, Sim FH. Does local recurrence impact survival in low-grade chondrosarcoma of the long bones? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;462:175–80.PubMedCrossRef Schwab JH, Wenger D, Unni K, Sim FH. Does local recurrence impact survival in low-grade chondrosarcoma of the long bones? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;462:175–80.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Fong YC, Pairolero PC, Sim FH, Cha SS, Blanchard CL, Scully SP. Chondrosarcoma of the chest wall: a retrospective clinical analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;184–9. Fong YC, Pairolero PC, Sim FH, Cha SS, Blanchard CL, Scully SP. Chondrosarcoma of the chest wall: a retrospective clinical analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;184–9.
22.
go back to reference Pant R, Yasko AW, Lewis VO, Raymond K, Lin PP. Chondrosarcoma of the scapula: long-term oncologic outcome. Cancer. 2005;104:149–58.PubMedCrossRef Pant R, Yasko AW, Lewis VO, Raymond K, Lin PP. Chondrosarcoma of the scapula: long-term oncologic outcome. Cancer. 2005;104:149–58.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Jawad MU, Haleem AA, Scully SP. Malignant sarcoma of the pelvic bones: treatment outcomes and prognostic factors vary by histopathology. Cancer. 2011;117:1529–41.PubMedCrossRef Jawad MU, Haleem AA, Scully SP. Malignant sarcoma of the pelvic bones: treatment outcomes and prognostic factors vary by histopathology. Cancer. 2011;117:1529–41.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Pring ME, Weber KL, Unni KK, Sim FH. Chondrosarcoma of the pelvis. A review of sixty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A:1630–42.PubMed Pring ME, Weber KL, Unni KK, Sim FH. Chondrosarcoma of the pelvis. A review of sixty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A:1630–42.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Schneiderbauer MM, Blanchard C, Gullerud R, Harmsen WS, Rock MG, Shives TC, et al. Scapular chondrosarcomas have high rates of local recurrence and metastasis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;232–8. Schneiderbauer MM, Blanchard C, Gullerud R, Harmsen WS, Rock MG, Shives TC, et al. Scapular chondrosarcomas have high rates of local recurrence and metastasis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;232–8.
26.
go back to reference Giuffrida AY, Burgueno JE, Koniaris LG, Gutierrez JC, Duncan R, Scully SP. Chondrosarcoma in the United States (1973 to 2003): an analysis of 2890 cases from the SEER database. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1063–72.PubMedCrossRef Giuffrida AY, Burgueno JE, Koniaris LG, Gutierrez JC, Duncan R, Scully SP. Chondrosarcoma in the United States (1973 to 2003): an analysis of 2890 cases from the SEER database. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1063–72.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bramer JA, Abudu AA, Grimer RJ, Carter SR, Tillman RM. Do pathological fractures influence survival and local recurrence rate in bony sarcomas? Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:1944–51.PubMedCrossRef Bramer JA, Abudu AA, Grimer RJ, Carter SR, Tillman RM. Do pathological fractures influence survival and local recurrence rate in bony sarcomas? Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:1944–51.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Ehara S, Nakayama T, Nishida J, Shiraishi H, Yoshioka H, Aoki J. Bone scintigraphic and CT evaluation of chondrosarcoma of the rib: correlation with histological grade in 6 cases. Ann Nucl Med. 2004;18:633–6.PubMedCrossRef Ehara S, Nakayama T, Nishida J, Shiraishi H, Yoshioka H, Aoki J. Bone scintigraphic and CT evaluation of chondrosarcoma of the rib: correlation with histological grade in 6 cases. Ann Nucl Med. 2004;18:633–6.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Feldman F, Van Heertum R, Saxena C, Parisien M. 18FDG-PET applications for cartilage neoplasms. Skeletal Radiol. 2005;34:367–74.PubMedCrossRef Feldman F, Van Heertum R, Saxena C, Parisien M. 18FDG-PET applications for cartilage neoplasms. Skeletal Radiol. 2005;34:367–74.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Brenner W, Conrad EU, Eary JF. FDG PET imaging for grading and prediction of outcome in chondrosarcoma patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:189–95.PubMedCrossRef Brenner W, Conrad EU, Eary JF. FDG PET imaging for grading and prediction of outcome in chondrosarcoma patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:189–95.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Yoo HJ, Hong SH, Choi JY, Moon KC, Kim HS, Choi JA, et al. Differentiating high-grade from low-grade chondrosarcoma with MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2009;19:3008–14.PubMedCrossRef Yoo HJ, Hong SH, Choi JY, Moon KC, Kim HS, Choi JA, et al. Differentiating high-grade from low-grade chondrosarcoma with MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2009;19:3008–14.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Collins MS, Koyama T, Swee RG, Inwards CY. Clear cell chondrosarcoma: radiographic, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance findings in 34 patients with pathologic correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32:687–94.PubMedCrossRef Collins MS, Koyama T, Swee RG, Inwards CY. Clear cell chondrosarcoma: radiographic, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance findings in 34 patients with pathologic correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32:687–94.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Itala A, Leerapun T, Inwards C, Collins M, Scully SP. An institutional review of clear cell chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;440:209–12.PubMedCrossRef Itala A, Leerapun T, Inwards C, Collins M, Scully SP. An institutional review of clear cell chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;440:209–12.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Donati D, Yin JQ, Colangeli M, Colangeli S, Bella CD, Bacchini P, et al. Clear cell chondrosarcoma of bone: long time follow-up of 18 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:137–42.PubMedCrossRef Donati D, Yin JQ, Colangeli M, Colangeli S, Bella CD, Bacchini P, et al. Clear cell chondrosarcoma of bone: long time follow-up of 18 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:137–42.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Kaim AH, Hugli R, Bonel HM, Jundt G. Chondroblastoma and clear cell chondrosarcoma: radiological and MRI characteristics with histopathological correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31:88–95.PubMedCrossRef Kaim AH, Hugli R, Bonel HM, Jundt G. Chondroblastoma and clear cell chondrosarcoma: radiological and MRI characteristics with histopathological correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31:88–95.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Memis A, Arkun R, Basdemir G, Sabah D, Ustun EE. Clear cell chondrosarcoma: unusual radiologic appearances with histologic correlation. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:427–30.PubMedCrossRef Memis A, Arkun R, Basdemir G, Sabah D, Ustun EE. Clear cell chondrosarcoma: unusual radiologic appearances with histologic correlation. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:427–30.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Corradi D, Bacchini P, Campanini N, Bertoni F. Aggressive clear cell chondrosarcomas: do distinctive characteristics exist?: a report of 4 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:1673–9.PubMed Corradi D, Bacchini P, Campanini N, Bertoni F. Aggressive clear cell chondrosarcomas: do distinctive characteristics exist?: a report of 4 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:1673–9.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Kalil RK, Inwards CY, Unni KK, Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Wenger DE, et al. Dedifferentiated clear cell chondrosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:1079–86.PubMedCrossRef Kalil RK, Inwards CY, Unni KK, Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Wenger DE, et al. Dedifferentiated clear cell chondrosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:1079–86.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Cesari M, Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Mercuri M, Palmerini E, Ferrari S. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. An analysis of patients treated at a single institution. Tumori. 2007;93:423–7.PubMed Cesari M, Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Mercuri M, Palmerini E, Ferrari S. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. An analysis of patients treated at a single institution. Tumori. 2007;93:423–7.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Littrell LA, Wenger DE, Wold LE, Bertoni F, Unni KK, White LM, et al. Radiographic, CT, and MR imaging features of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas: a retrospective review of 174 de novo cases. Radiographics. 2004;24:1397–409.PubMedCrossRef Littrell LA, Wenger DE, Wold LE, Bertoni F, Unni KK, White LM, et al. Radiographic, CT, and MR imaging features of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas: a retrospective review of 174 de novo cases. Radiographics. 2004;24:1397–409.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Staals EL, Bacchini P, Bertoni F. Dedifferentiated central chondrosarcoma. Cancer. 2006;106:2682–91.PubMedCrossRef Staals EL, Bacchini P, Bertoni F. Dedifferentiated central chondrosarcoma. Cancer. 2006;106:2682–91.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Okada K, Hasegawa T, Tateishi U, Endo M, Itoi E. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with telangiectatic osteosarcoma-like features. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59:1200–2.PubMedCrossRef Okada K, Hasegawa T, Tateishi U, Endo M, Itoi E. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with telangiectatic osteosarcoma-like features. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59:1200–2.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Estrada EG, Ayala AG, Lewis V, Czerniak B. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with a noncartilaginous component mimicking a conventional giant cell tumor of bone. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2002;6:159–63.PubMedCrossRef Estrada EG, Ayala AG, Lewis V, Czerniak B. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with a noncartilaginous component mimicking a conventional giant cell tumor of bone. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2002;6:159–63.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Grimer RJ, Gosheger G, Taminiau A, Biau D, Matejovsky Z, Kollender Y, et al. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: prognostic factors and outcome from a European group. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:2060–5.PubMedCrossRef Grimer RJ, Gosheger G, Taminiau A, Biau D, Matejovsky Z, Kollender Y, et al. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: prognostic factors and outcome from a European group. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:2060–5.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Dickey ID, Rose PS, Fuchs B, Wold LE, Okuno SH, Sim FH, et al. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: the role of chemotherapy with updated outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:2412–8.PubMed Dickey ID, Rose PS, Fuchs B, Wold LE, Okuno SH, Sim FH, et al. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: the role of chemotherapy with updated outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:2412–8.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Mitchell AD, Ayoub K, Mangham DC, Grimer RJ, Carter SR, Tillman RM. Experience in the treatment of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:55–61.PubMedCrossRef Mitchell AD, Ayoub K, Mangham DC, Grimer RJ, Carter SR, Tillman RM. Experience in the treatment of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:55–61.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference MacSweeney F, Darby A, Saifuddin A. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton: MRI-pathological correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32:671–8.PubMedCrossRef MacSweeney F, Darby A, Saifuddin A. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton: MRI-pathological correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32:671–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Saifuddin A, Mann BS, Mahroof S, Pringle JA, Briggs TW, Cannon SR. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: use of MRI to guide needle biopsy. Clin Radiol. 2004;59:268–72.PubMedCrossRef Saifuddin A, Mann BS, Mahroof S, Pringle JA, Briggs TW, Cannon SR. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: use of MRI to guide needle biopsy. Clin Radiol. 2004;59:268–72.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Brien EW, Mirra JM, Luck Jr JV. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of bone and joint: their anatomic and theoretical basis with an emphasis on radiology, pathology and clinical biology. II. Juxtacortical cartilage tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 1999;28:1–20.PubMedCrossRef Brien EW, Mirra JM, Luck Jr JV. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of bone and joint: their anatomic and theoretical basis with an emphasis on radiology, pathology and clinical biology. II. Juxtacortical cartilage tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 1999;28:1–20.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Robinson P, White LM, Sundaram M, Kandel R, Wunder J, McDonald DJ, et al. Periosteal chondroid tumors: radiologic evaluation with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177:1183–8.PubMedCrossRef Robinson P, White LM, Sundaram M, Kandel R, Wunder J, McDonald DJ, et al. Periosteal chondroid tumors: radiologic evaluation with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177:1183–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Vanel D, De Paolis M, Monti C, Mercuri M, Picci P. Radiological features of 24 periosteal chondrosarcomas. Skeletal Radiol. 2001;30:208–12.PubMedCrossRef Vanel D, De Paolis M, Monti C, Mercuri M, Picci P. Radiological features of 24 periosteal chondrosarcomas. Skeletal Radiol. 2001;30:208–12.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Papagelopoulos PJ, Galanis EC, Mavrogenis AF, Savvidou OD, Bond JR, Unni KK, et al. Survivorship analysis in patients with periosteal chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;448:199–207.PubMedCrossRef Papagelopoulos PJ, Galanis EC, Mavrogenis AF, Savvidou OD, Bond JR, Unni KK, et al. Survivorship analysis in patients with periosteal chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;448:199–207.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Chaabane S, Bouaziz MC, Drissi C, Abid L, Ladeb MF. Periosteal chondrosarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:W1–6.PubMedCrossRef Chaabane S, Bouaziz MC, Drissi C, Abid L, Ladeb MF. Periosteal chondrosarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:W1–6.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Murphey MD, Choi JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH. Imaging of osteochondroma: variants and complications with radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2000;20:1407–34.PubMed Murphey MD, Choi JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH. Imaging of osteochondroma: variants and complications with radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2000;20:1407–34.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Staals EL, Bacchini P, Mercuri M, Bertoni F. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas arising in preexisting osteochondromas. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:987–93.PubMedCrossRef Staals EL, Bacchini P, Mercuri M, Bertoni F. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas arising in preexisting osteochondromas. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:987–93.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Lee KC, Davies AM, Cassar-Pullicino VN. Imaging the complications of osteochondromas. Clin Radiol. 2002;57:18–28.PubMedCrossRef Lee KC, Davies AM, Cassar-Pullicino VN. Imaging the complications of osteochondromas. Clin Radiol. 2002;57:18–28.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Woertler K, Lindner N, Gosheger G, Brinkschmidt C, Heindel W. Osteochondroma: MR imaging of tumor-related complications. Eur Radiol. 2000;10:832–40.PubMedCrossRef Woertler K, Lindner N, Gosheger G, Brinkschmidt C, Heindel W. Osteochondroma: MR imaging of tumor-related complications. Eur Radiol. 2000;10:832–40.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Feldman F, Vanheertum R, Saxena C. 18fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography evaluation of benign versus malignant osteochondromas: preliminary observations. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30:858–64.PubMedCrossRef Feldman F, Vanheertum R, Saxena C. 18fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography evaluation of benign versus malignant osteochondromas: preliminary observations. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30:858–64.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Bernard SA, Murphey MD, Flemming DJ, Kransdorf MJ. Improved differentiation of benign osteochondromas from secondary chondrosarcomas with standardized measurement of cartilage cap at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 2010;255:857–65.PubMedCrossRef Bernard SA, Murphey MD, Flemming DJ, Kransdorf MJ. Improved differentiation of benign osteochondromas from secondary chondrosarcomas with standardized measurement of cartilage cap at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 2010;255:857–65.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The imaging of cartilaginous bone tumours. II. Chondrosarcoma
Authors
H. Douis
A. Saifuddin
Publication date
01-05-2013
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Skeletal Radiology / Issue 5/2013
Print ISSN: 0364-2348
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2161
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-012-1521-3

Other articles of this Issue 5/2013

Skeletal Radiology 5/2013 Go to the issue