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Intensive Care Medicine
Published in: Intensive Care Medicine 2/2014

01-02-2014 | Review

Palliative care in the ICU: relief of pain, dyspnea, and thirst—A report from the IPAL-ICU Advisory Board

Authors: Kathleen Puntillo, Judith Eve Nelson, David Weissman, Randall Curtis, Stefanie Weiss, Jennifer Frontera, Michelle Gabriel, Ross Hays, Dana Lustbader, Anne Mosenthal, Colleen Mulkerin, Daniel Ray, Rick Bassett, Renee Boss, Karen Brasel, Margaret Campbell

Published in: Intensive Care Medicine | Issue 2/2014

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Abstract

Purpose

Pain, dyspnea, and thirst are three of the most prevalent, intense, and distressing symptoms of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In this report, the interdisciplinary Advisory Board of the Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) Project brings together expertise in both critical care and palliative care along with current information to address challenges in assessment and management.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive review of literature focusing on intensive care and palliative care research related to palliation of pain, dyspnea, and thirst.

Results

Evidence-based methods to assess pain are the enlarged 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for ICU patients able to self-report and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool or Behavior Pain Scale for patients who cannot report symptoms verbally or non-verbally. The Respiratory Distress Observation Scale is the only known behavioral scale for assessment of dyspnea, and thirst is evaluated by patient self-report using an 0–10 NRS. Opioids remain the mainstay for pain management, and all available intravenous opioids, when titrated to similar pain intensity end points, are equally effective. Dyspnea is treated (with or without invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation) by optimizing the underlying etiological condition, patient positioning and, sometimes, supplemental oxygen. Several oral interventions are recommended to alleviate thirst. Systematized improvement efforts addressing symptom management and assessment can be implemented in ICUs.

Conclusions

Relief of symptom distress is a key component of critical care for all ICU patients, regardless of condition or prognosis. Evidence-based approaches for assessment and treatment together with well-designed work systems can help ensure comfort and related favorable outcomes for the critically ill.
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Metadata
Title
Palliative care in the ICU: relief of pain, dyspnea, and thirst—A report from the IPAL-ICU Advisory Board
Authors
Kathleen Puntillo
Judith Eve Nelson
David Weissman
Randall Curtis
Stefanie Weiss
Jennifer Frontera
Michelle Gabriel
Ross Hays
Dana Lustbader
Anne Mosenthal
Colleen Mulkerin
Daniel Ray
Rick Bassett
Renee Boss
Karen Brasel
Margaret Campbell
Publication date
01-02-2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Intensive Care Medicine / Issue 2/2014
Print ISSN: 0342-4642
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1238
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-013-3153-z

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