Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
Published in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 3/2019

01-06-2019 | Malassezia | Current Opinion

Acne, the Skin Microbiome, and Antibiotic Treatment

Authors: Haoxiang Xu, Huiying Li

Published in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | Issue 3/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disorder involving hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Multiple factors contribute to the disease, including skin microbes. The skin microbiome in the follicle is composed of a diverse group of microorganisms. Among them, Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia spp. have been linked to acne development through their influence on sebum secretion, comedone formation, and inflammatory response. Antibiotics targeting P. acnes have been the mainstay in acne treatment for the past four decades. Among them, macrolides, clindamycin, and tetracyclines are the most widely prescribed. As antibiotic resistance becomes an increasing concern in clinical practice, understanding the skin microbiome associated with acne and the effects of antibiotic use on the skin commensals is highly relevant and critical to clinicians. In this review, we summarize recent studies of the composition and dynamics of the skin microbiome in acne and the effects of antibiotic treatment on skin microbes.
Literature
1.
White GM. Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:S34–7.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
Karimkhani C, Dellavalle RP, Coffeng LE, Flohr C, Hay RJ, Langan SM, et al. Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: an update from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153:406–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Dreno B, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. New insights into the management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:S1–50.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Gollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, Dreno B, Finlay A, Leyden JJ, et al. Management of acne: a report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:S1–37.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Barnard E, Li H. Shaping of cutaneous function by encounters with commensals. J Physiol. 2017;595:437–50.CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
9.
Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC, et al. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009;324:1190–2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Fitz-Gibbon S, Tomida S, Chiu BH, Nguyen L, Du C, Liu M, et al. Propionibacterium acnes strain populations in the human skin microbiome associated with acne. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:2152–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Oh J, Byrd AL, Deming C, Conlan S, Program NCS, Kong HH, et al. Biogeography and individuality shape function in the human skin metagenome. Nature. 2014;514:59–64.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
13.
Meisel JS, Sfyroera G, Bartow-McKenney C, Gimblet C, Bugayev J, Horwinski J, et al. Commensal microbiota modulate gene expression in the skin. Microbiome. 2018;6:20.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Liu J, Yan R, Zhong Q, Ngo S, Bangayan NJ, Nguyen L, et al. The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin. ISME J. 2015;9:2078–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science. 2009;326:1694–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Dekio I, Hayashi H, Sakamoto M, Kitahara M, Nishikawa T, Suematsu M, et al. Detection of potentially novel bacterial components of the human skin microbiota using culture-independent molecular profiling. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54:1231–8.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Nordstrom KM, Webster GF. Skin microflora. J Invest Dermatol. 1987;88:65s–72s.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Unna PG. The histopathology of the diseases of the skin (Translated by N. Walker). New York: Macmillan & Co; 1896.
19.
La Sabouraud H. seborrhee grasse et la pelade. Ann Inst Pasteur Lilly. 1897;11:134–59.
20.
21.
McDowell A, Barnard E, Liu J, Li H, Patrick S. Emendation of Propionibacterium acnes subsp. acnes (Deiko et al. 2015) and proposal of Propionibacterium acnes type II as Propionibacterium acnes subsp. defendens subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66:5358–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Scholz CF, Kilian M. The natural history of cutaneous propionibacteria, and reclassification of selected species within the genus Propionibacterium to the proposed novel genera Acidipropionibacterium gen. nov., Cutibacterium gen. nov. and Pseudopropionibacterium gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66:4422–32.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Alexeyev OA, Dekio I, Layton AM, Li H, Hughes H, Morris T, et al. Why we continue to use the name Propionibacterium acnes. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179:1227.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Vowels B. Propionibacterium acnes colonization in acne and nonacne. Dermatology. 1998;196:55–8.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Perkins AC, Maglione J, Hillebrand GG, Miyamoto K, Kimball AB. Acne vulgaris in women: prevalence across the life span. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21:223–30.CrossRef
26.
Collier CN, Harper JC, Cafardi JA, Cantrell WC, Wang W, Foster KW, et al. The prevalence of acne in adults 20 years and older. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:56–9.CrossRefPubMed
27.
McGinley KJ, Webster GF, Ruggieri MR, Leyden JJ. Regional variations in density of cutaneous propionibacteria: correlation of Propionibacterium acnes populations with sebaceous secretion. J Clin Microbiol. 1980;12:672–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Iinuma K, Sato T, Akimoto N, Noguchi N, Sasatsu M, Nishijima S, et al. Involvement of Propionibacterium acnes in the augmentation of lipogenesis in hamster sebaceous glands in vivo and in vitro. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:2113–9.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Saint-Leger D, Bague A, Cohen E, Chivot M. A possible role for squalene in the pathogenesis of acne. I. In vitro study of squalene oxidation. Br J Dermatol. 1986;114:535–42.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Expanding the microcomedone theory and acne therapeutics: Propionibacterium acnes biofilm produces biological glue that holds corneocytes together to form plug. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:722–4.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Jahns AC, Lundskog B, Ganceviciene R, Palmer RH, Golovleva I, Zouboulis CC, et al. An increased incidence of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in acne vulgaris: a case-control study. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:50–8.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Jarrousse V, Castex-Rizzi N, Khammari A, Charveron M, Dreno B. Modulation of integrins and filaggrin expression by Propionibacterium acnes extracts on keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res. 2007;299:441–7.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Isard O, Knol AC, Aries MF, Nguyen JM, Khammari A, Castex-Rizzi N, et al. Propionibacterium acnes activates the IGF-1/IGF-1R system in the epidermis and induces keratinocyte proliferation. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:59–66.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Kim J, Ochoa MT, Krutzik SR, Takeuchi O, Uematsu S, Legaspi AJ, et al. Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses. J Immunol. 2002;169:1535–41.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Nakatsuji T, Liu YT, Huang CP, Zouboulis CC, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Vaccination targeting a surface sialidase of P. acnes: implication for new treatment of acne vulgaris. PLoS One. 2008;3:51.CrossRef
36.
Kurokawa I, Danby FW, Ju Q, Wang X, Xiang LF, Xia L, et al. New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18:821–32.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Sugisaki H, Yamanaka K, Kakeda M, Kitagawa H, Tanaka K, Watanabe K, et al. Increased interferon-gamma, interleukin-12p40 and IL-8 production in Propionibacterium acnes-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patient with acne vulgaris: host response but not bacterial species is the determinant factor of the disease. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55:47–52.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Scott DG, Cunliffe WJ, Gowland G. Activation of complement-a mechanism for the inflammation in acne. Br J Dermatol. 1979;101:315–20.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Terui T, Rokugo M, Kato T, Tagami H. Analysis of the proinflammatory property of epidermal cyst contents: chemotactic C5a anaphylatoxin generation. Arch Dermatol Res. 1989;281:31–4.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Li ZJ, Choi DK, Sohn KC, Seo MS, Lee HE, Lee Y, et al. Propionibacterium acnes activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134:2747–56.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Puhvel SM, Reisner RM. The production of hyaluronidase (hyaluronate lyase) by Corynebacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol. 1972;58:66–70.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Hoeffler U. Enzymatic and hemolytic properties of Propionibacterium acnes and related bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 1977;6:555–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Ingham E, Holland KT, Gowland G, Cunliffe WJ. Purification and partial characterization of an acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) produced by Propionibacterium acnes. J Gen Microbiol. 1980;118:59–65.PubMed
44.
45.
Shu M, Wang Y, Yu J, Kuo S, Coda A, Jiang Y, et al. Fermentation of Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal bacterium in the human skin microbiome, as skin probiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One. 2013;8:e55380.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Wang Y, Dai A, Huang S, Kuo S, Shu M, Tapia CP, et al. Propionic acid and its esterified derivative suppress the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Benef Microbes. 2014;5:161–8.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Kasimatis G, Fitz-Gibbon S, Tomida S, Wong M, Li H. Analysis of complete genomes of Propionibacterium acnes reveals a novel plasmid and increased pseudogenes in an acne associated strain. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:918320.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Tomida S, Nguyen L, Chiu BH, Liu J, Sodergren E, Weinstock GM, et al. Pan-genome and comparative genome analyses of propionibacterium acnes reveal its genomic diversity in the healthy and diseased human skin microbiome. MBio. 2013;4:e00003–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
Johnson JL, Cummins CS. Cell wall composition and deoxyribonucleic acid similarities among the anaerobic coryneforms, classical propionibacteria, and strains of Arachnia propionica. J Bacteriol. 1972;109:1047–66.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
McDowell A, Perry AL, Lambert PA, Patrick S. A new phylogenetic group of Propionibacterium acnes. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:218–24.CrossRefPubMed
51.
McDowell A, Barnard E, Nagy I, Gao A, Tomida S, Li H, et al. An expanded multilocus sequence typing scheme for propionibacterium acnes: investigation of ‘pathogenic’, ‘commensal’ and antibiotic resistant strains. PLoS One. 2012;7:e41480.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Lomholt HB, Kilian M. Population genetic analysis of Propionibacterium acnes identifies a subpopulation and epidemic clones associated with acne. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12277.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
McDowell A, Nagy I, Magyari M, Barnard E, Patrick S. The opportunistic pathogen Propionibacterium acnes: insights into typing, human disease, clonal diversification and CAMP factor evolution. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70897.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Barnard E, Liu J, Yankova E, Cavalcanti SM, Magalhaes M, Li H, et al. Strains of the Propionibacterium acnes type III lineage are associated with the skin condition progressive macular hypomelanosis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:31968.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Petersen RL, Scholz CF, Jensen A, Bruggemann H, Lomholt HB. Propionibacterium acnes phylogenetic type III is associated with progressive macular hypomelanosis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2017;7:37–45.CrossRef
56.
Johnson T, Kang D, Barnard E, Li H. Strain-level differences in porphyrin production and regulation in Propionibacterium acnes elucidate disease associations. mSphere. 2016;1:e00015–23.
57.
Kang D, Shi B, Erfe MC, Craft N, Li H. Vitamin B12 modulates the transcriptome of the skin microbiota in acne pathogenesis. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:293ra103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Koreck A, Szell M, Urban E, Kemeny L. Distinct strains of Propionibacterium acnes induce selective human beta-defensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in human keratinocytes through toll-like receptors. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:931–8.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Kis K, Koreck A, Bodai L, McDowell A, et al. Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. Microbes Infect. 2006;8:2195–205.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Agak GW, Kao S, Ouyang K, Qin M, Moon D, Butt A, et al. Phenotype and antimicrobial activity of Th17 cells induced by Propionibacterium acnes strains associated with healthy and acne skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138:316–24.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Yu Y, Champer J, Agak GW, Kao S, Modlin RL, Kim J. Different Propionibacterium acnes phylotypes induce distinct immune responses and express unique surface and secreted proteomes. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:2221–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Kloos WE, Musselwhite MS. Distribution and persistence of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species and other aerobic bacteria on human skin. Appl Microbiol. 1975;30:381–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Wang Y, Kuo S, Shu M, Yu J, Huang S, Dai A, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human skin microbiome mediates fermentation to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes: implications of probiotics in acne vulgaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98:411–24.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Christensen GJ, Scholz CF, Enghild J, Rohde H, Kilian M, Thurmer A, et al. Antagonism between Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes and its genomic basis. BMC Genom. 2016;17:152.CrossRef
65.
Xia X, Li Z, Liu K, Wu Y, Jiang D, Lai Y. Staphylococcal LTA-induced miR-143 inhibits Propionibacterium acnes-mediated inflammatory response in skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:621–30.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Numata S, Yamada S, Yagami A, Nakata S, et al. Microorganisms inhabiting follicular contents of facial acne are not only Propionibacterium but also Malassezia spp. J Dermatol. 2016;43:906–11.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Hu G, Wei YP, Feng J. Malassezia infection: is there any chance or necessity in refractory acne? Chin Med J (Engl). 2010;123:628–32.PubMed
68.
Song YC, Hahn HJ, Kim JY, Ko JH, Lee YW, Choe YB, et al. Epidemiologic study of Malassezia yeasts in acne patients by analysis of 26S rDNA PCR-RFLP. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23:321–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
Numata S, Akamatsu H, Akaza N, Yagami A, Nakata S, Matsunaga K. Analysis of facial skin-resident microbiota in Japanese acne patients. Dermatology. 2014;228:86–92.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Takeoka S, Sasaki Y, Mizutani H, Nakata S, et al. Malassezia globosa tends to grow actively in summer conditions more than other cutaneous Malassezia species. J Dermatol. 2012;39:613–6.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Katsuta Y, Iida T, Inomata S, Denda M. Unsaturated fatty acids induce calcium influx into keratinocytes and cause abnormal differentiation of epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:1008–13.CrossRefPubMed
72.
73.
Kesavan S, Walters CE, Holland KT, Ingham E. The effects of Malassezia on pro-inflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Med Mycol. 1998;36:97–106.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Takeoka S, Mizutani H, Nakata S, Matsunaga K. Increased hydrophobicity in Malassezia species correlates with increased proinflammatory cytokine expression in human keratinocytes. Med Mycol. 2012;50:802–10.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Dreno B, Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. Antibiotic stewardship in dermatology: limiting antibiotic use in acne. Eur J Dermatol. 2014;24:330–4.PubMed
76.
Skidmore R, Kovach R, Walker C, Thomas J, Bradshaw M, Leyden J, et al. Effects of subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline in the treatment of moderate acne. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:459–64.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Eichenfield LF, Krakowski AC, Piggott C, Del Rosso J, Baldwin H, Friedlander SF, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acne. Pediatrics. 2013;131(Suppl 3):S163–86.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Goh CL, Abad-Casintahan F, Aw DC, Baba R, Chan LC, Hung NT, et al. South-East Asia study alliance guidelines on the management of acne vulgaris in South-East Asian patients. J Dermatol. 2015;42:945–53.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Gollnick HP, Bettoli V, Lambert J, Araviiskaia E, Binic I, Dessinioti C, et al. A consensus-based practical and daily guide for the treatment of acne patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:1480–90.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zaenglein AL, Pathy AL, Schlosser BJ, Alikhan A, Baldwin HE, Berson DS, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74:945–973.e33.
81.
Hayashi N, Akamatsu H, Iwatsuki K, Shimada-Omori R, Kaminaka C, Kurokawa I, et al. Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines: guidelines for the treatment of acne vulgaris 2017. J Dermatol. 2018;45:898–935.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Thiboutot DM, Dreno B, Abanmi A, Alexis AF, Araviiskaia E, Barona Cabal MI, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78:S1–S23.e21.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Walsh TR, Efthimiou J, Dreno B. Systematic review of antibiotic resistance in acne: an increasing topical and oral threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:e23–33.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:742–50.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Sardana K, Gupta T, Kumar B, Gautam HK, Garg VK. Cross-sectional pilot study of antibiotic resistance in Propionibacterium Acnes strains in Indian acne patients using 16S-RNA polymerase chain reaction: a comparison among treatment modalities including antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, and isotretinoin. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61:45–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Gonzalez R, Welsh O, Ocampo J, Hinojosa-Robles RM, Vera-Cabrera L, Delaney ML, et al. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients in northern Mexico. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:1003–7.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Kurokawa I, Nishijima S, Kawabata S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne vulgaris. Eur J Dermatol. 1999;9:25–8.PubMed
88.
Lomholt HB, Kilian M. Clonality and anatomic distribution on the skin of antibiotic resistant and sensitive Propionibacterium acnes. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94:534–8.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT, Bojar R, Levy SF. A randomized, double-blind comparison of a clindamycin phosphate/benzoyl peroxide gel formulation and a matching clindamycin gel with respect to microbiologic activity and clinical efficacy in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Clin Ther. 2002;24:1117–33.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Simonart T, Dramaix M. Treatment of acne with topical antibiotics: lessons from clinical studies. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:395–403.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Liu J, Cheng A, Bangayan NJ, Barnard E, Curd E, Craft N, et al. Draft genome sequences of Propionibacterium acnes type strain ATCC6919 and antibiotic-resistant strain HL411PA1. Genome Announc. 2014;2:e00740-14.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Giannopoulos L, Papaparaskevas J, Refene E, Daikos G, Stavrianeas N, Tsakris A. MLST typing of antimicrobial-resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolates from patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Anaerobe. 2015;31:50–4.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Ross JI, Snelling AM, Carnegie E, Coates P, Cunliffe WJ, Bettoli V, et al. Antibiotic-resistant acne: lessons from Europe. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:467–78.CrossRefPubMed
94.
El-Mahdy TS, Abdalla S, El-Domany R, Mohamed MS, Ross JI, Snelling AM. Detection of a new erm(X)-mediated antibiotic resistance in Egyptian cutaneous propionibacteria. Anaerobe. 2010;16:376–9.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Nakase K, Nakaminami H, Takenaka Y, Hayashi N, Kawashima M, Noguchi N. Relationship between the severity of acne vulgaris and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from acne lesions in a hospital in Japan. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63:721–8.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Ross JI, Snelling AM, Eady EA, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ, Leyden JJ, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients attending dermatology clinics in Europe, the U.S.A., Japan and Australia. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:339–46.CrossRefPubMed
97.
Grech I. Susceptibility profiles of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from patients with acne vulgaris. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2014;2:35–8.CrossRefPubMed
98.
Mendoza N, Hernandez PO, Tyring SK, Haitz KA, Motta A. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolates from acne patients in Colombia. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52:688–92.CrossRefPubMed
99.
Luk NM, Hui M, Lee HC, Fu LH, Liu ZH, Lam LY, et al. Antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes among acne patients in a regional skin centre in Hong Kong. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:31–6.CrossRefPubMed
100.
Schafer F, Fich F, Lam M, Garate C, Wozniak A, Garcia P. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from patients with acne. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52:418–25.CrossRefPubMed
101.
Jackson JM, Fu JJ, Almekinder JL. A randomized, investigator-blinded trial to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of a benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin phosphate 1% gel compared with a clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025% gel in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9:131–6.PubMed
102.
Dumont-Wallon G, Moyse D, Blouin E, Dreno B. Bacterial resistance in French acne patients. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:283–8.CrossRefPubMed
103.
Nakase K, Nakaminami H, Takenaka Y, Hayashi N, Kawashima M, Noguchi N. Propionibacterium acnes is developing gradual increase in resistance to oral tetracyclines. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66:8–12.CrossRefPubMed
104.
Nishijima S, Kurokawa I, Katoh N, Watanabe K. The bacteriology of acne vulgaris and antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from acne lesions. J Dermatol. 2000;27:318–23.CrossRefPubMed
105.
Harkaway KS, McGinley KJ, Foglia AN, Lee WL, Fried F, Shalita AR, et al. Antibiotic resistance patterns in coagulase-negative staphylococci after treatment with topical erythromycin, benzoyl peroxide, and combination therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:586–90.CrossRefPubMed
106.
Mills O Jr, Thornsberry C, Cardin CW, Smiles KA, Leyden JJ. Bacterial resistance and therapeutic outcome following three months of topical acne therapy with 2% erythromycin gel versus its vehicle. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002;82:260–5.CrossRefPubMed
107.
Toossi P, Farshchian M, Malekzad F, Mohtasham N, Kimyai-Asadi A. Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline in the treatment of moderate facial acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:1149–52.PubMed
108.
Kelhala HL, Aho VTE, Fyhrquist N, Pereira PAB, Kubin ME, Paulin L, et al. Isotretinoin and lymecycline treatments modify the skin microbiota in acne. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27:30–6.CrossRefPubMed
109.
Leyden JJ, Sniukiene V, Berk DR, Kaoukhov A. Efficacy and safety of sarecycline, a novel, once-daily, narrow spectrum antibiotic for the treatment of moderate to severe facial acne vulgaris: results of a phase 2, dose-ranging study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17:333–8.PubMed
110.
Adler BL, Kornmehl H, Armstrong AW. Antibiotic resistance in acne treatment. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153:810–1.CrossRefPubMed
111.
Nast A, Dreno B, Bettoli V, Bukvic Mokos Z, Degitz K, Dressler C, et al. European evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of acne+update 2016-short version. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:1261–8.CrossRefPubMed
112.
Sinnott SJ, Bhate K, Margolis DJ, Langan SM. Antibiotics and acne: an emerging iceberg of antibiotic resistance? Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:1127–8.CrossRefPubMed
113.
Bienenfeld A, Nagler AR, Orlow SJ. Oral antibacterial therapy for acne vulgaris: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18:469–90.CrossRefPubMed
114.
Lee YH, Liu G, Thiboutot DM, Leslie DL, Kirby JS. A retrospective analysis of the duration of oral antibiotic therapy for the treatment of acne among adolescents: investigating practice gaps and potential cost-savings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:70–6.CrossRefPubMed
115.
Straight CE, Lee YH, Liu G, Kirby JS. Duration of oral antibiotic therapy for the treatment of adult acne: a retrospective analysis investigating adherence to guideline recommendations and opportunities for cost-savings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:822–7.CrossRefPubMed
116.
Wang Y, Hata TR, Tong YL, Kao MS, Zouboulis CC, Gallo RL, et al. The anti-inflammatory activities of Propionibacterium acnes CAMP factor-targeted acne vaccines. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138:2355–64.CrossRefPubMed
117.
Linehan JL, Harrison OJ, Han SJ, Byrd AL, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Villarino AV, et al. Non-classical immunity controls microbiota impact on skin immunity and tissue repair. Cell. 2018;172(784–796):e718.
118.
Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Butcher AM, Trzoss LL, Nam SJ, Shirakawa KT, et al. A commensal strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis protects against skin neoplasia. Sci Adv. 2018;4:eaao4502.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
119.
Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Narala S, Chun KA, Two AM, Yun T, et al. Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaah4680.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Acne, the Skin Microbiome, and Antibiotic Treatment
Authors
Haoxiang Xu
Huiying Li
Publication date
01-06-2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology / Issue 3/2019
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-00417-3

Other articles of this Issue 3/2019

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 3/2019 Go to the issue

Leading Article

KIT as an Oncogenic Driver in Melanoma: An Update on Clinical Development

Original Research Article

Association Between Psoriasis and Dementia: A Population-Based Case–Control Study

Systematic Review

Probiotic Supplementation for Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Original Research Article

Infections in Dupilumab Clinical Trials in Atopic Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Pooled Analysis

Original Research Article

Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Depression Burden and Associated Factors

Review Article

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Beyond: An Overview of Immune-Based Therapies in Merkel Cell Carcinoma