Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 4/2008

01-04-2008 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Attitudes towards suicide among Kurdish people in Iran

Authors: Naser Mofidi, Mehdi Ghazinour, Elenor Salander-Renberg, Prof. Dr. Jörg Richter

Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Issue 4/2008

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Attitudes towards suicide represent a key stage in the pathway leading to suicide. A deeper understanding of the social, psychological and treatment-related factors influencing the development of attitudes towards suicide could guide suicide prevention strategies especially in a neglected population like Kurds.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study in Iranian Kurdistan, 1,000 households participated in the investigation from April to May 2006 selected by a cluster random sampling process. A questionnaire on attitudes towards suicide (ATTS) was used to measure suicide related attitudes and thoughts.

Results

Suicide related experiences were more often reported from the wider social network (relative, friends, acquaintances) than from family members. There is a significant accumulation of suicide related experiences when a related event was reported in the close family. The level of suicide related attitudes is related to age, gender, marital status, level of education and employment status.

Discussion

Openness towards the topic of suicide as well as abilities to communicate about it should be improved by educating the public and additionally be promoted by changing conservative value systems.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Abddel-Khalek A, Lester D (2007) The psychometric properties and correlates of the Reynolds’ Suicide Ideation Questionnaire with Kuwaiti and American students. Arch Suicide Res 11:309–319CrossRef Abddel-Khalek A, Lester D (2007) The psychometric properties and correlates of the Reynolds’ Suicide Ideation Questionnaire with Kuwaiti and American students. Arch Suicide Res 11:309–319CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB (2002) Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case–control study. BMJ 325:74–77PubMedCrossRef Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB (2002) Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case–control study. BMJ 325:74–77PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Agerbo E, Qin P, Mortensen PB (2006) Psychiatric illness, socioeconomic status, and marital status in people committing suicide a matched case–sibling–control study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 60:776–781CrossRef Agerbo E, Qin P, Mortensen PB (2006) Psychiatric illness, socioeconomic status, and marital status in people committing suicide a matched case–sibling–control study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 60:776–781CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Bertolote JM, Fleishmann A (2002) A global perspective in the epidemiology of suicide. Suicidology 7:6–7 Bertolote JM, Fleishmann A (2002) A global perspective in the epidemiology of suicide. Suicidology 7:6–7
6.
go back to reference Brent DA, Bridge J, Johnson BA, Connolly J (1996) Suicidal behavior runs in families. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:1145–1152PubMed Brent DA, Bridge J, Johnson BA, Connolly J (1996) Suicidal behavior runs in families. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:1145–1152PubMed
7.
go back to reference Brent DA, Mann JJ (2005) Family genetic studies, suicide, and suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet Part C Sem Med Genet 133C(1) Brent DA, Mann JJ (2005) Family genetic studies, suicide, and suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet Part C Sem Med Genet 133C(1)
8.
go back to reference Brent DA, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Greenhill L, Kolko D, Stanley B, Zelazny J, Brodsky B, Bridge J, Ellis S, Salazar JO, Mann JJ (2002) Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:801–807PubMedCrossRef Brent DA, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Greenhill L, Kolko D, Stanley B, Zelazny J, Brodsky B, Bridge J, Ellis S, Salazar JO, Mann JJ (2002) Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:801–807PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Cutright PH, Stack ST, Fernquist RM (2006) The age structures and marital status differences of married and not married male suicide rates: 12 developed countries. Arch Suicide Res 10:365–382PubMedCrossRef Cutright PH, Stack ST, Fernquist RM (2006) The age structures and marital status differences of married and not married male suicide rates: 12 developed countries. Arch Suicide Res 10:365–382PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Durkheim E (1897/1997) Suicide. Free Press, New York Durkheim E (1897/1997) Suicide. Free Press, New York
11.
go back to reference Emami H, Ghazinour M, Salander Renberg E, Richter J, Joghatei T (2006) On the feasibility of a questionnaire on attitudes towards suicide in an Iranian population. Submitted Emami H, Ghazinour M, Salander Renberg E, Richter J, Joghatei T (2006) On the feasibility of a questionnaire on attitudes towards suicide in an Iranian population. Submitted
12.
go back to reference Gallo WT, Bradley EH, Falba TA, Dubin JA, Cramer LD, Bogardus ST Jr., Kasl SV (2004) Involuntary job loss as a risk factor for subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from the Health and Retirement Survey. Am J Ind Med 45:408–416PubMedCrossRef Gallo WT, Bradley EH, Falba TA, Dubin JA, Cramer LD, Bogardus ST Jr., Kasl SV (2004) Involuntary job loss as a risk factor for subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from the Health and Retirement Survey. Am J Ind Med 45:408–416PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Gil S (2005) Suicide attempters vs. ideators: are there differences in personality profiles? Arch Suicide Res 9:153–161PubMedCrossRef Gil S (2005) Suicide attempters vs. ideators: are there differences in personality profiles? Arch Suicide Res 9:153–161PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Groohi B, Alaghehbandan R, Lari AR (2002) Analysis of 1089 burn patients in province of Kurdistan, Iran. Burns 28:569–574PubMedCrossRef Groohi B, Alaghehbandan R, Lari AR (2002) Analysis of 1089 burn patients in province of Kurdistan, Iran. Burns 28:569–574PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Groohi B, Rossignol AM, Barrero SP, Alaghehbandan R (2006) Suicidal behavior by burns among adolescents in Kurdistan, Iran: a social tragedy. Crisis 27:16–21PubMed Groohi B, Rossignol AM, Barrero SP, Alaghehbandan R (2006) Suicidal behavior by burns among adolescents in Kurdistan, Iran: a social tragedy. Crisis 27:16–21PubMed
16.
go back to reference Gunnel D, Harbord R, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Lewis G (2004) Factors influencing the development and amelioration of suicidal thoughts in the general population. Br J Psychiatry 185:385–393CrossRef Gunnel D, Harbord R, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Lewis G (2004) Factors influencing the development and amelioration of suicidal thoughts in the general population. Br J Psychiatry 185:385–393CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Hashemian F, Khoshnood K, Desai MM, Falahati F, Kasl S, Southwick S (2006) Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress in Iranian survivors of chemical warfare. JAMA 296:560–566PubMedCrossRef Hashemian F, Khoshnood K, Desai MM, Falahati F, Kasl S, Southwick S (2006) Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress in Iranian survivors of chemical warfare. JAMA 296:560–566PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Marttunen MJ, Heikkinen ME, Isometsä ET, Kuoppasalmi KI, Lönnqvist JK (1993) Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. Am J Psychiatry 150:935–940PubMed Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Marttunen MJ, Heikkinen ME, Isometsä ET, Kuoppasalmi KI, Lönnqvist JK (1993) Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. Am J Psychiatry 150:935–940PubMed
19.
go back to reference Joiner TE Jr. (2005) Why people die by suicide? Harvard University Press, Cambridge Joiner TE Jr. (2005) Why people die by suicide? Harvard University Press, Cambridge
20.
go back to reference Kim CD, Seguin M, Therrien N, Riopel G, Chawky N, Lesage AD, Turecki G (2005) Familial aggregation of suicidal behavior: a family study of male suicide completers from the general population. Am J Psychiatry 162:1017–1019PubMedCrossRef Kim CD, Seguin M, Therrien N, Riopel G, Chawky N, Lesage AD, Turecki G (2005) Familial aggregation of suicidal behavior: a family study of male suicide completers from the general population. Am J Psychiatry 162:1017–1019PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Kjeldstadli K, Tyssen R, Finset A, Hem E, Gude T, Gronvold NT, Ekeberg O, Vaglum P (2006) Life satisfaction and resilience in medical school—a six-year longitudinal, nationwide and comparative study. BMC Med Educ 6:48PubMedCrossRef Kjeldstadli K, Tyssen R, Finset A, Hem E, Gude T, Gronvold NT, Ekeberg O, Vaglum P (2006) Life satisfaction and resilience in medical school—a six-year longitudinal, nationwide and comparative study. BMC Med Educ 6:48PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Kposowa AJ (2000) Marital status and suicide in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 54:254–261CrossRef Kposowa AJ (2000) Marital status and suicide in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 54:254–261CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Lewis G, Sloggett A (1998) Suicide, deprivation, and unemployment: record linkage study. Br Med J 317:1283–1286 Lewis G, Sloggett A (1998) Suicide, deprivation, and unemployment: record linkage study. Br Med J 317:1283–1286
25.
go back to reference Merton, Robert K (1938) “Social structure and anomie”. Am Sociol Rev 3: 672–682 Merton, Robert K (1938) “Social structure and anomie”. Am Sociol Rev 3: 672–682
26.
go back to reference Mohammadi MR, Ghazizadeh A, Rahgozart M, Noorbala AA, Malekfazali H, Davidian H, Naghavi M, Soori H, Yazdi SA (2005) Suicidal attempt and psychiatric disorders in Iran. Suicide Life Threat Behav 35:309–316PubMedCrossRef Mohammadi MR, Ghazizadeh A, Rahgozart M, Noorbala AA, Malekfazali H, Davidian H, Naghavi M, Soori H, Yazdi SA (2005) Suicidal attempt and psychiatric disorders in Iran. Suicide Life Threat Behav 35:309–316PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Paykel ES, Myers JK, Lindenthal JJ, Tanner J (1974) Suicidal feelings in the general population: a prevalence study. Br J Psychiatry 124:460–469PubMedCrossRef Paykel ES, Myers JK, Lindenthal JJ, Tanner J (1974) Suicidal feelings in the general population: a prevalence study. Br J Psychiatry 124:460–469PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Platt S, Hawton K (200) Suicidal behaviour and the labour market. In: Hawton K, van Heeringen K (eds) The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. Wiley, New York, pp 310–384 Platt S, Hawton K (200) Suicidal behaviour and the labour market. In: Hawton K, van Heeringen K (eds) The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. Wiley, New York, pp 310–384
29.
go back to reference Renberg ES, Jacobsson L (2003) Development of a questionnaire on attitudes towards suicide (ATTS) and its application in a Swedish population. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 33:52–64PubMedCrossRef Renberg ES, Jacobsson L (2003) Development of a questionnaire on attitudes towards suicide (ATTS) and its application in a Swedish population. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 33:52–64PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Roy A (1983) Family history of suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:971–974PubMed Roy A (1983) Family history of suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:971–974PubMed
31.
go back to reference Roy A (2004) Family history of suicidal behavior and earlier onset of suicidal behavior. Psychiatry Res 129:217–219PubMedCrossRef Roy A (2004) Family history of suicidal behavior and earlier onset of suicidal behavior. Psychiatry Res 129:217–219PubMedCrossRef
32.
33.
go back to reference Sartorius N, Kuyken W (1994) Translation of health status instruments. In: Orley J, Kuyken W (eds) Quality of life assessment: international perspectives. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–18 Sartorius N, Kuyken W (1994) Translation of health status instruments. In: Orley J, Kuyken W (eds) Quality of life assessment: international perspectives. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–18
34.
go back to reference Stack ST (1998) Gender, marriage, and suicide acceptability: a comparative analysis. Sex Roles 38:501–520CrossRef Stack ST (1998) Gender, marriage, and suicide acceptability: a comparative analysis. Sex Roles 38:501–520CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Stack ST, Cao L (1997–1998) The effect of financial satisfaction on female suicide attitudes in China. OMEGA: J Death Dying 36:161–167 Stack ST, Cao L (1997–1998) The effect of financial satisfaction on female suicide attitudes in China. OMEGA: J Death Dying 36:161–167
36.
go back to reference Taheri Shemirani S (1993) The war of the cities. In: Rajaee F (ed) The Iran–Iraq war: the politics of aggression. University Press of Florida, Gainesville Taheri Shemirani S (1993) The war of the cities. In: Rajaee F (ed) The Iran–Iraq war: the politics of aggression. University Press of Florida, Gainesville
37.
go back to reference Tarrier N, Khan S, Cater J, Picken A (2006) The subjective consequences of suffering a first episode psychosis: trauma and suicide behaviour. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (Epub ahead of print) Tarrier N, Khan S, Cater J, Picken A (2006) The subjective consequences of suffering a first episode psychosis: trauma and suicide behaviour. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (Epub ahead of print)
38.
Metadata
Title
Attitudes towards suicide among Kurdish people in Iran
Authors
Naser Mofidi
Mehdi Ghazinour
Elenor Salander-Renberg
Prof. Dr. Jörg Richter
Publication date
01-04-2008
Publisher
D. Steinkopff-Verlag
Published in
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Issue 4/2008
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Electronic ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0296-7

Other articles of this Issue 4/2008

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 4/2008 Go to the issue