Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Sports Medicine
Published in: Sports Medicine 1/2016

01-01-2016 | Review Article

Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Caloric Restriction, and Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Performance at Rest and During Exercise in Adults

Authors: Anissa Cherif, Bart Roelands, Romain Meeusen, Karim Chamari

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

The aim of this review was to highlight the potent effects of intermittent fasting on the cognitive performance of athletes at rest and during exercise. Exercise interacts with dietary factors and has a positive effect on brain functioning. Furthermore, physical activity and exercise can favorably influence brain plasticity. Mounting evidence indicates that exercise, in combination with diet, affects the management of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity by affecting molecular mechanisms through brain-derived neurotrophic factor, an essential neurotrophin that acts at the interface of metabolism and plasticity. The literature has also shown that certain aspects of physical performance and mental health, such as coping and decision-making strategies, can be negatively affected by daylight fasting. However, there are several types of intermittent fasting. These include caloric restriction, which is distinct from fasting and allows subjects to drink water ad libitum while consuming a very low-calorie food intake. Another type is Ramadan intermittent fasting, which is a religious practice of Islam, where healthy adult Muslims do not eat or drink during daylight hours for 1 month. Other religious practices in Islam (Sunna) also encourage Muslims to practice intermittent fasting outside the month of Ramadan. Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that intermittent fasting has crucial effects on physical and intellectual performance by affecting various aspects of bodily physiology and biochemistry that could be important for athletic success. Moreover, recent findings revealed that immunological variables are also involved in cognitive functioning and that intermittent fasting might impact the relationship between cytokine expression in the brain and cognitive deficits, including memory deficits.
Literature
1.
2.
Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):58–65.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Dishman RK, Berthoud HR, Booth FW, et al. Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(3):345–56.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Chytrova G, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Exercise contributes to the effects of DHA dietary supplementation by acting on membrane-related synaptic systems. Brain Res. 2010;23(1341):32–40.CrossRef
5.
6.
7.
Fabre C, Chamari K, Mucci P, et al. Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects. Int J Sports Med. 2002;23(6):415–21.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Redman LM, Ravussin E. Caloric restriction in humans: impact on physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;14(2):275–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Barnard ND, Bush AI, Ceccarelli A, et al. Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35(s2):S74–8.
10.
Paoli A, Bianco A, Damiani E, et al. Ketogenic diet in neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:10.CrossRef
11.
Chaouachi A, Coutts AJ, Chamari K, et al. Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on aerobic and anaerobic performance and perception of fatigue in male elite judo athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(9):2702–9.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zerguini Y, Kirkendall D, Junge A, et al. Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(6):398–400.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Mouelhi Guizani S, Tenenbaum G, Bouzaouach I, et al. Information-processing under incremental levels of physical loads: comparing racquet to combat sports. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2006;46(2):335–43.
14.
Mouelhi Guizani S, Bouzaouach I, Tenenbaum G, et al. Simple and choice reaction times under varying levels of physical load in high skilled fencers. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2006;46(2):344–51.
15.
Jarraya M, Chtourou H, Megdich K, et al. Effect of a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on estimates of egocentric distance. Percept Mot Skills. 2013;116(2):658–70.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Ploughman M, Granter-Button S, Chernenko G, et al. Exercise intensity influences the temporal profile of growth factors involved in neuronal plasticity following focal ischemia. Brain Res. 2007;30(1150):207–16.CrossRef
17.
Aloui A, Chaouachi A, Chtourou H, et al. Effects of Ramadan on the diurnal variations of repeated-sprint performances. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(3):254–62.PubMed
18.
Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Water and salt balance in young male football players in training during the holy month of Ramadan. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(Suppl 3):S47–54.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Chaouachi A, Leiper JB, Souissi N, et al. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on sports performance and training: a review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2009;4(4):419–34.PubMed
20.
Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2013;12:146.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Varady KA, Hellerstein MK. Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease prevention: a review of human and animal trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(1):7–13.PubMed
22.
23.
Mattson MP. Lifelong brain health is a lifelong challenge: From evolutionary principles to empirical evidence. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;20:37–45.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Taormina G, Mirisola MG. Calorie restriction in mammals and simple model organisms. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:1–10.CrossRef
25.
Singh R, Lakhanpal D, Kumar S, et al. Late-onset intermittent fasting dietary restriction as a potential intervention to retard age-associated brain function impairments in male rats. Age (Dordr). 2012;34(4):917–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Singh Kalra RR, Fults DW. Preuss award 121 leptomeningeal dissemination cascade in medulloblastoma. Neurosurgery. 2014;61(Suppl 1):198–9.CrossRef
27.
Lee J, Duan W, Mattson MP. Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J Neurochem. 2002;82(6):1367–75.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Green MW, Elliman NA, Rogers PJ. Lack of effect of short-term fasting on cognitive function. J Psychiatr Res. 1995;29(3):245–53.
29.
Yanai S, Okaichi Y, Okaichi H. Long-term dietary restriction causes negative effects on cognitive functions in rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2004;25(3):325–32.PubMedCrossRef
30.
31.
Mattson MP, Wan R. Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. J Nutr Biochem. 2005;16(3):129–37.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Green MW, Rogers PJ, Elliman NA, et al. Impairment of cognitive performance associated with dieting and high levels of dietary restraint. Physiol Behav. 1994;55(3):447–52.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Rogers PJ, Green MW. Dieting, dietary restraint and cognitive performance. Br J Clin Psychol. 1993;32(Pt 1):113–6.PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Develioglu ON, Sirazi S, Topak M, et al. Differences in mucociliary activity of volunteers undergoing Ramadan versus Nineveh fasting. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(5):1655–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Gesundheit B. Medicine and Judaism—a patient is forbidden to endanger his life in order to fast on Yom Kippur. Harefuah. 2009;148(9):583–5, 659.
37.
Katz Y, Zangen D, Leibowitz G, et al. Diabetic patients in the Yom Kippur fast—who can fast and how to treat the fasting patients. Harefuah. 2009;148(9):586–91, 659, 8.
38.
Chiu TH, Huang HY, Chiu YF, et al. Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88547.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
Sarri KO, Tzanakis NE, Linardakis MK, et al. Effects of Greek orthodox christian church fasting on serum lipids and obesity. BMC Public Health. 2003;3:16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Kadri N, Tilane A, El Batal M, et al. Irritability during the month of Ramadan. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(2):280–5.
41.
Chaouachi A, Leiper JB, Chtourou H, et al. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(Suppl 1):S53–73.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Tian HH, Aziz AR, Png W, et al. Effects of fasting during Ramadan month on cognitive function in muslim athletes. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):145–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Altered sleep-wake cycles and food intake: the Ramadan model. Physiol Behav. 2007;90(2–3):219–28.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Trabelsi K, Rebai H, El-Abed K, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on body water status markers after a rugby sevens match. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):186–94.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Sakamoto K, Grunewald KK. Beneficial effects of exercise on growth of rats during intermittent fasting. J Nutr. 1987;117(2):390–5.PubMed
46.
Jongbloed F, de Bruin RW, Pennings JL, et al. Preoperative fasting protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in aged and overweight mice. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):1–9.CrossRef
47.
48.
49.
50.
Izumida Y, Yahagi N, Takeuchi Y, et al. Glycogen shortage during fasting triggers liver-brain-adipose neurocircuitry to facilitate fat utilization. Nat Commun. 2013;4:8.
51.
Greenberg AS, Coleman RA, Kraemer FB, et al. The role of lipid droplets in metabolic disease in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2102–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Viscarra JA, Ortiz RM. Cellular mechanisms regulating fuel metabolism in mammals: role of adipose tissue and lipids during prolonged food deprivation. Metabolism. 2013;62(7):889–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Mattson MP. Energy intake, meal frequency, and health: a neurobiological perspective. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:237–60.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Widenfalk J, Olson L, Thoren P. Deprived of habitual running, rats downregulate BDNF and TrkB messages in the brain. Neurosci Res. 1999;34(3):125–32.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Tong L, Shen H, Perreau VM, et al. Effects of exercise on gene-expression profile in the rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis. 2001;8(6):1046–56.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Fenneni MA, Latiri I, Aloui A, et al. Effects of Ramadan on physical capacities of North African boys fasting for the first time. Libyan J Med. 2014;24(9):25391.
57.
58.
Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):134–44.PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Trabelsi K, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, et al. Effect of fed- versus fasted state resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and selected metabolic parameters in bodybuilders. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Burke LM, King C. Ramadan fasting and the goals of sports nutrition around exercise. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(Suppl 1):S21–31.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Latifynia A, Vojgani M, Gharagozlou MJ, et al. Effect of Ramadan on neutrophil’s respiratory burst (innate immunity) and circulating immune complex. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008;20(3):128–31.
62.
Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Souissi H, et al. The effect of Ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballers. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):177–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Intekhab A. Ramadan fasting in extreme latitudes. J Soc Health Diabetes. 2014;2(1):2.
64.
Amirfakhraei A, Alinaghizadeh A. The impact of praying and fasting on the mental health of studentsattending the Bandar Abbas Branch of Islamic Azad University in Iran in 2012. Life Sci J. 2012;2012(9):6.
65.
66.
Alabed H, Abuzayan K, Fgie KZ. Effects of length of time of fasting upon subjective and objective variables when controlling sleep, food and fluid intakes International Journal of Medical, Health. Pharm Biomed Eng. 2014;8(5):9.
67.
Guvenc A. Effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic performance and lactate, heart rate and perceptual responses in young soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2011;29:79–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Chtourou H, Hammouda M, Aloui A, et al. The optimal time of day for training during Ramadan: a review study. J Fasting Health. 2014;2:7.
69.
Vasconcelos AR, Yshii LM, Viel TA, et al. Intermittent fasting attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment. J Neuroinflammation. 2014;11:85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Fito M, Guxens M, Corella D, et al. Effect of a traditional Mediterranean diet on lipoprotein oxidation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1195–203.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Liu X, Wu Z, Hayashi Y, et al. Age-dependent neuroinflammatory responses and deficits in long-term potentiation in the hippocampus during systemic inflammation. Neuroscience. 2012;2(216):133–42.CrossRef
72.
Thomson LM, Sutherland RJ. Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1beta have different effects on memory consolidation. Brain Res Bull. 2005;67(1–2):24–9.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Calabrese F, Rossetti AC, Racagni G, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a bridge between inflammation and neuroplasticity. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:430.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Kim JJ, Diamond DM. The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memories. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3(6):453–62.PubMed
75.
Ben Menachem-Zidon O, Goshen I, Kreisel T, et al. Intrahippocampal transplantation of transgenic neural precursor cells overexpressing interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks chronic isolation-induced impairment in memory and neurogenesis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(9):2251–62.
76.
Hein AM, Stasko MR, Matousek SB, et al. Sustained hippocampal IL-1beta overexpression impairs contextual and spatial memory in transgenic mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24(2):243–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Shaftel SS, Kyrkanides S, Olschowka JA, et al. Sustained hippocampal IL-1 beta overexpression mediates chronic neuroinflammation and ameliorates Alzheimer plaque pathology. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(6):1595–604.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
Heyser CJ, Masliah E, Samimi A, et al. Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 6 in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(4):1500–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Eyre H, Baune BT. Neuroplastic changes in depression: a role for the immune system. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(9):1397–416.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Navalta JW, McFarlin BK, Lyons S, et al. Cognitive awareness of carbohydrate intake does not alter exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(2):197–202.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Arumugam TV, Phillips TM, Cheng A, et al. Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(1):41–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Ugochukwu NH, Figgers CL. Caloric restriction inhibits up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and TNF-alpha, and activates IL-10 and haptoglobin in the plasma of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2007;18(2):120–6.PubMedCrossRef
83.
84.
Zhu B, Wang ZG, Ding J, et al. Chronic lipopolysaccharide exposure induces cognitive dysfunction without affecting BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(3):750–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
85.
Krzyszton CP, Sparkman NL, Grant RW, et al. Exacerbated fatigue and motor deficits in interleukin-10-deficient mice after peripheral immune stimulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295(4):R1109–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Mansur RB, Zugman A, Asevedo EM, et al. Cytokines in schizophrenia: possible role of anti-inflammatory medications in clinical and preclinical stages. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;66(4):247–60.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Dantzer R, O’Connor JC, Freund GG, et al. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):46–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Smith CJ, Emsley HC, Udeh CT, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reverses stroke-associated peripheral immune suppression. Cytokine. 2012;58(3):384–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Richwine AF, Sparkman NL, Dilger RN, et al. Cognitive deficits in interleukin-10-deficient mice after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23(6):794–802.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
Zhang XY, Liang J, da Chen C, et al. Low BDNF is associated with cognitive impairment in chronic patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;222(2):277–84.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Oral E, Canpolat S, Yildirim S, et al. Cognitive functions and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Res Bull. 2012;88(5):454–9.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Lapchak PA, Araujo DM, Hefti F. Systemic interleukin-1 beta decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA expression in the rat hippocampal formation. Neuroscience. 1993;53(2):297–301.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Trejo JL, Llorens-Martin MV, Torres-Aleman I. The effects of exercise on spatial learning and anxiety-like behavior are mediated by an IGF-I-dependent mechanism related to hippocampal neurogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2008;37(2):402–11.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Nascimento CM, Pereira JR, de Andrade LP, et al. Physical exercise in MCI elderly promotes reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improvements on cognition and BDNF peripheral levels. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11(8):799–805.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Whiteman AS, Young DE, He X, et al. Interaction between serum BDNF and aerobic fitness predicts recognition memory in healthy young adults. Behav Brain Res. 2014;1(259):302–12.CrossRef
96.
97.
Draelos MT, Jacobson AM, Weinger K, et al. Cognitive function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Am J Med. 1995;98(2):135–44.PubMedCrossRef
98.
99.
Brown AM, Baltan Tekkok S, Ransom BR. Energy transfer from astrocytes to axons: the role of CNS glycogen. Neurochem Int. 2004;45(4):529–36.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Hamprecht B, Verleysdonk S, Wiesinger H. Enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism. In: Kettenmann H, Ransom BR, editors. Neuroglia. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005. p. 202–215.
101.
Warren RE, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia and cognitive function. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;7(5):493–503.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Dalsgaard MK, Ide K, Cai Y, et al. The intent to exercise influences the cerebral O(2)/carbohydrate uptake ratio in humans. J Physiol. 2002;540(Pt 2):681–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Madsen PL, Cruz NF, Sokoloff L, et al. Cerebral oxygen/glucose ratio is low during sensory stimulation and rises above normal during recovery: excess glucose consumption during stimulation is not accounted for by lactate efflux from or accumulation in brain tissue. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19(4):393–400.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, et al. Activation of the insular cortex is affected by the intensity of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999;87(3):1213–9.
105.
Sappey-Marinier D, Calabrese G, Fein G, et al. Effect of photic stimulation on human visual cortex lactate and phosphates using 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1992;12(4):584–92.PubMedCrossRef
106.
107.
Attwell D, Laughlin SB. An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21(10):1133–45.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, et al. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(10):587–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
110.
Rex A, Bert B, Fink H, et al. Stimulus-dependent changes of extracellular glucose in the rat hippocampus determined by in vivo microdialysis. Physiol Behav. 2009;98(4):467–73.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Bruss MD, Khambatta CF, Ruby MA, et al. Calorie restriction increases fatty acid synthesis and whole body fat oxidation rates. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298(1):E108–16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Hammouda O, Chtourou H, Aloui A, et al. Concomitant effects of Ramadan fasting and time-of-day on apolipoprotein AI, B, Lp-a and homocysteine responses during aerobic exercise in Tunisian soccer players. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79873.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, et al. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1):69–73.PubMed
114.
Dresner A, Laurent D, Marcucci M, et al. Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. J Clin Invest. 1999;103(2):253–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
Koutsari C, Jensen MD. Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. Free fatty acid metabolism in human obesity. J Lipid Res. 2006;47:8.CrossRef
116.
Boden G, She P, Mozzoli M, et al. Free fatty acids produce insulin resistance and activate the proinflammatory nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in rat liver. Diabetes. 2005;54(12):3458–65.PubMedCrossRef
117.
118.
Benefer MD, Corfe BM, Russell JM, et al. Water intake and post-exercise cognitive performance: an observational study of long-distance walkers and runners. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(2):617–24.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Lieberman HR, Bathalon GP, Falco CM, et al. Severe decrements in cognition function and mood induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration, and undernutrition during simulated combat. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(4):422–9.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Adam GE, Carter R 3rd, Cheuvront SN, et al. Hydration effects on cognitive performance during military tasks in temperate and cold environments. Physiol Behav. 2008;93(4–5):748–56.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Burke L. Practical issues in nutrition for athletes. J Sports Sci. 1995;13:Spec No:S83–90.
122.
Edwards AM, Mann ME, Marfell-Jones MJ, et al. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(6):385–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
Edmonds CJ, Crombie R, Gardner MR. Subjective thirst moderates changes in speed of responding associated with water consumption. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:363.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
Riebl SK, Davy BM. The hydration equation: update on water balance and cognitive performance. ACSMs Health Fit J. 2013;17(6):21–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
125.
Ganio MS, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, et al. Mild dehydration impairs cognitive performance and mood of men. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(10):1535–43.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Kempton MJ, Ettinger U, Foster R, et al. Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32(1):71–9.PubMedCrossRef
127.
NasrAllah MM, Osman NA. Fasting during the month of Ramadan among patients with chronic kidney disease: renal and cardiovascular outcomes. Clin Kidney J. 2014;7(4):348–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
128.
Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Interplay between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and signal transduction modulators in the regulation of the effects of exercise on synaptic-plasticity. Neuroscience. 2003;122(3):647–57.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Ninan I. Synaptic regulation of affective behaviors; role of BDNF. Neuropharmacology. 2014;76(Part C):684–95.
130.
Vaynman S, Ying Z, Wu A, et al. Coupling energy metabolism with a mechanism to support brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity. Neuroscience. 2006;139(4):1221–34.PubMedCrossRef
131.
132.
Knaepen K, Goekint M, Heyman EM, et al. Neuroplasticity—exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a systematic review of experimental studies in human subjects. Sports Med. 2010;40(9):765–801.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Egan MF, Kojima M, Callicott JH, et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell. 2003;112(2):257–69.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Hariri AR, Goldberg TE, Mattay VS, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism affects human memory-related hippocampal activity and predicts memory performance. J Neurosci. 2003;23(17):6690–4.PubMed
135.
136.
Ramsey MM, Adams MM, Ariwodola OJ, et al. Functional characterization of des-IGF-1 action at excitatory synapses in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus. J Neurophysiol. 2005;94(1):247–54.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Anlar B, Sullivan KA, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I and central nervous system development. Horm Metab Res. 1999;31(2–3):120–5.
138.
Saatman KE, Contreras PC, Smith DH, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) improves both neurological motor and cognitive outcome following experimental brain injury. Exp Neurol. 1997;147(2):418–27.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Gomez-Pinilla F, Vaynman S, Ying Z. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions as a metabotrophin to mediate the effects of exercise on cognition. Eur J Neurosci. 2008;28(11):2278–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
140.
Gomez-Pinilla F, Zhuang Y, Feng J, et al. Exercise impacts brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasticity by engaging mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;33(3):383–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
141.
Lee IH, Seo EJ, Lim IS. Effects of aquatic exercise and CES treatment on the changes of cognitive function, BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF of persons with intellectual disabilities. J Exerc Nutr Biochem. 2014;18(1):19–24.CrossRef
142.
Fabre C, Masse-Biron J, Chamari K, et al. Evaluation of quality of life in elderly healthy subjects after aerobic and/or mental training. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1999;28(1):9–22.
143.
Seifert T, Brassard P, Wissenberg M, et al. Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;298(2):R372–7.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Babaei P, Damirchi A, Mehdipoor M, et al. Long term habitual exercise is associated with lower resting level of serum BDNF. Neurosci Lett. 2014;30(566):304–8.CrossRef
145.
Mang CS, Campbell KL, Ross CJ, et al. Promoting neuroplasticity for motor rehabilitation after stroke: considering the effects of aerobic exercise and genetic variation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Phys Ther. 2013;93(12):1707–16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
146.
Vaughan S, Wallis M, Polit D, et al. The effects of multimodal exercise on cognitive and physical functioning and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in older women: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2014;43(5):623–9.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Stranahan AM, Norman ED, Lee K, et al. Diet-induced insulin resistance impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognition in middle-aged rats. Hippocampus. 2008;18(11):1085–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
148.
Chung JY, Yoo DY, Im W, et al. Electroacupuncture at the Zusanli and Baihui acupoints ameliorates type-2 diabetes-induced reductions in proliferating cells and differentiated neuroblast in the hippocampal dentate gyrus with increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. J Vet Med Sci. 2015;77(2):167–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
149.
Molteni R, Wu A, Vaynman S, et al. Exercise reverses the harmful effects of consumption of a high-fat diet on synaptic and behavioral plasticity associated to the action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroscience. 2004;123(2):429–40.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Caloric Restriction, and Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Performance at Rest and During Exercise in Adults
Authors
Anissa Cherif
Bart Roelands
Romain Meeusen
Karim Chamari
Publication date
01-01-2016
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0408-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Sports Medicine 1/2016 Go to the issue

Systematic Review

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Systematic Review

In Search of the Ideal Resistance Training Program to Improve Glycemic Control and its Indication for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Review Article

The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure

Systematic Review

Sports Injury Surveillance Systems: A Review of Methods and Data Quality

Systematic Review

Which Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors are Associated with Non-Contact Injuries in Adult Cricket Fast Bowlers?

Current Opinion

Is There Evidence to Support the Use of the Angle of Peak Torque as a Marker of Hamstring Injury and Re-Injury Risk?