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Intensive Care Medicine
Published in: Intensive Care Medicine 8/2013

01-08-2013 | Original

Dyspnea and surface inspiratory electromyograms in mechanically ventilated patients

Authors: Matthieu Schmidt, Félix Kindler, Stewart B. Gottfried, Mathieu Raux, Francois Hug, Thomas Similowski, Alexandre Demoule

Published in: Intensive Care Medicine | Issue 8/2013

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Abstract

Context

Pressure support ventilation (PSV) must be tailored to the load capacity balance of the respiratory system. While "over assistance" generated hyperinflation and ineffective efforts, "under assistance" increased respiratory drive and causes dyspnea. Surface electromyograms (sEMGs) of extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles were responsive to respiratory loading/unloading.

Objectives

To determine if sEMGs of extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles vary with PSV settings and relate to the degree of discomfort and the intensity of dyspnea in acutely ill patients.

Design

Pathophysiological study, prospective inclusions of 12 intubated adult patients.

Interventions

Two PSV levels (high and low) and two expiratory trigger (ET) levels (high and low).

Measurements

Surface electromyograms of the scalene, parasternal, and Alae Nasi muscles (peak, EMGmax; area under the curve, EMGAUC); dyspnea visual analogue scale (VAS); prevalence of ineffective triggering efforts.

Main results

For the three recorded muscles, EMGmax and EMGAUC were significantly greater with low PS than high PS. The influence of ET was less important. A strong correlation was found between dyspnea and EMGmax. A significant inverse correlation was found between the prevalence of ineffective efforts and both dyspnea-VAS and EMGmin.

Conclusions

Surface electromyograms of extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles provides a simple, reliable and non-invasive indicator of respiratory muscle loading/unloading in mechanically ventilated patients. Because this EMG activity is strongly correlated to the intensity of dyspnea, it could be used as a surrogate of respiratory sensations in mechanically ventilated patients, and might, therefore, provide a monitoring tool in patients in whom detection and quantification of dyspnea is complex if not impossible.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Dyspnea and surface inspiratory electromyograms in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors
Matthieu Schmidt
Félix Kindler
Stewart B. Gottfried
Mathieu Raux
Francois Hug
Thomas Similowski
Alexandre Demoule
Publication date
01-08-2013
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Intensive Care Medicine / Issue 8/2013
Print ISSN: 0342-4642
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1238
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-013-2910-3

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