Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Drugs 10/2021

01-07-2021 | Bronchoscopy | Adis Drug Evaluation

Remimazolam: A Review in Procedural Sedation

Authors: Arnold Lee, Matt Shirley

Published in: Drugs | Issue 10/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Remimazolam (Byfavo™) is a benzodiazepine sedative that is indicated for the induction and maintenance of procedural sedation in adults. Remimazolam was efficacious in three phase III trials in patients requiring endoscopies. Significantly higher procedure success rates (composite of the completion of the procedure, top-up doses of study drug within predefined limits and no requirement for rescue therapy) were observed with remimazolam than with placebo, with the majority of placebo recipients requiring rescue midazolam. Furthermore, remimazolam significantly reduced times to onset of sedation and recovery in comparison with placebo (plus rescue). Remimazolam is generally well tolerated, with hypotension and hypertension the most common adverse drug reactions. Higher doses of concomitant fentanyl with remimazolam may increase the incidence of adverse drug reactions and deep sedation events. However, no correlation was observed between depth of sedation and vital signs. In summary, remimazolam is a useful option for the induction and maintenance of procedural sedation. Although pharmacoeconomic analyses for remimazolam are not yet available, the rapid induction of sedation and short recovery times with remimazolam may be beneficial in improving patient throughput in clinics.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(1):6–24.CrossRef Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(1):6–24.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia 2018. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437–79.CrossRef American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia 2018. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437–79.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Brohan J, Goudra BG. The role of GABA receptor agonists in anesthesia and sedation. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(10):845–56.CrossRef Brohan J, Goudra BG. The role of GABA receptor agonists in anesthesia and sedation. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(10):845–56.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Helmers RA, Dilling JA, Chaffee CR, et al. Overall cost comparison of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures with endoscopist- or anesthesia-supported sedation by activity-based costing techniques. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2017;1(3):234–41.CrossRef Helmers RA, Dilling JA, Chaffee CR, et al. Overall cost comparison of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures with endoscopist- or anesthesia-supported sedation by activity-based costing techniques. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2017;1(3):234–41.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Sneyd JR. Remimazolam: new beginnings or just a me-too? Anesth Analg. 2012;115(2):217–9.CrossRef Sneyd JR. Remimazolam: new beginnings or just a me-too? Anesth Analg. 2012;115(2):217–9.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Early DS, Lightdale JR, Vargo JJ, et al. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;87(2):327–37.CrossRef Early DS, Lightdale JR, Vargo JJ, et al. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;87(2):327–37.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Colao J, Correa DR. Rapidly metabolized anesthetics: novel alternative agents for procedural sedation. J Anesth Clin Res. 2016;7(11):1000690.CrossRef Colao J, Correa DR. Rapidly metabolized anesthetics: novel alternative agents for procedural sedation. J Anesth Clin Res. 2016;7(11):1000690.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Chen W, Chen S, Huang Y. Induction and maintenance of procedural sedation in adults: focus on remimazolam injection. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021;14(4):411–26.CrossRef Chen W, Chen S, Huang Y. Induction and maintenance of procedural sedation in adults: focus on remimazolam injection. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021;14(4):411–26.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Kilpatrick GJ, McIntyre MS, Cox RF, et al. CNS 7056: a novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine. Anesthesiology. 2007;107(1):60–6.CrossRef Kilpatrick GJ, McIntyre MS, Cox RF, et al. CNS 7056: a novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine. Anesthesiology. 2007;107(1):60–6.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kleiman RB, Darpo B, Thorn M, et al. Potential strategy for assessing QT/QTc interval for drugs that produce rapid changes in heart rate: electrocardiographic assessment of the effects of intravenous remimazolam on cardiac repolarization. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;86(8):1600–9.CrossRef Kleiman RB, Darpo B, Thorn M, et al. Potential strategy for assessing QT/QTc interval for drugs that produce rapid changes in heart rate: electrocardiographic assessment of the effects of intravenous remimazolam on cardiac repolarization. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;86(8):1600–9.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Schippers F, Pesic M, Saunders R, et al. Randomized crossover trial to compare abuse liability of intravenous remimazolam versus intravenous midazolam and placebo in recreational central nervous system depressant users. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60(9):1189–97.CrossRef Schippers F, Pesic M, Saunders R, et al. Randomized crossover trial to compare abuse liability of intravenous remimazolam versus intravenous midazolam and placebo in recreational central nervous system depressant users. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60(9):1189–97.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Pesic M, Stöhr T, Ossig J, et al. Remimazolam has low oral bioavailability and no potential for misuse in drug-facilitated sexual assaults, with or without alcohol: results from two randomised clinical trials. Drugs R D. 2020;20(3):267–77.CrossRef Pesic M, Stöhr T, Ossig J, et al. Remimazolam has low oral bioavailability and no potential for misuse in drug-facilitated sexual assaults, with or without alcohol: results from two randomised clinical trials. Drugs R D. 2020;20(3):267–77.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Pastis NJ, Yarmus LB, Schippers F, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with placebo and midazolam for moderate sedation during bronchoscopy. Chest. 2019;155(1):137–46.CrossRef Pastis NJ, Yarmus LB, Schippers F, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with placebo and midazolam for moderate sedation during bronchoscopy. Chest. 2019;155(1):137–46.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Rex DK, Bhandari R, Desta T, et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;88(3):427-37.e6.CrossRef Rex DK, Bhandari R, Desta T, et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;88(3):427-37.e6.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Rex DK, Bhandari R, Lorch DG, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in high risk colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53:94–101.CrossRef Rex DK, Bhandari R, Lorch DG, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in high risk colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53:94–101.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Pambianco DJ, Borkett KM, Riff DS, et al. A phase IIb study comparing the safety and efficacy of remimazolam and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(5):984–92.CrossRef Pambianco DJ, Borkett KM, Riff DS, et al. A phase IIb study comparing the safety and efficacy of remimazolam and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(5):984–92.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Borkett KM, Riff DS, Schwartz HI, et al. A phase IIa, randomized, double-blind study of remimazolam (CNS 7056) versus midazolam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2015;120(4):771–80.CrossRef Borkett KM, Riff DS, Schwartz HI, et al. A phase IIa, randomized, double-blind study of remimazolam (CNS 7056) versus midazolam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2015;120(4):771–80.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Pastis N, Schippers F, Imre M, et al. Correlating depth of sedation with vital signs and adverse events in bronchoscopy [abstract no. D45]. In: AJRCCM 2020. Pastis N, Schippers F, Imre M, et al. Correlating depth of sedation with vital signs and adverse events in bronchoscopy [abstract no. D45]. In: AJRCCM 2020.
24.
go back to reference Sneyd JR, Rigby-Jones AE. Remimazolam for anaesthesia or sedation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2020;33(4):506–11.CrossRef Sneyd JR, Rigby-Jones AE. Remimazolam for anaesthesia or sedation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2020;33(4):506–11.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Schekenbach V, Hofmann P, Drexler B. Remimazolam: the future of TIVA? [German]. Anästh Intensivmed. 2021;62(3):111–7. Schekenbach V, Hofmann P, Drexler B. Remimazolam: the future of TIVA? [German]. Anästh Intensivmed. 2021;62(3):111–7.
26.
go back to reference Goudra B, Gouda G, Mohinder P. Recent developments in drugs for GI endoscopy sedation. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65:2781–8.CrossRef Goudra B, Gouda G, Mohinder P. Recent developments in drugs for GI endoscopy sedation. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65:2781–8.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Remimazolam: A Review in Procedural Sedation
Authors
Arnold Lee
Matt Shirley
Publication date
01-07-2021
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs / Issue 10/2021
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-021-01544-8

Other articles of this Issue 10/2021

Drugs 10/2021 Go to the issue