Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Osteoporosis International
Published in: Osteoporosis International 5/2003

01-09-2003 | Original Article

Bone mineral crystal size

Author: Adele Boskey

Published in: Osteoporosis International | Special Issue 5/2003

Login to get access

Excerpt

Bone mineral is structurally related to the naturally occurring geologic mineral, hydroxyapatite (HA), differing in crystal size, perfection, and the nature of included impurities. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows bone mineral diffraction maxima at the same positions as those of HA, but the peaks are less sharp and broader (Fig. 1). This broadening is attributable to the small size of the bone mineral crystals, and to the inclusion of vacancies and impurities (e.g., Mg+2, Sr+2, CO3 −2, HPO4 −2, etc) in the HA crystal lattice. The presence of these impurities has been demonstrated by chemical analysis of bone homogenates and by magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of bones of various ages [1]. Infrared spectroscopy also shows the presence of carbonate and acid phosphates in homogenized bone. More recently, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy was used to characterize bone mineral (and matrix) with a spatial resolution of 6 μm to 10 μm [2].
Fig. 1.
X-ray diffraction patterns of geologic apatite (top) and bone (bottom) demonstrate that bone mineral is a poorly crystalline apatite. The insert shows the chemical formula for apatite and indicates the lattice location for some impurities found in bone mineral
…
Literature
1.
Glimcher M (1997) The nature of the mineral phase in bone. In: Avioli LV, Krane SM (eds) Metabolic bone disease. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 23–50
2.
Boskey AL (2001) Bone mineralization. In: Cowen S (ed) Bone biomechanics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 5.1–5.34
3.
Eppell SJ, Tong W, Katz JL, Kuhn L, Glimcher MJ (2001) Shape and size of isolated bone mineralites measured using atomic force microscopy. J Orthop Res 19:1027–1034CrossRefPubMed
4.
Kohles SS, Martinez DA (2000) Elastic and physicochemical relationships within cortical bone. J Biomed Mater Res 49:479–488CrossRefPubMed
5.
Hanschin RG, Stern WB (1995) X-ray diffraction studies on the lattice perfection of human bone apatite (Crista iliaca). Bone 16:355S–363SCrossRefPubMed
6.
Wu Y, Ackerman JL, Kim HM, et al (2002) Nuclear magnetic resonance spin-spin relaxation of the crystals of bone, dental enamel, and synthetic hydroxyapatites. J Bone Miner Res 17:472–480PubMed
7.
Paschalis EP, DiCarlo E, Betts F, et al (1996) FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human osteonal bone. Calcif Tissue Int 59:480–487CrossRefPubMed
8.
Beamer WG, Donahue LR, Rosen CJ, Baylink DJ (1996) Genetic variability in adult bone density among inbred strains of mice. Bone 18:397–403CrossRefPubMed
9.
Ascenzi A, Bonucci E, Ostrowski K, et al (1977) Initial studies on the crystallinity of the mineral fraction and ash content of isolated human and bovine osteons differing in their degree of calcification. Calcif Tissue Res 23:7–11PubMed
10.
Boskey AL, Spevak L, Paschalis E, Doty SB, McKee MD (2002) Osteopontin deficiency increases mineral content and mineral crystallinity in mouse bone. Calcif Tissue Int 71:145–154CrossRefPubMed
11.
Grynpas M (1993) Age and disease-related changes in the mineral of bone. Calcif Tissue Int 53 [Suppl 1]:S57–64
12.
Eanes ED, Hailer AW (1998) The effect of fluoride on the size and morphology of apatite crystals grown from physiologic solutions. Calcif Tissue Int 63:250–257CrossRefPubMed
13.
Mendelsohn R, Paschalis E, Boskey AL (1999) Infrared spectroscopy, microscopy, and microscopic imaging of mineralizing tissues. Spectra-structure correlations from human iliac crest biopsies. J Biomed 4:14–21CrossRef
14.
Paschalis E, Burr DB, Mendelsohn R, Hock J, Boskey AL (2003) Bone mineral and collagen quality in humeri of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys given hrPTH(1-34) for 18 months. J Bone Miner Res 18:769–775PubMed
15.
Paschalis E, Boskey AL, Kassem M, Eriksen E (2003) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone quality in early postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 18:955–959PubMed
16.
Widler L, Jaeggi KA, Glatt M, et al (2002) Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa). J Med Chem 45:3721–3738CrossRefPubMed
17.
Boskey AL, Goldberg MR, Posner AS (1979) Effect of diphosphonates on hydroxyapatite formation induced by calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complexes. Calcif Tissue Int 27:83–88PubMed
18.
Evans JR, Robertson WG, Morgan DB, Fleisch H (1980) Effects of pyrophosphate and diphosphonates on the dissolution of hydroxyapatites using a flow system. Calcif Tissue Int 31:153–159PubMed
19.
Hein LE, Grassi RL, Roldan EJ, et al (1997) Morphological studies of hydroxyapatite crystals exposed to disodium pamidronate. Medicina (B Aires) 57 [Suppl 1]:10–16
20.
Monier-Faugere MC, Geng Z, Paschalis EP, et al (1999) Intermittent and continuous administration of the bisphosphonate ibandronate in ovariohysterectomized beagle dogs: effects on bone morphometry and mineral properties. J Bone Miner Res 14:1768–1778PubMed
21.
Eanes ED, Hailer AW (2000) Anionic effects on the size and shape of apatite crystals grown from physiological solutions. Calcif Tissue Int 66:449–455CrossRefPubMed
22.
Rohanizadeh R, LeGeros RZ, Bohic S, et al (2000) Ultrastructural properties of bone mineral of control and tiludronate-treated osteoporotic rat. Calcif Tissue Int 67:330–336CrossRefPubMed
23.
Bohic S, Rey C, Legrand A, et al (2000) Characterization of the trabecular rat bone mineral: effect of ovariectomy and bisphosphonate treatment. Bone 26:341–348CrossRefPubMed
24.
Grynpas MD, Kasra M, Dumitriu M, et al (1994) Recovery from pamidronate (APD): a two-year study in the dog. Calcif Tissue Int 55:288–294PubMed
25.
Gonzalez KA, Wilson LJ, Wu W, Nancollas GH (2002) Synthesis and in vitro characterization of a tissue-selective fullerene: vectoring C(60)(OH)(16)AMBP to mineralized bone. Bioorg Med Chem 10:1991–1997CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Bone mineral crystal size
Author
Adele Boskey
Publication date
01-09-2003
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Osteoporosis International / Issue Special Issue 5/2003
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Electronic ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-003-1468-2

Other articles of this Special Issue 5/2003

Osteoporosis International 5/2003 Go to the issue

Original Article

What have we learned from clinical studies? Fractures and the interactions of bone mass and remodeling

Original Article

Matrix proteins

Original Article

Bone strength in primary hyperparathyroidism

Editorial

Bone quality

Original Article

Genetic determinants of bone strength and fracture in humans: dreams and realities

Original Article

Bone microarchitecture assessment: current and future trends