Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Nephrology 2/2019

01-04-2019 | Review

Myeloma light chain cast nephropathy, a review

Authors: Insara Jaffer Sathick, Maria Eleni Drosou, Nelson Leung

Published in: Journal of Nephrology | Issue 2/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Multiple Myeloma is a plasma cell proliferative disorder that commonly involves the kidney. Renal impairment is a serious complication during the course of the disease that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Light chain cast nephropathy is the predominant pattern of renal injury in Multiple Myeloma. This review article focuses on the pathophysiology and diagnostic approach of myeloma cast nephropathy. The management of precipitating factors as well as anti-plasma cell treatment modalities in the context of renal impairment are also discussed.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Kyle RA (1975) Multiple myeloma: review of 869 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 50 (1):29–40 Kyle RA (1975) Multiple myeloma: review of 869 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 50 (1):29–40
2.
go back to reference Knudsen LM, Hippe E, Hjorth M, Holmberg E, Westin J (1994) Renal function in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma—a demographic study of 1353 patients. The Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Eur J Haematol 53(4):207–212CrossRefPubMed Knudsen LM, Hippe E, Hjorth M, Holmberg E, Westin J (1994) Renal function in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma—a demographic study of 1353 patients. The Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Eur J Haematol 53(4):207–212CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Blade J, Fernandez-Llama P, Bosch F, Montoliu J, Lens XM, Montoto S, Cases A, Darnell A, Rozman C, Montserrat E (1998) Renal failure in multiple myeloma: presenting features and predictors of outcome in 94 patients from a single institution. Arch Internal Med 158(17):1889–1893CrossRef Blade J, Fernandez-Llama P, Bosch F, Montoliu J, Lens XM, Montoto S, Cases A, Darnell A, Rozman C, Montserrat E (1998) Renal failure in multiple myeloma: presenting features and predictors of outcome in 94 patients from a single institution. Arch Internal Med 158(17):1889–1893CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Knudsen LM, Hjorth M, Hippe E (2000) Renal failure in multiple myeloma: reversibility and impact on the prognosis. Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Eur J Haematol 65(3):175–181CrossRefPubMed Knudsen LM, Hjorth M, Hippe E (2000) Renal failure in multiple myeloma: reversibility and impact on the prognosis. Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Eur J Haematol 65(3):175–181CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Chanan-Khan A, Leung N, Ludwig H, Jagannath S, Niesvizky R, Giralt S, Fermand JP, Blade J, Comenzo RL, Sezer O, Palumbo A, Harousseau JL, Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Anderson KC, Sonneveld P, Tosi P, Cavo M, Rajkumar SV, Durie BG, San Miguel J (2010) Renal impairment in patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus statement on behalf of the International Myeloma Working Group. J Clin Oncol 28(33):4976–4984. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.30.8791 CrossRefPubMed Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Chanan-Khan A, Leung N, Ludwig H, Jagannath S, Niesvizky R, Giralt S, Fermand JP, Blade J, Comenzo RL, Sezer O, Palumbo A, Harousseau JL, Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Anderson KC, Sonneveld P, Tosi P, Cavo M, Rajkumar SV, Durie BG, San Miguel J (2010) Renal impairment in patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus statement on behalf of the International Myeloma Working Group. J Clin Oncol 28(33):4976–4984. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​jco.​2010.​30.​8791 CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Dixon D (1990) Renal failure in multiple myeloma. Pathogenesis and prognostic implications. Arch Internal Med 150(8):1693–1695CrossRef Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Dixon D (1990) Renal failure in multiple myeloma. Pathogenesis and prognostic implications. Arch Internal Med 150(8):1693–1695CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Sakhuja V, Jha V, Varma S, Joshi K, Gupta KL, Sud K, Kohli HS (2000) Renal involvement in multiple myeloma: a 10-year study. Renal Fail 22(4):465–477CrossRef Sakhuja V, Jha V, Varma S, Joshi K, Gupta KL, Sud K, Kohli HS (2000) Renal involvement in multiple myeloma: a 10-year study. Renal Fail 22(4):465–477CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Khan R, Apewokin S, Grazziutti M, Yaccoby S, Epstein J, van Rhee F, Rosenthal A, Waheed S, Usmani S, Atrash S, Kumar S, Hoering A, Crowley J, Shaughnessy JD Jr, Barlogie B (2015) Renal insufficiency retains adverse prognostic implications despite renal function improvement following Total Therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Leukemia 29(5):1195–1201. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2015.15 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Khan R, Apewokin S, Grazziutti M, Yaccoby S, Epstein J, van Rhee F, Rosenthal A, Waheed S, Usmani S, Atrash S, Kumar S, Hoering A, Crowley J, Shaughnessy JD Jr, Barlogie B (2015) Renal insufficiency retains adverse prognostic implications despite renal function improvement following Total Therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Leukemia 29(5):1195–1201. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​leu.​2015.​15 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
12.
go back to reference Dimopoulos MA, Roussou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Psimenou E, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Migkou M, Matsouka C, Mparmparousi D, Gika D, Kafantari E, Ziogas D, Fotiou D, Panagiotidis I, Terpos E, Kastritis E (2016) Bortezomib-based triplets are associated with a high probability of dialysis independence and rapid renal recovery in newly diagnosed myeloma patients with severe renal failure or those requiring dialysis. Am J Hematol 91(5):499–502. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24335 CrossRefPubMed Dimopoulos MA, Roussou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Psimenou E, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Migkou M, Matsouka C, Mparmparousi D, Gika D, Kafantari E, Ziogas D, Fotiou D, Panagiotidis I, Terpos E, Kastritis E (2016) Bortezomib-based triplets are associated with a high probability of dialysis independence and rapid renal recovery in newly diagnosed myeloma patients with severe renal failure or those requiring dialysis. Am J Hematol 91(5):499–502. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​ajh.​24335 CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Morabito F, Gentile M, Ciolli S, Petrucci MT, Galimberti S, Mele G, Casulli AF, Mannina D, Piro E, Pinotti G, Palmieri S, Catalano L, Callea V, Offidani M, Musto P, Bringhen S, Baldini L, Tosi P, Di Raimondo F, Boccadoro M, Palumbo A, Cavo M (2010) Safety and efficacy of bortezomib-based regimens for multiple myeloma patients with renal impairment: a retrospective study of Italian Myeloma Network GIMEMA. Eur J Haematol 84(3):223–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01385.x CrossRefPubMed Morabito F, Gentile M, Ciolli S, Petrucci MT, Galimberti S, Mele G, Casulli AF, Mannina D, Piro E, Pinotti G, Palmieri S, Catalano L, Callea V, Offidani M, Musto P, Bringhen S, Baldini L, Tosi P, Di Raimondo F, Boccadoro M, Palumbo A, Cavo M (2010) Safety and efficacy of bortezomib-based regimens for multiple myeloma patients with renal impairment: a retrospective study of Italian Myeloma Network GIMEMA. Eur J Haematol 84(3):223–228. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​j.​1600-0609.​2009.​01385.​x CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Scheid C, Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, el Jarari L, Bertsch U, Salwender H, Zweegman S, Blau IW, Vellenga E, Weisel K, Pfreundschuh M, Jie KS, Neben K, van de Velde H, Duehrsen U, Schaafsma MR, Lindemann W, Kersten MJ, Peter N, Hanel M, Croockewit S, Martin H, Wittebol S, Bos GM, van Marwijk-Kooy M, Wijermans P, Goldschmidt H, Lokhorst HM (2014) Bortezomib before and after autologous stem cell transplantation overcomes the negative prognostic impact of renal impairment in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a subgroup analysis from the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. Haematologica 99(1):148–154. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2013.087585 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Scheid C, Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, el Jarari L, Bertsch U, Salwender H, Zweegman S, Blau IW, Vellenga E, Weisel K, Pfreundschuh M, Jie KS, Neben K, van de Velde H, Duehrsen U, Schaafsma MR, Lindemann W, Kersten MJ, Peter N, Hanel M, Croockewit S, Martin H, Wittebol S, Bos GM, van Marwijk-Kooy M, Wijermans P, Goldschmidt H, Lokhorst HM (2014) Bortezomib before and after autologous stem cell transplantation overcomes the negative prognostic impact of renal impairment in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a subgroup analysis from the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. Haematologica 99(1):148–154. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3324/​haematol.​2013.​087585 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference Dimopoulos MA, Sonneveld P, Leung N, Merlini G, Ludwig H, Kastritis E, Goldschmidt H, Joshua D, Orlowski RZ, Powles R, Vesole DH, Garderet L, Einsele H, Palumbo A, Cavo M, Richardson PG, Moreau P, San Miguel J, Rajkumar SV, Durie BG, Terpos E (2016) International Myeloma Working Group Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Myeloma-Related Renal Impairment. J Clin Oncol 34(13):1544–1557. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.65.0044 CrossRefPubMed Dimopoulos MA, Sonneveld P, Leung N, Merlini G, Ludwig H, Kastritis E, Goldschmidt H, Joshua D, Orlowski RZ, Powles R, Vesole DH, Garderet L, Einsele H, Palumbo A, Cavo M, Richardson PG, Moreau P, San Miguel J, Rajkumar SV, Durie BG, Terpos E (2016) International Myeloma Working Group Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Myeloma-Related Renal Impairment. J Clin Oncol 34(13):1544–1557. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​jco.​2015.​65.​0044 CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, Blade J, Merlini G, Mateos MV, Kumar S, Hillengass J, Kastritis E, Richardson P, Landgren O, Paiva B, Dispenzieri A, Weiss B, LeLeu X, Zweegman S, Lonial S, Rosinol L, Zamagni E, Jagannath S, Sezer O, Kristinsson SY, Caers J, Usmani SZ, Lahuerta JJ, Johnsen HE, Beksac M, Cavo M, Goldschmidt H, Terpos E, Kyle RA, Anderson KC, Durie BG, Miguel JF (2014) International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 15(12):e538-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70442-5 CrossRef Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, Blade J, Merlini G, Mateos MV, Kumar S, Hillengass J, Kastritis E, Richardson P, Landgren O, Paiva B, Dispenzieri A, Weiss B, LeLeu X, Zweegman S, Lonial S, Rosinol L, Zamagni E, Jagannath S, Sezer O, Kristinsson SY, Caers J, Usmani SZ, Lahuerta JJ, Johnsen HE, Beksac M, Cavo M, Goldschmidt H, Terpos E, Kyle RA, Anderson KC, Durie BG, Miguel JF (2014) International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 15(12):e538-548. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​s1470-2045(14)70442-5 CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Ivanyi B (1990) Frequency of light chain deposition nephropathy relative to renal amyloidosis and Bence Jones cast nephropathy in a necropsy study of patients with myeloma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114(9):986–987PubMed Ivanyi B (1990) Frequency of light chain deposition nephropathy relative to renal amyloidosis and Bence Jones cast nephropathy in a necropsy study of patients with myeloma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114(9):986–987PubMed
19.
go back to reference Herrera GA, Joseph L, Gu X, Hough A, Barlogie B (2004) Renal pathologic spectrum in an autopsy series of patients with plasma cell dyscrasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128 (8):875–879PubMed Herrera GA, Joseph L, Gu X, Hough A, Barlogie B (2004) Renal pathologic spectrum in an autopsy series of patients with plasma cell dyscrasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128 (8):875–879PubMed
20.
go back to reference Oshima K, Kanda Y, Nannya Y, Kaneko M, Hamaki T, Suguro M, Yamamoto R, Chizuka A, Matsuyama T, Takezako N, Miwa A, Togawa A, Niino H, Nasu M, Saito K, Morita T (2001) Clinical and pathologic findings in 52 consecutively autopsied cases with multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 67(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.1067 CrossRefPubMed Oshima K, Kanda Y, Nannya Y, Kaneko M, Hamaki T, Suguro M, Yamamoto R, Chizuka A, Matsuyama T, Takezako N, Miwa A, Togawa A, Niino H, Nasu M, Saito K, Morita T (2001) Clinical and pathologic findings in 52 consecutively autopsied cases with multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 67(1):1–5. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​ajh.​1067 CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Pasquali S, Zucchelli P, Casanova S, Cagnoli L, Confalonieri R, Pozzi C, Banfi G, Lupo A, Bertani T (1987) Renal histological lesions and clinical syndromes in multiple myeloma. Renal Immunopathology Group. Clin Nephrol 27(5):222–228PubMed Pasquali S, Zucchelli P, Casanova S, Cagnoli L, Confalonieri R, Pozzi C, Banfi G, Lupo A, Bertani T (1987) Renal histological lesions and clinical syndromes in multiple myeloma. Renal Immunopathology Group. Clin Nephrol 27(5):222–228PubMed
24.
go back to reference Bhutani G, Nasr SH, Said SM, Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Morice WG, Kurtin PJ, Buadi FK, Dingli D, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Kapoor P, Kumar S, Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV, Leung N (2015) Hematologic characteristics of proliferative glomerulonephritides with nonorganized monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits. Mayo Clin Proc 90 (5):587–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.024 Bhutani G, Nasr SH, Said SM, Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Morice WG, Kurtin PJ, Buadi FK, Dingli D, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Kapoor P, Kumar S, Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV, Leung N (2015) Hematologic characteristics of proliferative glomerulonephritides with nonorganized monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits. Mayo Clin Proc 90 (5):587–596. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​mayocp.​2015.​01.​024
25.
go back to reference Magee C, Vella JP, Tormey WP, Walshe JJ (1998) Multiple myeloma and renal failure: one center’s experience. Renal Fail 20(4):597–606CrossRef Magee C, Vella JP, Tormey WP, Walshe JJ (1998) Multiple myeloma and renal failure: one center’s experience. Renal Fail 20(4):597–606CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Kapadia SB (1980) Multiple myeloma: a clinicopathologic study of 62 consecutively autopsied cases. Medicine 59(5):380–392CrossRefPubMed Kapadia SB (1980) Multiple myeloma: a clinicopathologic study of 62 consecutively autopsied cases. Medicine 59(5):380–392CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Cohen HJ, Rundles RW (1975) Managing the complications of plasma cell myeloma. Arch Internal Med 135(1):177–184CrossRef Cohen HJ, Rundles RW (1975) Managing the complications of plasma cell myeloma. Arch Internal Med 135(1):177–184CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Markowitz GS, Appel GB, Fine PL, Fenves AZ, Loon NR, Jagannath S, Kuhn JA, Dratch AD, D’Agati VD (2001) Collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis following treatment with high-dose pamidronate. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN 12(6):1164–1172PubMed Markowitz GS, Appel GB, Fine PL, Fenves AZ, Loon NR, Jagannath S, Kuhn JA, Dratch AD, D’Agati VD (2001) Collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis following treatment with high-dose pamidronate. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN 12(6):1164–1172PubMed
41.
43.
go back to reference Coleman RF, Lupton CH Jr, Mc MJ (1962) Renallesions in inbred mice with plasma-cell tumors. A morphological characterization and histochemical study of the “myeloma kidney” type of lesions which have recently been found to occur in C3H and BALB/C mice carrying transmissible plasma-cell tumors. Arch Pathol 74:6–15PubMed Coleman RF, Lupton CH Jr, Mc MJ (1962) Renallesions in inbred mice with plasma-cell tumors. A morphological characterization and histochemical study of the “myeloma kidney” type of lesions which have recently been found to occur in C3H and BALB/C mice carrying transmissible plasma-cell tumors. Arch Pathol 74:6–15PubMed
45.
go back to reference Baylis C, Falconer-Smith J, Ross B (1988) Glomerular and tubular handling of differently charged human immunoglobulin light chains by the rat kidney. Clin Sci (London: 1979) 74 (6):639–644CrossRefPubMed Baylis C, Falconer-Smith J, Ross B (1988) Glomerular and tubular handling of differently charged human immunoglobulin light chains by the rat kidney. Clin Sci (London: 1979) 74 (6):639–644CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Batuman V, Verroust PJ, Navar GL, Kaysen JH, Goda FO, Campbell WC, Simon E, Pontillon F, Lyles M, Bruno J, Hammond TG (1998) Myeloma light chains are ligands for cubilin (gp280). Am J Physiol 275(2 Pt 2):F246–254 Batuman V, Verroust PJ, Navar GL, Kaysen JH, Goda FO, Campbell WC, Simon E, Pontillon F, Lyles M, Bruno J, Hammond TG (1998) Myeloma light chains are ligands for cubilin (gp280). Am J Physiol 275(2 Pt 2):F246–254
49.
go back to reference Kumar S, Muchmore A (1990) Tamm-Horsfall protein–uromodulin (1950–1990). Kidney Int 37(6):1395–1401CrossRefPubMed Kumar S, Muchmore A (1990) Tamm-Horsfall protein–uromodulin (1950–1990). Kidney Int 37(6):1395–1401CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Serafini-Cessi F, Malagolini N, Cavallone D (2003) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: biology and clinical relevance. Am J Kidney Dis 42(4):658–676CrossRefPubMed Serafini-Cessi F, Malagolini N, Cavallone D (2003) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: biology and clinical relevance. Am J Kidney Dis 42(4):658–676CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Horton JK, Davies M, Topley N, Thomas D, Williams JD (1990) Activation of the inflammatory response of neutrophils by Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein. Kidney Int 37(2):717–726CrossRefPubMed Horton JK, Davies M, Topley N, Thomas D, Williams JD (1990) Activation of the inflammatory response of neutrophils by Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein. Kidney Int 37(2):717–726CrossRefPubMed
61.
62.
go back to reference Drayson M, Tang LX, Drew R, Mead GP, Carr-Smith H, Bradwell AR (2001) Serum free light-chain measurements for identifying and monitoring patients with nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Blood 97(9):2900–2902CrossRefPubMed Drayson M, Tang LX, Drew R, Mead GP, Carr-Smith H, Bradwell AR (2001) Serum free light-chain measurements for identifying and monitoring patients with nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Blood 97(9):2900–2902CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Leung N, Gertz M, Kyle RA, Fervenza FC, Irazabal MV, Eirin A, Kumar S, Cha SS, Rajkumar SV, Lacy MQ, Zeldenrust SR, Buadi FK, Hayman SR, Nasr SH, Sethi S, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Witzig TE, Herrmann SM, Dispenzieri A (2012) Urinary albumin excretion patterns of patients with cast nephropathy and other monoclonal gammopathy-related kidney diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 7(12):1964–1968. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.11161111 CrossRefPubMed Leung N, Gertz M, Kyle RA, Fervenza FC, Irazabal MV, Eirin A, Kumar S, Cha SS, Rajkumar SV, Lacy MQ, Zeldenrust SR, Buadi FK, Hayman SR, Nasr SH, Sethi S, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Witzig TE, Herrmann SM, Dispenzieri A (2012) Urinary albumin excretion patterns of patients with cast nephropathy and other monoclonal gammopathy-related kidney diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 7(12):1964–1968. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2215/​cjn.​11161111 CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Ecotiere L, Thierry A, Debiais-Delpech C, Chevret S, Javaugue V, Desport E, Belmouaz S, Quellard N, Kaaki S, Michel Goujon J, Fermand JP, Touchard G, Bridoux F (2016) Prognostic value of kidney biopsy in myeloma cast nephropathy: a retrospective study of 70 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 31(5):850. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw056 CrossRefPubMed Ecotiere L, Thierry A, Debiais-Delpech C, Chevret S, Javaugue V, Desport E, Belmouaz S, Quellard N, Kaaki S, Michel Goujon J, Fermand JP, Touchard G, Bridoux F (2016) Prognostic value of kidney biopsy in myeloma cast nephropathy: a retrospective study of 70 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 31(5):850. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ndt/​gfw056 CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Zand L, Nasr SH, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Buadi FK, Kumar S, Kyle RA, Fervenza FC, Sethi S, Dingli D, Rajkumar SV, Kapoor P, McCurdy A, Leung N (2015) Clinical and prognostic differences among patients with light chain deposition disease, myeloma cast nephropathy and both. Leukemia Lymphoma 56(12):3357–3364. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2015.1040011 CrossRefPubMed Zand L, Nasr SH, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Buadi FK, Kumar S, Kyle RA, Fervenza FC, Sethi S, Dingli D, Rajkumar SV, Kapoor P, McCurdy A, Leung N (2015) Clinical and prognostic differences among patients with light chain deposition disease, myeloma cast nephropathy and both. Leukemia Lymphoma 56(12):3357–3364. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3109/​10428194.​2015.​1040011 CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Fish R, Pinney J, Jain P, Addison C, Jones C, Jayawardene S, Booth J, Howie AJ, Ghonemy T, Rajabali S, Roberts D, White L, Khan S, Morgan M, Cockwell P, Hutchison CA (2010) The incidence of major hemorrhagic complications after renal biopsies in patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 5(11):1977–1980. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.00650110 CrossRefPubMed Fish R, Pinney J, Jain P, Addison C, Jones C, Jayawardene S, Booth J, Howie AJ, Ghonemy T, Rajabali S, Roberts D, White L, Khan S, Morgan M, Cockwell P, Hutchison CA (2010) The incidence of major hemorrhagic complications after renal biopsies in patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 5(11):1977–1980. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2215/​cjn.​00650110 CrossRefPubMed
73.
74.
go back to reference Isaac J, Herrera GA (2002) Cast nephropathy in a case of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Nephron 91(3):512–515CrossRefPubMed Isaac J, Herrera GA (2002) Cast nephropathy in a case of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Nephron 91(3):512–515CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Adam Z, Stepankova S, Sirotkova A, Cermakova Z, Pour L, Krejci M, Zahradova L, Koristek Z, Lenz J, Hajek R, Vorlicek J, Mayer J (2011) Kidney failure in a patient with chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) with underlying cast nephropathy. The value of free immunoglobulin light chain identification for early diagnosis of this complication. Vnitrni lekarstvi 57(2):214–221PubMed Adam Z, Stepankova S, Sirotkova A, Cermakova Z, Pour L, Krejci M, Zahradova L, Koristek Z, Lenz J, Hajek R, Vorlicek J, Mayer J (2011) Kidney failure in a patient with chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) with underlying cast nephropathy. The value of free immunoglobulin light chain identification for early diagnosis of this complication. Vnitrni lekarstvi 57(2):214–221PubMed
79.
go back to reference Augustson BM, Begum G, Dunn JA, Barth NJ, Davies F, Morgan G, Behrens J, Smith A, Child JA, Drayson MT (2005) Early mortality after diagnosis of multiple myeloma: analysis of patients entered onto the United kingdom Medical Research Council trials between 1980 and 2002–Medical Research Council Adult Leukaemia Working Party. J Clin Oncol 23(36):9219–9226. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.03.2086 CrossRefPubMed Augustson BM, Begum G, Dunn JA, Barth NJ, Davies F, Morgan G, Behrens J, Smith A, Child JA, Drayson MT (2005) Early mortality after diagnosis of multiple myeloma: analysis of patients entered onto the United kingdom Medical Research Council trials between 1980 and 2002–Medical Research Council Adult Leukaemia Working Party. J Clin Oncol 23(36):9219–9226. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​jco.​2005.​03.​2086 CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Durie BG, Kyle RA, Belch A, Bensinger W, Blade J, Boccadoro M, Child JA, Comenzo R, Djulbegovic B, Fantl D, Gahrton G, Harousseau JL, Hungria V, Joshua D, Ludwig H, Mehta J, Morales AR, Morgan G, Nouel A, Oken M, Powles R, Roodman D, San Miguel J, Shimizu K, Singhal S, Sirohi B, Sonneveld P, Tricot G, Van Ness B (2003) Myeloma management guidelines: a consensus report from the Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation. Hematol J 4(6):379–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.thj.6200312 CrossRefPubMed Durie BG, Kyle RA, Belch A, Bensinger W, Blade J, Boccadoro M, Child JA, Comenzo R, Djulbegovic B, Fantl D, Gahrton G, Harousseau JL, Hungria V, Joshua D, Ludwig H, Mehta J, Morales AR, Morgan G, Nouel A, Oken M, Powles R, Roodman D, San Miguel J, Shimizu K, Singhal S, Sirohi B, Sonneveld P, Tricot G, Van Ness B (2003) Myeloma management guidelines: a consensus report from the Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation. Hematol J 4(6):379–398. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​sj.​thj.​6200312 CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Misiani R, Tiraboschi G, Mingardi G, Mecca G (1987) Management of myeloma kidney: an anti-light-chain approach. Am J Kidney Dis 10(1):28–33CrossRefPubMed Misiani R, Tiraboschi G, Mingardi G, Mecca G (1987) Management of myeloma kidney: an anti-light-chain approach. Am J Kidney Dis 10(1):28–33CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Analysis and management of renal failure in fourth MRC myelomatosis trial. MRC working party on leukaemia in adults (1984). Br Med J Clin Res ed 288 (6428):1411–1416 Analysis and management of renal failure in fourth MRC myelomatosis trial. MRC working party on leukaemia in adults (1984). Br Med J Clin Res ed 288 (6428):1411–1416
83.
go back to reference Sanders PW (1994) Pathogenesis and treatment of myeloma kidney. J Lab Clin Med 124(4):484–488PubMed Sanders PW (1994) Pathogenesis and treatment of myeloma kidney. J Lab Clin Med 124(4):484–488PubMed
86.
go back to reference Kumar SK, Callander NS, Alsina M, Atanackovic D, Biermann JS, Chandler JC, Costello C, Faiman M, Fung HC, Gasparetto C, Godby K, Hofmeister C, Holmberg L, Holstein S, Huff CA, Kassim A, Liedtke M, Martin T, Omel J, Raje N, Reu FJ, Singhal S, Somlo G, Stockerl-Goldstein K, Treon SP, Weber D, Yahalom J, Shead DA, Kumar R (2017) Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw JNCCN 15(2):230–269CrossRef Kumar SK, Callander NS, Alsina M, Atanackovic D, Biermann JS, Chandler JC, Costello C, Faiman M, Fung HC, Gasparetto C, Godby K, Hofmeister C, Holmberg L, Holstein S, Huff CA, Kassim A, Liedtke M, Martin T, Omel J, Raje N, Reu FJ, Singhal S, Somlo G, Stockerl-Goldstein K, Treon SP, Weber D, Yahalom J, Shead DA, Kumar R (2017) Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw JNCCN 15(2):230–269CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Palombella VJ, Rando OJ, Goldberg AL, Maniatis T (1994) The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-kappa B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-kappa B. Cell 78(5):773–785CrossRefPubMed Palombella VJ, Rando OJ, Goldberg AL, Maniatis T (1994) The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-kappa B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-kappa B. Cell 78(5):773–785CrossRefPubMed
97.
go back to reference Fudenberg HH, Virella G (1980) Multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: unusual presentations. Sem Hematol 17(1):63–79 Fudenberg HH, Virella G (1980) Multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: unusual presentations. Sem Hematol 17(1):63–79
98.
go back to reference Pruzanski W, Watt JG (1972) Serum viscosity and hyperviscosity syndrome in IgG multiple myeloma. Report on 10 patients and a review of the literature. Ann Internal Med 77(6):853–860CrossRef Pruzanski W, Watt JG (1972) Serum viscosity and hyperviscosity syndrome in IgG multiple myeloma. Report on 10 patients and a review of the literature. Ann Internal Med 77(6):853–860CrossRef
100.
go back to reference Ludwig H, Adam Z, Hajek R, Greil R, Tothova E, Keil F, Autzinger EM, Thaler J, Gisslinger H, Lang A, Egyed M, Womastek I, Zojer N (2010) Light chain-induced acute renal failure can be reversed by bortezomib-doxorubicin-dexamethasone in multiple myeloma: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 28(30):4635–4641. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.28.1238 CrossRefPubMed Ludwig H, Adam Z, Hajek R, Greil R, Tothova E, Keil F, Autzinger EM, Thaler J, Gisslinger H, Lang A, Egyed M, Womastek I, Zojer N (2010) Light chain-induced acute renal failure can be reversed by bortezomib-doxorubicin-dexamethasone in multiple myeloma: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 28(30):4635–4641. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​jco.​2010.​28.​1238 CrossRefPubMed
101.
go back to reference Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, El Jarari L, Bertsch U, Salwender H, Zweegman S, Vellenga E, Broyl A, Blau IW, Weisel KC, Wittebol S, Bos GM, Stevens-Kroef M, Scheid C, Pfreundschuh M, Hose D, Jauch A, van der Velde H, Raymakers R, Schaafsma MR, Kersten MJ, van Marwijk-Kooy M, Duehrsen U, Lindemann W, Wijermans PW, Lokhorst HM, Goldschmidt HM (2012) Bortezomib induction and maintenance treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the randomized phase III HOVON-65/ GMMG-HD4 trial. J Clin Oncol 30(24):2946–2955. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.39.6820 CrossRefPubMed Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, El Jarari L, Bertsch U, Salwender H, Zweegman S, Vellenga E, Broyl A, Blau IW, Weisel KC, Wittebol S, Bos GM, Stevens-Kroef M, Scheid C, Pfreundschuh M, Hose D, Jauch A, van der Velde H, Raymakers R, Schaafsma MR, Kersten MJ, van Marwijk-Kooy M, Duehrsen U, Lindemann W, Wijermans PW, Lokhorst HM, Goldschmidt HM (2012) Bortezomib induction and maintenance treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the randomized phase III HOVON-65/ GMMG-HD4 trial. J Clin Oncol 30(24):2946–2955. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​jco.​2011.​39.​6820 CrossRefPubMed
102.
go back to reference Mai EK, Bertsch U, Durig J, Kunz C, Haenel M, Blau IW, Munder M, Jauch A, Schurich B, Hielscher T, Merz M, Huegle-Doerr B, Seckinger A, Hose D, Hillengass J, Raab MS, Neben K, Lindemann HW, Zeis M, Gerecke C, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Weisel K, Scheid C, Salwender H, Goldschmidt H (2015) Phase III trial of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VCD) versus bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (PAd) in newly diagnosed myeloma. Leukemia 29(8):1721–1729. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2015.80 CrossRefPubMed Mai EK, Bertsch U, Durig J, Kunz C, Haenel M, Blau IW, Munder M, Jauch A, Schurich B, Hielscher T, Merz M, Huegle-Doerr B, Seckinger A, Hose D, Hillengass J, Raab MS, Neben K, Lindemann HW, Zeis M, Gerecke C, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Weisel K, Scheid C, Salwender H, Goldschmidt H (2015) Phase III trial of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VCD) versus bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (PAd) in newly diagnosed myeloma. Leukemia 29(8):1721–1729. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​leu.​2015.​80 CrossRefPubMed
103.
go back to reference Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, Petrucci MT, Pantani L, Galli M, Di Raimondo F, Crippa C, Zamagni E, Palumbo A, Offidani M, Corradini P, Narni F, Spadano A, Pescosta N, Deliliers GL, Ledda A, Cellini C, Caravita T, Tosi P, Baccarani M (2010) Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet 376(9758):2075–2085. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61424-9 CrossRefPubMed Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, Petrucci MT, Pantani L, Galli M, Di Raimondo F, Crippa C, Zamagni E, Palumbo A, Offidani M, Corradini P, Narni F, Spadano A, Pescosta N, Deliliers GL, Ledda A, Cellini C, Caravita T, Tosi P, Baccarani M (2010) Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet 376(9758):2075–2085. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​s0140-6736(10)61424-9 CrossRefPubMed
105.
go back to reference Rosinol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, Hernandez D, Lopez-Jimenez J, de la Rubia J, Granell M, Besalduch J, Palomera L, Gonzalez Y, Etxebeste MA, Diaz-Mediavilla J, Hernandez MT, de Arriba F, Gutierrez NC, Martin-Ramos ML, Cibeira MT, Mateos MV, Martinez J, Alegre A, Lahuerta JJ, San Miguel J, Blade J (2012) Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood 120(8):1589–1596. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-02-408922 CrossRefPubMed Rosinol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, Hernandez D, Lopez-Jimenez J, de la Rubia J, Granell M, Besalduch J, Palomera L, Gonzalez Y, Etxebeste MA, Diaz-Mediavilla J, Hernandez MT, de Arriba F, Gutierrez NC, Martin-Ramos ML, Cibeira MT, Mateos MV, Martinez J, Alegre A, Lahuerta JJ, San Miguel J, Blade J (2012) Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood 120(8):1589–1596. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1182/​blood-2012-02-408922 CrossRefPubMed
106.
go back to reference Moreau P, Hulin C, Macro M, Caillot D, Chaleteix C, Roussel M, Garderet L, Royer B, Brechignac S, Tiab M, Puyade M, Escoffre M, Stoppa AM, Facon T, Pegourie B, Chaoui D, Jaccard A, Slama B, Marit G, Laribi K, Godmer P, Luycx O, Eisenmann JC, Allangba O, Dib M, Araujo C, Fontan J, Belhadj K, Wetterwald M, Dorvaux V, Fermand JP, Rodon P, Kolb B, Glaisner S, Malfuson JV, Lenain P, Biron L, Planche L, Caillon H, Avet-Loiseau H, Dejoie T, Attal M (2016) VTD is superior to VCD prior to intensive therapy in multiple myeloma: results of the prospective IFM2013-04 trial. Blood 127(21):2569–2574. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-01-693580 CrossRefPubMed Moreau P, Hulin C, Macro M, Caillot D, Chaleteix C, Roussel M, Garderet L, Royer B, Brechignac S, Tiab M, Puyade M, Escoffre M, Stoppa AM, Facon T, Pegourie B, Chaoui D, Jaccard A, Slama B, Marit G, Laribi K, Godmer P, Luycx O, Eisenmann JC, Allangba O, Dib M, Araujo C, Fontan J, Belhadj K, Wetterwald M, Dorvaux V, Fermand JP, Rodon P, Kolb B, Glaisner S, Malfuson JV, Lenain P, Biron L, Planche L, Caillon H, Avet-Loiseau H, Dejoie T, Attal M (2016) VTD is superior to VCD prior to intensive therapy in multiple myeloma: results of the prospective IFM2013-04 trial. Blood 127(21):2569–2574. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1182/​blood-2016-01-693580 CrossRefPubMed
107.
108.
go back to reference Specter R, Sanchorawala V, Seldin DC, Shelton A, Fennessey S, Finn KT, Zeldis JB, Dember LM (2011) Kidney dysfunction during lenalidomide treatment for AL amyloidosis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. Eur Renal Assoc 26(3):881–886. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq482 CrossRef Specter R, Sanchorawala V, Seldin DC, Shelton A, Fennessey S, Finn KT, Zeldis JB, Dember LM (2011) Kidney dysfunction during lenalidomide treatment for AL amyloidosis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. Eur Renal Assoc 26(3):881–886. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ndt/​gfq482 CrossRef
110.
go back to reference Misiani R, Remuzzi G, Bertani T, Licini R, Levoni P, Crippa A, Mecca G (1979) Plasmapheresis in the treatment of acute renal failure in multiple myeloma. Am J Med 66(4):684–688CrossRefPubMed Misiani R, Remuzzi G, Bertani T, Licini R, Levoni P, Crippa A, Mecca G (1979) Plasmapheresis in the treatment of acute renal failure in multiple myeloma. Am J Med 66(4):684–688CrossRefPubMed
111.
go back to reference Zucchelli P, Pasquali S, Cagnoli L, Ferrari G (1988) Controlled plasma exchange trial in acute renal failure due to multiple myeloma. Kidney Int 33(6):1175–1180CrossRefPubMed Zucchelli P, Pasquali S, Cagnoli L, Ferrari G (1988) Controlled plasma exchange trial in acute renal failure due to multiple myeloma. Kidney Int 33(6):1175–1180CrossRefPubMed
112.
go back to reference Johnson WJ, Kyle RA, Pineda AA, O’Brien PC, Holley KE (1990) Treatment of renal failure associated with multiple myeloma. Plasmapheresis, hemodialysis, and chemotherapy. Arch Internal Med 150(4):863–869CrossRef Johnson WJ, Kyle RA, Pineda AA, O’Brien PC, Holley KE (1990) Treatment of renal failure associated with multiple myeloma. Plasmapheresis, hemodialysis, and chemotherapy. Arch Internal Med 150(4):863–869CrossRef
113.
go back to reference Moist L, Nesrallah G, Kortas C, Espirtu E, Ostbye T, Clark WF (1999) Plasma exchange in rapidly progressive renal failure due to multiple myeloma. A retrospective case series. Am J Nephrol 19(1):45–50. doi:13424CrossRefPubMed Moist L, Nesrallah G, Kortas C, Espirtu E, Ostbye T, Clark WF (1999) Plasma exchange in rapidly progressive renal failure due to multiple myeloma. A retrospective case series. Am J Nephrol 19(1):45–50. doi:13424CrossRefPubMed
114.
go back to reference Clark WF, Stewart AK, Rock GA, Sternbach M, Sutton DM, Barrett BJ, Heidenheim AP, Garg AX, Churchill DN (2005) Plasma exchange when myeloma presents as acute renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine 143(11):777–784CrossRefPubMed Clark WF, Stewart AK, Rock GA, Sternbach M, Sutton DM, Barrett BJ, Heidenheim AP, Garg AX, Churchill DN (2005) Plasma exchange when myeloma presents as acute renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine 143(11):777–784CrossRefPubMed
117.
go back to reference Leung N, Gertz MA, Zeldenrust SR, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, Fervenza FC, Kumar S, Lacy MQ, Lust JA, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Hayman SR, Russell SJ, Kyle RA, Winters JL (2008) Improvement of cast nephropathy with plasma exchange depends on the diagnosis and on reduction of serum free light chains. Kidney Int 73(11):1282–1288. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.108 CrossRefPubMed Leung N, Gertz MA, Zeldenrust SR, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, Fervenza FC, Kumar S, Lacy MQ, Lust JA, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Hayman SR, Russell SJ, Kyle RA, Winters JL (2008) Improvement of cast nephropathy with plasma exchange depends on the diagnosis and on reduction of serum free light chains. Kidney Int 73(11):1282–1288. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ki.​2008.​108 CrossRefPubMed
119.
go back to reference Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, Balogun RA, Connelly-Smith L, Delaney M, Dunbar NM, Witt V, Wu Y, Shaz BH (2016) Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for apheresis: the seventh special issue. J Clin Apheresis 31(3):149–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/jca.21470 CrossRefPubMed Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, Balogun RA, Connelly-Smith L, Delaney M, Dunbar NM, Witt V, Wu Y, Shaz BH (2016) Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for apheresis: the seventh special issue. J Clin Apheresis 31(3):149–162. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​jca.​21470 CrossRefPubMed
120.
go back to reference Hutchison CA, Cockwell P, Reid S, Chandler K, Mead GP, Harrison J, Hattersley J, Evans ND, Chappell MJ, Cook M, Goehl H, Storr M, Bradwell AR (2007) Efficient removal of immunoglobulin free light chains by hemodialysis for multiple myeloma: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN 18(3):886–895. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2006080821 CrossRefPubMed Hutchison CA, Cockwell P, Reid S, Chandler K, Mead GP, Harrison J, Hattersley J, Evans ND, Chappell MJ, Cook M, Goehl H, Storr M, Bradwell AR (2007) Efficient removal of immunoglobulin free light chains by hemodialysis for multiple myeloma: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN 18(3):886–895. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1681/​asn.​2006080821 CrossRefPubMed
121.
go back to reference Hutchison CA, Bradwell AR, Cook M, Basnayake K, Basu S, Harding S, Hattersley J, Evans ND, Chappel MJ, Sampson P, Foggensteiner L, Adu D, Cockwell P (2009) Treatment of acute renal failure secondary to multiple myeloma with chemotherapy and extended high cut-off hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 4(4):745–754. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.04590908 CrossRefPubMed Hutchison CA, Bradwell AR, Cook M, Basnayake K, Basu S, Harding S, Hattersley J, Evans ND, Chappel MJ, Sampson P, Foggensteiner L, Adu D, Cockwell P (2009) Treatment of acute renal failure secondary to multiple myeloma with chemotherapy and extended high cut-off hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 4(4):745–754. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2215/​cjn.​04590908 CrossRefPubMed
122.
go back to reference Bridoux F, Carron PL, Pegourie B, Alamartine E, Augeul-Meunier K, Karras A, Joly B, Peraldi MN, Arnulf B, Vigneau C, Lamy T, Wynckel A, Kolb B, Royer B, Rabot N, Benboubker L, Combe C, Jaccard A, Moulin B, Knebelmann B, Chevret S, Fermand JP (2017) Effect of high-cutoff hemodialysis vs conventional hemodialysis on hemodialysis independence among patients with myeloma cast nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. Jama 318(21):2099–2110. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.17924 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bridoux F, Carron PL, Pegourie B, Alamartine E, Augeul-Meunier K, Karras A, Joly B, Peraldi MN, Arnulf B, Vigneau C, Lamy T, Wynckel A, Kolb B, Royer B, Rabot N, Benboubker L, Combe C, Jaccard A, Moulin B, Knebelmann B, Chevret S, Fermand JP (2017) Effect of high-cutoff hemodialysis vs conventional hemodialysis on hemodialysis independence among patients with myeloma cast nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. Jama 318(21):2099–2110. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1001/​jama.​2017.​17924 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Myeloma light chain cast nephropathy, a review
Authors
Insara Jaffer Sathick
Maria Eleni Drosou
Nelson Leung
Publication date
01-04-2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Journal of Nephrology / Issue 2/2019
Print ISSN: 1121-8428
Electronic ISSN: 1724-6059
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-018-0492-4

Other articles of this Issue 2/2019

Journal of Nephrology 2/2019 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine