Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
Published in: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 6/2019

01-06-2019 | Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica | KNEE

The use of allograft tissue in posterior cruciate, collateral and multi-ligament knee reconstruction

Authors: Marc Jacob Strauss, Ricardo Varatojo, Tarek Boutefnouchet, Vincenzo Condello, Kristian Samuelsson, Pablo E. Gelber, Paolo Adravanti, Lior Laver, Sigbjorn Dimmen, Karl Eriksson, Peter Verdonk, Tim Spalding

Published in: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy | Issue 6/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

Currently both autograft and allograft tissues are available for reconstruction of posterior cruciate, collateral and multi-ligament knee injuries. Decision-making is based on a complex interplay between anatomical structures, functional bundles and varying biomechanical requirements. Despite theoretically better biological healing and reduced risk of disease transmission autografts are associated with donor site morbidity as well as being limited by size and quantity. The use of allografts eliminates donor-site morbidity but raises cost and issues of clinical effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to review current concepts and evidence for the use of allografts in primary posterior cruciate, collateral and multi-ligament reconstructions.

Methods

A narrative review of the relevant literature was conducted for PCL, collateral ligament and multi-ligament knee reconstruction. Studies were identified using a targeted and systematic search with focus on recent comparative studies and all clinical systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The rationale and principles of management underpinning the role of allograft tissue were identified and the clinical and functional outcomes were analysed. Finally, the position of postoperative physiotherapy and rehabilitation was identified.

Results

The review demonstrated paucity in high quality and up-to-date results addressing the issue especially on collaterals and multi-ligament reconstructions. There was no significant evidence of superiority of a graft type over another for PCL reconstruction. Contemporary principles in the management of posterolateral corner, MCL and multi-ligament injuries support the use of allograft tissue.

Conclusion

The present review demonstrates equivalent clinical results with the use of autografts or allografts. It remains, however, difficult to generate a conclusive evidence-based approach due to the paucity of high-level research. When confronted by the need for combined reconstructions with multiple grafts, preservation of synergistic muscles, and adapted postoperative rehabilitation; the current evidence does offer support for the use of allograft tissue.

Level of evidence

IV.
Literature
1.
Ahn JH, Yoo JC, Wang JH (2005) Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: double-loop hamstring tendon autograft versus Achilles tendon allograft–clinical results of a minimum 2-year follow-up. Arthroscopy 21:965–969CrossRefPubMed
2.
Arciero RA (2005) Anatomic posterolateral corner knee reconstruction. Arthroscopy 21:1147PubMed
3.
Battaglia MJ 2nd, Lenhoff MW, Ehteshami JR, Lyman S, Provencher MT, Wickiewicz TL et al (2009) Medial collateral ligament injuries and subsequent load on the anterior cruciate ligament: a biomechanical evaluation in a cadaveric model. Am J Sports Med 37:305–311CrossRefPubMed
4.
Belk JW, Kraeutler MJ, Purcell JM, McCarty EC (2018) Autograft versus allograft for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 46:1752–1757CrossRefPubMed
5.
Bellelli A, Adriani E, Margheritini F, Camillieri G, Della Rocca C, Mariani PP (1999) [Synovial healing in reconstructed cruciate ligaments. Our personal experience compared in single interventions and combined reconstructions]. Radiol Med 98:454–461PubMed
6.
Bergfeld JA, Graham SM, Parker RD, Valdevit AD, Kambic HE (2005) A biomechanical comparison of posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using single- and double-bundle tibial inlay techniques. Am J Sports Med 33:976–981CrossRefPubMed
7.
Bin SI, Nam TS (2007) Surgical outcome of 2-stage management of multiple knee ligament injuries after knee dislocation. Arthroscopy 23:1066–1072CrossRefPubMed
8.
Bollier M, Smith PA (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries. J Knee Surg 27:359–368CrossRefPubMed
9.
Bonasia DE, Bruzzone M, Dettoni F, Marmotti A, Blonna D, Castoldi F et al (2012) Treatment of medial and posteromedial knee instability: indications, techniques, and review of the results. Iowa Orthop J 32:173–183PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Burrus MT, Werner BC, Griffin JW, Gwathmey FW, Miller MD (2016) Diagnostic and management strategies for multiligament knee injuries: a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev 4:e11–e19CrossRef
11.
Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES (1980) Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee. A biomechanical study. J Bone Jt Surg Am 62:259–270CrossRef
12.
Carey JL, Dunn WR, Dahm DL, Zeger SL, Spindler KP (2009) A systematic review of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft compared with allograft. J Bone Jt Surg Am 91:2242–2250CrossRef
13.
Chahla J, Moatshe G, Cinque ME, Dornan GJ, Mitchell JJ, Ridley TJ et al (2017) Single-bundle and double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 441 patients at a minimum 2 years’ follow-up. Arthroscopy 33:2066–2080CrossRefPubMed
14.
15.
Clancy WG Jr, Shelbourne KD, Zoellner GB, Keene JS, Reider B, Rosenberg TD (1983) Treatment of knee joint instability secondary to rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament. Report of a new procedure. J Bone Jt Surg Am 65:310–322CrossRef
16.
Cooper DE, Stewart D (2004) Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using single-bundle patella tendon graft with tibial inlay fixation: 2- to 10-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 32:346–360CrossRefPubMed
17.
Covey DC, Sapega AA, Riffenburgh RH (2008) The effects of sequential sectioning of defined posterior cruciate ligament fiber regions on translational knee motion. Am J Sports Med 36:480–486CrossRefPubMed
18.
Dale KM, Bailey JR, Moorman CT 3rd (2017) Surgical management and treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament/medial collateral ligament injured knee. Clin Sports Med 36:87–103CrossRefPubMed
19.
DeLong JM, Waterman BR (2015) Surgical techniques for the reconstruction of medial collateral ligament and posteromedial corner injuries of the knee: a systematic review. Arthroscopy 31:2258–2272.e2251CrossRefPubMed
20.
Dhillon M, Akkina N, Prabhakar S, Bali K (2012) Evaluation of outcomes in conservatively managed concomitant Type A and B posterolateral corner injuries in ACL deficient patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Knee 19:769–772CrossRefPubMed
21.
Dold AP, Swensen S, Strauss E, Alaia M (2017) The posteromedial corner of the knee: anatomy, pathology, and management strategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 25:752–761CrossRefPubMed
22.
Dong J, Ji G, Zhang Y, Gao S, Wang F, Chen B (2014) Single allograft medial collateral ligament and posterior oblique ligament reconstruction: a technique to improve valgus and rotational stability. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 24:1025–1029CrossRefPubMed
23.
Dwyer T, Whelan D (2012) Anatomical considerations in multiligament knee injury and surgery. J Knee Surg 25:263–274CrossRefPubMed
24.
Engebretsen L, Risberg MA, Robertson B, Ludvigsen TC, Johansen S (2009) Outcome after knee dislocations: a 2–9 years follow-up of 85 consecutive patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17:1013–1026CrossRefPubMed
25.
Fanelli GC (2008) Posterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation: how slow should we go? Arthroscopy 24:234–235CrossRefPubMed
26.
Fanelli GC, Beck JD, Edson CJ (2010) Current concepts review: the posterior cruciate ligament. J Knee Surg 23:61–72CrossRefPubMed
27.
Fanelli GC, Edson CJ (1995) Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients: part II. Arthroscopy 11:526–529CrossRefPubMed
28.
Fanelli GC, Edson CJ (2012) Surgical treatment of combined PCL-ACL medial and lateral side injuries (global laxity): surgical technique and 2- to 18-year results. J Knee Surg 25:307–316CrossRefPubMed
29.
Fanelli GC, Orcutt DR, Edson CJ (2005) The multiple-ligament injured knee: evaluation, treatment, and results. Arthroscopy 21:471–486CrossRefPubMed
30.
Foster TE, Wolfe BL, Ryan S, Silvestri L, Kaye EK (2010) Does the graft source really matter in the outcome of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? An evaluation of autograft versus allograft reconstruction results: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med 38:189–199CrossRefPubMed
31.
Fox RJ, Harner CD, Sakane M, Carlin GJ, Woo SL (1998) Determination of the in situ forces in the human posterior cruciate ligament using robotic technology. A cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med 26:395–401CrossRefPubMed
32.
Garofalo R, Fanelli GC, Cikes A, N’Dele D, Kombot C, Mariani PP et al (2009) Stress radiography and posterior pathological laxity of knee: comparison between two different techniques. Knee 16:251–255CrossRefPubMed
33.
Garofalo R, Jolles BM, Moretti B, Siegrist O (2006) Double-bundle transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a tendon-patellar bone-semitendinosus tendon autograft: clinical results with a minimum of 2 years’ follow-up. Arthroscopy 22:1331–1338.e1331CrossRefPubMed
34.
Geeslin AG, Moulton SG, LaPrade RF (2016) A systematic review of the outcomes of posterolateral corner knee injuries, part 1: surgical treatment of acute injuries. Am J Sports Med 44:1336–1342CrossRefPubMed
35.
Gollehon DL, Torzilli PA, Warren RF (1987) The role of the posterolateral and cruciate ligaments in the stability of the human knee. A biomechanical study. J Bone Jt Surg Am 69:233–242CrossRef
36.
Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Armitage BM, Johansen S, Engebretsen L (2009) Force measurements on the posterior oblique ligament and superficial medial collateral ligament proximal and distal divisions to applied loads. Am J Sports Med 37:140–148CrossRefPubMed
37.
Hanley JM, Anthony CA, DeMik D, Glass N, Amendola A, Wolf BR et al (2017) Patient-reported outcomes after multiligament knee injury: MCL repair versus reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 5:2325967117694818CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Harner CD, Hoher J (1998) Evaluation and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 26:471–482CrossRefPubMed
39.
Harner CD, Janaushek MA, Kanamori A, Yagi M, Vogrin TM, Woo SL (2000) Biomechanical analysis of a double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 28:144–151CrossRefPubMed
40.
Harner CD, Waltrip RL, Bennett CH, Francis KA, Cole B, Irrgang JJ (2004) Surgical management of knee dislocations. J Bone Jt Surg Am 86-a:262–273CrossRef
41.
Harner CD, Xerogeanes JW, Livesay GA, Carlin GJ, Smith BA, Kusayama T et al (1995) The human posterior cruciate ligament complex: an interdisciplinary study. Ligament morphology and biomechanical evaluation. Am J Sports Med 23:736–745CrossRefPubMed
42.
Heinrichs CH, Schmoelz W, Mayr R, Keiler A, Schottle PB, Attal R (2016) Biomechanical evaluation of a novel dynamic posterior cruciate ligament brace. Clin Biomech (Bristol Avon) 33:20–25CrossRef
43.
Herbort M, Michel P, Raschke MJ, Vogel N, Schulze M, Zoll A et al (2017) Should the ipsilateral hamstrings be used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the case of medial collateral ligament insufficiency? Biomechanical investigation regarding dynamic stabilization of the medial compartment by the hamstring muscles. Am J Sports Med 45:819–825CrossRefPubMed
44.
Hubert MG, Stannard JP (2011) Surgical treatment of acute and chronic anterior and posterior cruciate ligament and medial-side injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 19:104–109CrossRefPubMed
45.
Hudgens JL, Gillette BP, Krych AJ, Stuart MJ, May JH, Levy BA (2013) Allograft versus autograft in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an evidence-based systematic review. J Knee Surg 26:109–115CrossRefPubMed
46.
Jackman T, LaPrade RF, Pontinen T, Lender PA (2008) Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the kneeling technique of stress radiography for the evaluation of posterior knee laxity. Am J Sports Med 36:1571–1576CrossRefPubMed
47.
Jansson KS, Costello KE, O’Brien L, Wijdicks CA, Laprade RF (2013) A historical perspective of PCL bracing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 21:1064–1070CrossRefPubMed
48.
Jung TM, Lubowicki A, Wienand A, Wagner M, Weiler A (2011) Knee stability after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in female versus male patients: a prospective matched-group analysis. Arthroscopy 27:399–403CrossRefPubMed
49.
Jung YB, Tae SK, Lee YS, Jung HJ, Nam CH, Park SJ (2008) Active non-operative treatment of acute isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury with cylinder cast immobilization. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 16:729–733CrossRefPubMed
50.
Kan SL, Yuan ZF, Ning GZ, Yang B, Li HL, Sun JC et al (2016) Autograft versus allograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e4936CrossRef
51.
Khakha RS, Yasen SK, Wilson AJ (2018) Paediatric physeal sparing posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction with parental donation allograft: Rationale and operative approach. Knee 25:203–209CrossRefPubMed
52.
Kim SJ, Choi DH, Hwang BY (2012) The influence of posterolateral rotatory instability on ACL reconstruction: comparison between isolated ACL reconstruction and ACL reconstruction combined with posterolateral corner reconstruction. J Bone Jt Surg Am 94:253–259CrossRef
53.
Kim SJ, Shin SJ, Kim HK, Jahng JS, Kim HS (2000) Comparison of 1- and 2-incision posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Arthroscopy 16:268–278CrossRefPubMed
54.
King AH, Krych AJ, Prince MR, Sousa PL, Stuart MJ, Levy BA (2015) Are meniscal tears and articular cartilage injury predictive of inferior patient outcome after surgical reconstruction for the dislocated knee? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:3008–3011CrossRefPubMed
55.
Kremen TJ, Polakof LS, Rajaee SS, Nelson TJ, Metzger MF (2018) The effect of hamstring tendon autograft harvest on the restoration of knee stability in the setting of concurrent anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 46:163–170CrossRefPubMed
56.
Krych AJ, Jackson JD, Hoskin TL, Dahm DL (2008) A meta-analysis of patellar tendon autograft versus patellar tendon allograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 24:292–298CrossRefPubMed
57.
Kwok CS, Harrison T, Servant C (2013) The optimal timing for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with respect to the risk of postoperative stiffness. Arthroscopy 29:556–565CrossRefPubMed
58.
LaPrade MD, Kennedy MI, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF (2015) Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial side of the knee and their surgical implications. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 23:63–70CrossRefPubMed
59.
LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Agel J, Risberg MA, Moksnes H, Engebretsen L (2010) Outcomes of an anatomic posterolateral knee reconstruction. J Bone Jt Surg Am 92:16–22CrossRef
60.
LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L, Esterberg JL, Tso A (2004) An analysis of an anatomical posterolateral knee reconstruction: an in vitro biomechanical study and development of a surgical technique. Am J Sports Med 32:1405–1414CrossRefPubMed
61.
LaPrade RF, Muench C, Wentorf F, Lewis JL (2002) The effect of injury to the posterolateral structures of the knee on force in a posterior cruciate ligament graft: a biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med 30:233–238CrossRefPubMed
62.
LaPrade RF, Resig S, Wentorf F, Lewis JL (1999) The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on anterior cruciate ligament graft force. A biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med 27:469–475CrossRefPubMed
63.
LaPrade RF, Smith SD, Wilson KJ, Wijdicks CA (2015) Quantification of functional brace forces for posterior cruciate ligament injuries on the knee joint: an in vivo investigation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:3070–3076CrossRefPubMed
64.
LaPrade RF, Terry GC (1997) Injuries to the posterolateral aspect of the knee. Association of anatomic injury patterns with clinical instability. Am J Sports Med 25:433–438CrossRefPubMed
65.
Laprade RF, Wijdicks CA (2012) Surgical technique: development of an anatomic medial knee reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 470:806–814CrossRefPubMed
66.
Lee DY, Kim DH, Kim HJ, Nam DC, Park JS, Hwang SC (2017) Biomechanical comparison of single-bundle and double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBJS Rev 5:e6CrossRefPubMed
67.
Lenschow S, Zantop T, Weimann A, Lemburg T, Raschke M, Strobel M et al (2006) Joint kinematics and in situ forces after single bundle PCL reconstruction: a graft placed at the center of the femoral attachment does not restore normal posterior laxity. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 126:253–259CrossRefPubMed
68.
Levy BA, Dajani KA, Morgan JA, Shah JP, Dahm DL, Stuart MJ (2010) Repair versus reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament and posterolateral corner in the multiligament-injured knee. Am J Sports Med 38:804–809CrossRefPubMed
69.
Levy BA, Dajani KA, Whelan DB, Stannard JP, Fanelli GC, Stuart MJ et al (2009) Decision making in the multiligament-injured knee: an evidence-based systematic review. Arthroscopy 25:430–438CrossRefPubMed
70.
Levy BA, Krych AJ, Shah JP, Morgan JA, Stuart MJ (2010) Staged protocol for initial management of the dislocated knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:1630–1637CrossRefPubMed
71.
Levy BA, Stuart MJ (2012) Treatment of PCL, ACL, and lateral-side knee injuries: acute and chronic. J Knee Surg 25:295–305CrossRefPubMed
72.
Levy NM, Krych AJ, Hevesi M, Reardon PJ, Pareek A, Stuart MJ et al (2015) Does age predict outcome after multiligament knee reconstruction for the dislocated knee? 2- to 22-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:3003–3007CrossRefPubMed
73.
Li B, Wang JS, He M, Wang GB, Shen P, Bai LH (2015) Comparison of hamstring tendon autograft and tibialis anterior allograft in arthroscopic transtibial single-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:3077–3084CrossRefPubMed
74.
Li J, Kong F, Gao X, Shen Y, Gao S (2016) Prospective Randomized Comparison of Knee Stability and Proprioception for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Autograft, Hybrid Graft, and gamma-Irradiated Allograft. Arthroscopy 32:2548–2555CrossRefPubMed
75.
Li Y, Li J, Wang J, Gao S, Zhang Y (2014) Comparison of single-bundle and double-bundle isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allograft: a prospective, randomized study. Arthroscopy 30:695–700CrossRefPubMed
76.
Lim HC, Bae JH, Wang JH, Yang JH, Seok CW, Kim HJ et al (2010) Double-bundle PCL reconstruction using tibial double cross-pin fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:117–122CrossRefPubMed
77.
Lind M, Nielsen TG, Behrndtz K (2018) Both isolated and multi-ligament posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction results in improved subjective outcome: results from the Danish Knee Ligament Reconstruction Registry. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 26:1190–1196PubMed
78.
Liow RY, McNicholas MJ, Keating JF, Nutton RW (2003) Ligament repair and reconstruction in traumatic dislocation of the knee. J Bone Jt Surg Br 85:845–851CrossRef
79.
Liu X, Feng H, Zhang H, Hong L, Wang XS, Zhang J et al (2013) Surgical treatment of subacute and chronic valgus instability in multiligament-injured knees with superficial medial collateral ligament reconstruction using Achilles allografts: a quantitative analysis with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 41:1044–1050CrossRefPubMed
80.
Lunden JB, Bzdusek PJ, Monson JK, Malcomson KW, Laprade RF (2010) Current concepts in the recognition and treatment of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 40:502–516CrossRefPubMed
81.
Maletis GB, Chen J, Inacio MCS, Love RM, Funahashi TT (2017) Increased risk of revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with soft tissue allografts compared with autografts: graft processing and time make a difference. Am J Sports Med 45:1837–1844CrossRefPubMed
82.
Mariani PP, Santoriello P, Iannone S, Condello V, Adriani E (1999) Comparison of surgical treatments for knee dislocation. Am J Knee Surg 12:214–221PubMed
83.
Markolf KL, Feeley BT, Tejwani SG, Martin DE, McAllister DR (2006) Changes in knee laxity and ligament force after sectioning the posteromedial bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy 22:1100–1106CrossRefPubMed
84.
Markolf KL, Slauterbeck JR, Armstrong KL, Shapiro MS, Finerman GA (1997) A biomechanical study of replacement of the posterior cruciate ligament with a graft. Part II: Forces in the graft compared with forces in the intact ligament. J Bone Jt Surg Am 79:381–386CrossRef
85.
Matava MJ, Ellis E, Gruber B (2009) Surgical treatment of posterior cruciate ligament tears: an evolving technique. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 17:435–446CrossRefPubMed
86.
Mather RC 3rd, Koenig L, Kocher MS, Dall TM, Gallo P, Scott DJ et al (2013) Societal and economic impact of anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Bone Jt Surg Am 95:1751–1759CrossRef
87.
McAllister DR, Petrigliano FA (2007) Diagnosis and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep 6:293–299PubMed
88.
Mills WJ, Barei DP, McNair P (2004) The value of the ankle-brachial index for diagnosing arterial injury after knee dislocation: a prospective study. J Trauma 56:1261–1265CrossRefPubMed
89.
Min BH, Lee YS, Jin CZ, Son KH (2011) Evaluation of transtibial double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a single-sling method with a tibialis anterior allograft. Am J Sports Med 39:374–379CrossRefPubMed
90.
Miyasaka K, Daniel D, Stone M, Hirschman P (1991) The incidence of knee ligament injuries in the general population. Am J Knee Surg 4:43–48
91.
Moatshe G, Dornan GJ, Ludvigsen T, Loken S, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L (2017) High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis at a minimum 10-year follow-up after knee dislocation surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:3914–3922CrossRefPubMed
92.
Montgomery SR, Johnson JS, McAllister DR, Petrigliano FA (2013) Surgical management of PCL injuries: indications, techniques, and outcomes. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 6:115–123CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
93.
Moulton SG, Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF (2016) A systematic review of the outcomes of posterolateral corner knee injuries, part 2: surgical treatment of chronic injuries. Am J Sports Med 44:1616–1623CrossRefPubMed
94.
Pache S, Aman ZS, Kennedy M, Nakama GY, Moatshe G, Ziegler C et al (2018) Posterior cruciate ligament: current concepts review. Arch Bone Jt Surg 6:8–18PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Palmer JE, Russell JP, Grieshober J, Iacangelo A, Ellison BA, Lease TD et al (2017) A biomechanical comparison of allograft tendons for ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 45:701–707CrossRefPubMed
96.
Paxton EW, Fithian DC, Stone ML, Silva P (2003) The reliability and validity of knee-specific and general health instruments in assessing acute patellar dislocation outcomes. Am J Sports Med 31:487–492CrossRefPubMed
97.
Petersen W, Loerch S, Schanz S, Raschke M, Zantop T (2008) The role of the posterior oblique ligament in controlling posterior tibial translation in the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 36:495–501CrossRefPubMed
98.
Pierce CM, O’Brien L, Griffin LW, Laprade RF (2013) Posterior cruciate ligament tears: functional and postoperative rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 21:1071–1084CrossRefPubMed
99.
Prodromos C, Joyce B, Shi K (2007) A meta-analysis of stability of autografts compared to allografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15:851–856CrossRefPubMed
100.
Ramaniraka NA, Terrier A, Theumann N, Siegrist O (2005) Effects of the posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the biomechanics of the knee joint: a finite element analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol Avon) 20:434–442CrossRef
101.
Richter M, Bosch U, Wippermann B, Hofmann A, Krettek C (2002) Comparison of surgical repair or reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments versus nonsurgical treatment in patients with traumatic knee dislocations. Am J Sports Med 30:718–727CrossRefPubMed
102.
Richter M, Kiefer H, Hehl G, Kinzl L (1996) Primary repair for posterior cruciate ligament injuries. An eight-year followup of fifty-three patients. Am J Sports Med 24:298–305CrossRefPubMed
103.
Rihn JA, Groff YJ, Harner CD, Cha PS (2004) The acutely dislocated knee: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 12:334–346CrossRefPubMed
104.
Sankar WN, Wells L, Sennett BJ, Wiesel BB, Ganley TJ (2006) Combined anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 26:733–736CrossRefPubMed
105.
Schechinger SJ, Levy BA, Dajani KA, Shah JP, Herrera DA, Marx RG (2009) Achilles tendon allograft reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament and posterolateral corner. Arthroscopy 25:232–242CrossRefPubMed
106.
Schenck RC Jr (1994) The dislocated knee. Instr Course Lect 43:127–136PubMed
107.
Sekiya JK, West RV, Ong BC, Irrgang JJ, Fu FH, Harner CD (2005) Clinical outcomes after isolated arthroscopic single-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 21:1042–1050CrossRefPubMed
108.
Sekiya JK, Whiddon DR, Zehms CT, Miller MD (2008) A clinically relevant assessment of posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner injuries. Evaluation of isolated and combined deficiency. J Bone Jt Surg Am 90:1621–1627CrossRef
109.
Shelbourne KD, Porter DA (1992) Anterior cruciate ligament-medial collateral ligament injury: nonoperative management of medial collateral ligament tears with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med 20:283–286CrossRefPubMed
110.
Shelbourne KD, Porter DA, Clingman JA, McCarroll JR, Rettig AC (1991) Low-velocity knee dislocation. Orthop Rev 20:995–1004PubMed
111.
Singhal MC, Gardiner JR, Johnson DL (2007) Failure of primary anterior cruciate ligament surgery using anterior tibialis allograft. Arthroscopy 23:469–475CrossRefPubMed
112.
Smith TO, Davies L, Hing CB (2010) Early versus delayed surgery for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:304–311CrossRefPubMed
113.
Spiridonov SI, Slinkard NJ, LaPrade RF (2011) Isolated and combined grade-III posterior cruciate ligament tears treated with double-bundle reconstruction with use of endoscopically placed femoral tunnels and grafts: operative technique and clinical outcomes. J Bone Jt Surg Am 93:1773–1780CrossRef
114.
Stannard JP, Bauer KL (2012) Current concepts in knee dislocations: PCL, ACL, and medial sided injuries. J Knee Surg 25:287–294CrossRefPubMed
115.
Stannard JP, Brown SL, Farris RC, McGwin G Jr, Volgas DA (2005) The posterolateral corner of the knee: repair versus reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 33:881–888CrossRefPubMed
116.
Sun R, Chen BC, Wang F, Wang XF, Chen JQ (2015) Prospective randomized comparison of knee stability and joint degeneration for double- and single-bundle ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:1171–1178CrossRefPubMed
117.
Sun X, Zhang J, Qu X, Zheng Y (2015) Arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allograft versus autograft. Arch Med Sci 11:395–401CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
118.
Talbot M, Berry G, Fernandes J, Ranger P (2004) Knee dislocations: experience at the Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal. Can J Surg 47:20–24PubMedPubMedCentral
119.
Tejwani SG, Chen J, Funahashi TT, Love R, Maletis GB (2015) Revision risk after allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: association with graft processing techniques, patient characteristics, and graft type. Am J Sports Med 43:2696–2705CrossRefPubMed
120.
Tian P, Hu WQ, Li ZJ, Sun XL, Ma XL (2017) Comparison of autograft and allograft tendons in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e7434CrossRef
121.
Tzurbakis M, Diamantopoulos A, Xenakis T, Georgoulis A (2006) Surgical treatment of multiple knee ligament injuries in 44 patients: 2–8 years follow-up results. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14:739–749CrossRefPubMed
122.
Van de Velde SK, Bingham JT, Gill TJ, Li G (2009) Analysis of tibiofemoral cartilage deformation in the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. J Bone Jt Surg Am 91:167–175CrossRef
123.
Wang CJ, Chan YS, Weng LH, Yuan LJ, Chen HS (2004) Comparison of autogenous and allogenous posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions of the knee. Injury 35:1279–1285CrossRefPubMed
124.
Wang HD, Zhang H, Wang TR, Zhang WF, Wang FS, Zhang YZ (2018) Comparison of clinical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft versus soft-tissue allograft: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Surg 56:174–183CrossRefPubMed
125.
Wascher DC, Becker JR, Dexter JG, Blevins FT (1999) Reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments after knee dislocation. Results using fresh-frozen nonirradiated allografts. Am J Sports Med 27:189–196CrossRefPubMed
126.
Watsend AM, Osestad TM, Jakobsen RB, Engebretsen L (2009) Clinical studies on posterior cruciate ligament tears have weak design. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17:140–149CrossRefPubMed
127.
Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF, Lewis JL, Resig S (2002) The influence of the integrity of posterolateral structures on tibiofemoral orientation when an anterior cruciate ligament graft is tensioned. Am J Sports Med 30:796–799CrossRefPubMed
128.
Wickiewicz T (2006) Management of multiligament injuries. Orthopaedics today: a comprehensive CME course, New York
129.
Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF (2010) Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Jt Surg Am 92:1266–1280CrossRef
130.
Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Spiridonov SI, Johansen S, Armitage BM et al (2009) Medial knee injury: part 2, load sharing between the posterior oblique ligament and superficial medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med 37:1771–1776CrossRefPubMed
131.
Wijdicks CA, Kennedy NI, Goldsmith MT, Devitt BM, Michalski MP, Aroen A et al (2013) Kinematic analysis of the posterior cruciate ligament, part 2: a comparison of anatomic single- versus double-bundle reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 41:2839–2848CrossRefPubMed
132.
Yastrebov O, Lobenhoffer P (2009) [Treatment of isolated and multiple ligament injuries of the knee: anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis, indications for repair, surgery]. Orthopade 38:563–580CrossRefPubMed
133.
Yoon KH, Bae DK, Song SJ, Cho HJ, Lee JH (2011) A prospective randomized study comparing arthroscopic single-bundle and double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions preserving remnant fibers. Am J Sports Med 39:474–480CrossRefPubMed
134.
Yoon KH, Bae DK, Song SJ, Lim CT (2005) Arthroscopic double-bundle augmentation of posterior cruciate ligament using split Achilles allograft. Arthroscopy 21:1436–1442CrossRefPubMed
135.
Zhang H, Bai X, Sun Y, Han X (2014) Tibial inlay reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament using Achilles tendon allograft for the treatment of medial instability of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 22:279–284CrossRefPubMed
136.
Zhang H, Sun Y, Han X, Wang Y, Wang L, Alquhali A et al (2014) Simultaneous reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament in patients with chronic ACL-MCL lesions: a minimum 2-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 42:1675–1681CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
The use of allograft tissue in posterior cruciate, collateral and multi-ligament knee reconstruction
Authors
Marc Jacob Strauss
Ricardo Varatojo
Tarek Boutefnouchet
Vincenzo Condello
Kristian Samuelsson
Pablo E. Gelber
Paolo Adravanti
Lior Laver
Sigbjorn Dimmen
Karl Eriksson
Peter Verdonk
Tim Spalding
Publication date
01-06-2019
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy / Issue 6/2019
Print ISSN: 0942-2056
Electronic ISSN: 1433-7347
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-019-05426-1

Other articles of this Issue 6/2019

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 6/2019 Go to the issue

KNEE

Autograft or allograft for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament: a health economics perspective

KNEE

Meniscal allograft transplantation after meniscectomy: clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness

KNEE

Treatment of unstable knee osteochondritis dissecans in the young adult: results and limitations of surgical strategies—The advantages of allografts to address an osteochondral challenge

Knee

Injective mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for knee osteoarthritis: from mechanisms of action to current clinical evidences

ELBOW

There is a role for allografts in reconstructive surgery of the elbow and forearm

KNEE

Meniscal allograft transplantation in the paediatric population: early referral is justified