Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Infection
Published in: Infection 3/2016

Open Access 01-06-2016 | Guideline

Strategies to enhance rational use of antibiotics in hospital: a guideline by the German Society for Infectious Diseases

Authors: K. de With, F. Allerberger, S. Amann, P. Apfalter, H.-R. Brodt, T. Eckmanns, M. Fellhauer, H. K. Geiss, O. Janata, R. Krause, S. Lemmen, E. Meyer, H. Mittermayer, U. Porsche, E. Presterl, S. Reuter, B. Sinha, R. Strauß, A. Wechsler-Fördös, C. Wenisch, W. V. Kern

Published in: Infection | Issue 3/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

In the time of increasing resistance and paucity of new drug development there is a growing need for strategies to enhance rational use of antibiotics in German and Austrian hospitals. An evidence-based guideline on recommendations for implementation of antibiotic stewardship (ABS) programmes was developed by the German Society for Infectious Diseases in association with the following societies, associations and institutions: German Society of Hospital Pharmacists, German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy, The Austrian Association of Hospital Pharmacists, Austrian Society for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Austrian Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Robert Koch Institute.

Materials and methods

A structured literature research was performed in the databases EMBASE, BIOSIS, MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library from January 2006 to November 2010 with an update to April 2012 (MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library). The grading of recommendations in relation to their evidence is according to the AWMF Guidance Manual and Rules for Guideline Development.

Conclusion

The guideline provides the grounds for rational use of antibiotics in hospital to counteract antimicrobial resistance and to improve the quality of care of patients with infections by maximising clinical outcomes while minimising toxicity. Requirements for a successful implementation of ABS programmes as well as core and supplemental ABS strategies are outlined. The German version of the guideline was published by the German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF) in December 2013.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
Davey P, Brown E, Fenelon L, et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;4:CD003543 (I).PubMed
3.
Paterson DL. The role of antimicrobial management programs in optimizing antibiotic prescribing within hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:S90–5 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
4.
5.
6.
Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE Jr, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:159–77 (I).PubMedCrossRef
7.
Owens RC, Jr. Antimicrobial stewardship: concepts and strategies in the 21st century. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;61:110–28 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
8.
Patel D, Lawson W, Guglielmo BJ. Antimicrobial stewardship programs: interventions and associated outcomes. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2008;6:209–22 (I).PubMedCrossRef
9.
Gould IM. Antibiotic policies to control hospital-acquired infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:763–5 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
10.
Lesprit P, Brun-Buisson C. Hospital antibiotic stewardship. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:344–9 (III).PubMedCrossRef
11.
Pagani L, Gyssens IC, Huttner B, Nathwani D, Harbarth S. Navigating the Web in search of resources on antimicrobial stewardship in health care institutions. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:626–32 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
12.
Drew RH. Antimicrobial stewardship programs: how to start and steer a successful program. J Manag Care Pharm. 2009;15:S18–23 (IV).PubMed
13.
Owens RC Jr. Antimicrobial stewardship: application in the intensive care unit. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009;23:683–702 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
14.
15.
Kaki R, Elligsen M, Walker S, Simor A, Palmay L, Daneman N. Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1223–30 (I).PubMedCrossRef
16.
Newland JG, Hersh AL. Purpose and design of antimicrobial stewardship programs in pediatrics. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:862–3 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
17.
Hersh AL, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM, Zaoutis TE, Newland JG. Antimicrobial stewardship programs in pediatrics. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:1211–7 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
18.
Patel SJ, Larson EL, Kubin CJ, Saiman L. A review of antimicrobial control strategies in hospitalized and ambulatory pediatric populations. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:531–7 (I).PubMedCrossRef
19.
Septimus EJ, Owens RC Jr. Need and potential of antimicrobial stewardship in community hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:S8–14 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
20.
Ohl CA, Dodds Ashley ES. Antimicrobial stewardship programs in community hospitals: the evidence base and case studies. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:S23–8 (IIa).PubMedCrossRef
21.
Pate PG, Storey DF, Baum DL. Implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program at a 60-bed long-term acute care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:405–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
22.
Davey P, Brown E, Charani E, et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD003543 (I).PubMed
23.
Standiford HC, Chan S, Tripoli M, Weekes E, Forrest GN. Antimicrobial stewardship at a large tertiary care academic medical center: cost analysis before, during, and after a 7-year program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:338–45 (II).PubMedCrossRef
24.
Goldman MP, Nair R. Antibacterial treatment strategies in hospitalized patients: what role for pharmacoeconomics? Cleve Clin J Med. 2007;74:S38–47 (I).PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
Knox K, Lawson W, Dean B, Holmes A. Multidisciplinary antimicrobial management and the role of the infectious diseases pharmacist—a UK perspective. J Hosp Infect. 2003;53:85–90 (I).PubMedCrossRef
27.
Gums JG, Yancey RW Jr, Hamilton CA, Kubilis PS. A randomized, prospective study measuring outcomes after antibiotic therapy intervention by a multidisciplinary consult team. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19:1369–77 (I).PubMedCrossRef
28.
Solomon DH, Van HL, Glynn RJ, et al. Academic detailing to improve use of broad-spectrum antibiotics at an academic medical center. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1897–902 (I).PubMedCrossRef
29.
Carling P, Fung T, Killion A, Terrin N, Barza M. Favorable impact of a multidisciplinary antibiotic management program conducted during 7 years. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:699–706 (II).PubMedCrossRef
30.
Bantar C, Franco D, Heft C, et al. Does a reduction in antibiotic consumption always represent a favorable outcome from an intervention program on prescribing practice? Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10:231–5 (II).PubMedCrossRef
31.
Bevilacqua S, Demore B, Erpelding ML, et al. Effects of an operational multidisciplinary team on hospital antibiotic use and cost in France: a cluster controlled trial. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:521–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
32.
Danaher PJ, Milazzo NA, Kerr KJ, Lagasse CA, Lane JW. The antibiotic support team—a successful educational approach to antibiotic stewardship. Mil Med. 2009;174:201–5 (II).PubMedCrossRef
33.
Diamantis S, Rioux C, Bonnal C, et al. Evaluation of initial antibiotic therapy for bacteremia and role of an antibiotic management team for antibiotic stewardship. Med Mal Infect. 2010;40:637–43 (II).PubMedCrossRef
34.
Gendrin V, Letranchant L, Henard S, et al. Impact of corrective measures on fluoroquinolones prescriptions for urinary tract infections during a 2-round relevance study. Presse Med. 2012;41:e10–4 (III).PubMedCrossRef
35.
Bauer S, Bouldouyre MA, Oufella A, et al. Impact of a multidisciplinary staff meeting on the quality of antibiotherapy prescription for bone and joint infections in orthopedic surgery. Med Mal Infect. 2012;42:603–7 (III).PubMedCrossRef
36.
Byl B, Clevenbergh P, Jacobs F, et al. Impact of infectious diseases specialists and microbiological data on the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy for bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:60–6 (I).PubMedCrossRef
37.
Dranitsaris G, Spizzirri D, Pitre M, McGeer A. A randomized trial to measure the optimal role of the pharmacist in promoting evidence-based antibiotic use in acute care hospitals. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2001;17:171–80 (I).PubMedCrossRef
38.
Bailey TC, Ritchie DJ, McMullin ST, et al. A randomized, prospective evaluation of an interventional program to discontinue intravenous antibiotics at two tertiary care teaching institutions. Pharmacotherapy. 1997;17:277–81 (I).PubMed
39.
Dunn K, O’Reilly A, Silke B, Rogers T, Bergin C. Implementing a pharmacist-led sequential antimicrobial therapy strategy: a controlled before-and-after study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:208–14 (II).PubMedCrossRef
40.
Walker SE. Physicians’ acceptance of a preformatted pharmacy intervention chart note in a community hospital antibiotic step-down program. J Pharm Technol. 1998;14:141–5 (I).
41.
Wazana A. Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: is a gift ever just a gift? JAMA. 2000;283:373–80 (I).PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zipkin DA, Steinman MA. Interactions between pharmaceutical representatives and doctors in training. A thematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:777–86 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Cruickshank M, Duguid M. Antimicrobial stewardship in Australian hospitals 2011. Sydney: Australian Commission on Safety & Quality in Health Care; 2011(IV).
44.
Petrak RM, Sexton DJ, Butera ML, et al. The value of an infectious diseases specialist. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1013–7 IV.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Fluckiger U, Zimmerli W, Sax H, Frei R, Widmer AF. Clinical impact of an infectious disease service on the management of bloodstream infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19:493–500 (II).PubMedCrossRef
46.
Kern WV. Management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis: progresses and challenges. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:346–58 (II).PubMedCrossRef
47.
Honda H, Krauss MJ, Jones JC, Olsen MA, Warren DK. The value of infectious diseases consultation in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Am J Med. 2010;123:631–7 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Gros H, Aslangul E, Lesprit P, Mainardi JL. Positive blood culture in hospital: notification methods and impact of recommendations by an infectious disease specialist. Med Mal Infect. 2012;42:76–9 (III).PubMedCrossRef
49.
Schmitt S, McQuillen DP, Nahass R, et al. Infectious diseases specialty intervention is associated with decreased mortality and lower healthcare costs. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:22–28 (III).
50.
Raineri E, Pan A, Mondello P, Acquarolo A, Candiani A, Crema L. Role of the infectious diseases specialist consultant on the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy prescription in an intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36:283–90 (II).PubMedCrossRef
51.
Borer A, Gilad J, Meydan N, Schlaeffer P, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. Impact of regular attendance by infectious disease specialists on the management of hospitalised adults with community-acquired febrile syndromes. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:911–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
52.
Della LP, Gherardi V, Pellegrino F, Cocchi I, Esposito R, Kiren V. Improving the appropriateness of antibiotic prescription in hospitals: a pilot study assessing the effectiveness of an infectious diseases specialist’s consultation programme. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;31:488–9 (II).CrossRef
53.
Camins BC, King MD, Wells JB, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial utilization program on antimicrobial use at a large teaching hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:931–8 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Kawanami GH, Fortaleza CM. Factors predictive of inappropriateness in requests for parenteral antimicrobials for therapeutic purposes: a study in a small teaching hospital in Brazil. Scand J Infect Dis. 2011;43:528–35 (III).PubMedCrossRef
55.
Pastel DA, Chang S, Nessim S, Shane R, Morgan MA. Department of pharmacy-initiated program for streamlining empirical antibiotic therapy. Hosp Pharm 1992;27:596–603, 614 (I).
56.
von Gunten V, Reymond JP, Beney J. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmaceutical services related to antibiotic use: a literature review. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29:146–63 (I).CrossRef
57.
Toth NR, Chambers RM, Davis SL. Implementation of a care bundle for antimicrobial stewardship. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67:746–9 (II).PubMedCrossRef
58.
De RT, Willems L, Simoens S. Economic effects of clinical pharmacy interventions: a literature review. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65:1161–72 (I).CrossRef
59.
Ng CK, Wu TC, Chan WM, et al. Clinical and economic impact of an antibiotics stewardship programme in a regional hospital in Hong Kong. Qual Saf Health Care. 2008;17:387–92 (II).PubMedCrossRef
60.
Tonna AP, Stewart D, West B, Gould I, McCaig D. Antimicrobial optimisation in secondary care: the pharmacist as part of a multidisciplinary antimicrobial programme—a literature review. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;31:511–7 (I).PubMedCrossRef
61.
McLaughlin CM, Bodasing N, Boyter AC, Fenelon C, Fox JG, Seaton RA. Pharmacy-implemented guidelines on switching from intravenous to oral antibiotics: an intervention study. QJM. 2005;98:745–52 (II).PubMedCrossRef
62.
Weber A, Schneider C, Grill E, Strobl R, Vetter-Kerkhoff C, Jauch KW. Interventions by clinical pharmacists on surgical wards—impact on antibiotic therapy. Zentralbl Chir. 2011;136:66–73 (II).PubMedCrossRef
63.
Grill E, Weber A, Lohmann S, Vetter-Kerkhoff C, Strobl R, Jauch KW. Effects of pharmaceutical counselling on antimicrobial use in surgical wards: intervention study with historical control group. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:739–46 III.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Yen YH, Chen HY, Wuan-Jin L, Lin YM, Shen WC, Cheng KJ. Clinical and economic impact of a pharmacist-managed i.v.-to-p.o. conversion service for levofloxacin in Taiwan. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;50:136–41 (III).PubMedCrossRef
65.
Van GE, Costers M, Peetermans WE, Struelens MJ. Nationwide implementation of antibiotic management teams in Belgian hospitals: a self-reporting survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:576–80 (IV).CrossRef
66.
O’Neill E, Humphreys H, Smyth E. Impact of recommendations by clinical microbiologists on antimicrobial treatment in the intensive care units of a Dublin teaching hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:636–7 (III).PubMedCrossRef
67.
Kothari A, Sagar V, Panigrahi B, Selot N. Controlling costs in the intensive-care unit: role of daily microbiologist rounds in an Indian hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14:1187–8 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
68.
Fraser GL, Stogsdill P, Dickens JD Jr, Wennberg DE, Smith RP Jr, Prato BS. Antibiotic optimization. An evaluation of patient safety and economic outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1689–94 (I).PubMedCrossRef
69.
Philmon C, Smith T, Williamson S, Goodman E. Controlling use of antimicrobials in a community teaching hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:239–44 (II).PubMedCrossRef
70.
Uckay I, Vernaz-Hegi N, Harbarth S, et al. Activity and impact on antibiotic use and costs of a dedicated infectious diseases consultant on a septic orthopaedic unit. J Infect. 2009;58:205–12 (III).PubMedCrossRef
71.
Beovic B, Kreft S, Seme K, Cizman M. The impact of total control of antibiotic prescribing by infectious disease specialist on antibiotic consumption and cost. J Chemother. 2009;21:46–51 (II).PubMedCrossRef
72.
Larosa LA, Fishman NO, Lautenbach E, Koppel RJ, Morales KH, Linkin DR. Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy orders circumventing an antimicrobial stewardship program: investigating the strategy of “stealth dosing”. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:551–6 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
Valiquette L, Cossette B, Garant MP, Diab H, Pepin J. Impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:S112–21 (II).PubMedCrossRef
74.
Allerberger F, Frank A, Gareis R. Antibiotic stewardship through the EU project “ABS International”. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2008;120:256–63 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
75.
Richards MJ, Robertson MB, Dartnell JG, et al. Impact of a web-based antimicrobial approval system on broad-spectrum cephalosporin use at a teaching hospital. Med J Aust. 2003;178:386–90 (II).PubMed
76.
Schwartzberg E, Rubinovich S, Hassin D, et al. Developing and implementing a model for changing physicians’ prescribing habits—the role of clinical pharmacy in leading the change. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2006;31:179–85 (II).PubMedCrossRef
77.
Wickens HJ, Jacklin A. Impact of the Hospital Pharmacy Initiative for promoting prudent use of antibiotics in hospitals in England. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:1230–7 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
78.
Biswal S, Mishra P, Malhotra S, Puri GD, Pandhi P. Drug utilization pattern in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46:945–51 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
79.
Burgmann H, Janata O, Allerberger F, Frank A. Hospital antibiotic management in Austria—results of the ABS maturity survey of the ABS International group. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2008;120:280–3 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
80.
Dumpis U, Gulbinovic J, Struwe J, Lagergren A, Griskevicius L, Bergman U. Differences in antibiotic prescribing in three university hospitals in the Baltic region revealed by a simple protocol for quality assessment of therapeutic indications. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;45:568–76 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
81.
McNeil V, Cruickshank M, Duguid M. Safer use of antimicrobials in hospitals: the value of antimicrobial usage data. Med J Aust. 2010;193:S114–7 (IV).PubMed
82.
Schweickert B, Kern WV, de WK, et al. Surveillance of antibiotic consumption: clarification of the “definition of data on the nature and extent of antibiotic consumption in hospitals according to section sign 23 paragraph 4 sentence 2 of the IfSG”. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2013;56:903–12 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
83.
de WK, Maier L, Steib-Bauert M, Kern P, Kern WV. Trends in antibiotic use at a university hospital: defined or prescribed daily doses? Patient days or admissions as denominator? Infection. 2006;34:91–4 (IV).CrossRef
84.
Cusini A, Rampini SK, Bansal V, et al. Different patterns of inappropriate antimicrobial use in surgical and medical units at a tertiary care hospital in Switzerland: a prevalence survey. PLoS One. 2010;5:e14011 (IV).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Zarb P, Goossens H. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): value of a point-prevalence survey of antimicrobial use across Europe. Drugs. 2011;71:745–55 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zarb P, Amadeo B, Muller A, et al. Identification of targets for quality improvement in antimicrobial prescribing: the web-based ESAC Point Prevalence Survey 2009. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:443–9 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
87.
Ansari F, Erntell M, Goossens H, Davey P. The European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC) point-prevalence survey of antibacterial use in 20 European hospitals in 2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1496–504 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
88.
Pulver LK, Tett SE, Coombes J. The Queensland experience of participation in a national drug use evaluation project, community-acquired pneumonia towards improving outcomes nationally (CAPTION). BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9:38 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Lomas J, Anderson GM, Domnick-Pierre K, Vayda E, Enkin MW, Hannah WJ. Do practice guidelines guide practice? The effect of a consensus statement on the practice of physicians. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1306–11 (II).PubMedCrossRef
90.
Martinez R, Reyes S, Lorenzo MJ, Menendez R. Impact of guidelines on outcome: the evidence. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;30:172–8 (I).PubMedCrossRef
91.
Bassi GL, Ferrer M, Saucedo LM, Torres A. Do guidelines change outcomes in ventilator-associated pneumonia? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:171–7 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
92.
Dempsey CL. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: outcomes from a clinical process improvement program. Pharmacotherapy. 1995;15:33S–8S (III).PubMed
93.
Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, Wong CJ, Vandervoort MK, Feagan BG, CAPITAL Study Investigators. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Community-acquired pneumonia intervention trial assessing levofloxacin. JAMA. 2000;283:749–55 (I).PubMedCrossRef
94.
Dean NC, Silver MP, Bateman KA, James B, Hadlock CJ, Hale D. Decreased mortality after implementation of a treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med. 2001;110:451–7 (II).PubMedCrossRef
95.
Dean NC, Bateman KA, Donnelly SM, Silver MP, Snow GL, Hale D. Improved clinical outcomes with utilization of a community-acquired pneumonia guideline. Chest. 2006;130:794–9 (II).PubMedCrossRef
96.
Price J, Ekleberry A, Grover A, et al. Evaluation of clinical practice guidelines on outcome of infection in patients in the surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:2118–24 (II).PubMedCrossRef
97.
Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1109–15 (II).PubMedCrossRef
98.
Barlow G, Nathwani D, Williams F, et al. Reducing door-to-antibiotic time in community-acquired pneumonia: controlled before-and-after evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis. Thorax. 2007;62:67–74 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999;115:462–74 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
100.
Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:621–30 (I).PubMedCrossRef
101.
Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2588–98 (I).PubMedCrossRef
102.
Singh N, Rogers P, Atwood CW, Wagener MM, Yu VL. Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:505–11 (I).PubMedCrossRef
103.
Soo Hoo GW, Wen YE, Nguyen TV, Goetz MB. Impact of clinical guidelines in the management of severe hospital-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2005;128:2778–87 (II).PubMedCrossRef
104.
Botelho-Nevers E, Thuny F, Casalta JP, et al. Dramatic reduction in infective endocarditis-related mortality with a management-based approach. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1290–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
105.
Schouten JA, Hulscher ME, Trap-Liefers J, et al. Tailored interventions to improve antibiotic use for lower respiratory tract infections in hospitals: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:931–41 (I).PubMedCrossRef
106.
Jenkins TC, Knepper BC, Sabel AL, et al. Decreased antibiotic utilization after implementation of a guideline for inpatient cellulitis and cutaneous abscess. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:1072–9 (III).PubMed
107.
Grenier C, Pepin J, Nault V, et al. Impact of guideline-consistent therapy on outcome of patients with healthcare-associated and community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1617–24 (III).PubMedCrossRef
108.
Thornhill MH, Dayer MJ, Forde JM, et al. Impact of the NICE guideline recommending cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of infective endocarditis: before and after study. BMJ. 2011;342:d2392 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
Westphal JF, Jehl F, Javelot H, Nonnenmacher C. Enhanced physician adherence to antibiotic use guidelines through increased availability of guidelines at the time of drug ordering in hospital setting. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:162–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
110.
Schnoor M, Meyer T, Suttorp N, Raspe H, Welte T, Schafer T. Development and evaluation of an implementation strategy for the German guideline on community-acquired pneumonia. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010;19:498–502 (II).PubMed
111.
Lancaster JW, Lawrence KR, Fong JJ, et al. Impact of an institution-specific hospital-acquired pneumonia protocol on the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and patient outcomes. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28:852–62 (II).PubMedCrossRef
112.
McIntosh KA, Maxwell DJ, Pulver LK, et al. A quality improvement initiative to improve adherence to national guidelines for empiric management of community-acquired pneumonia in emergency departments. Int J Qual Health Care. 2011;23:142–50 (III).PubMedCrossRef
113.
Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Akram AR, Choudhury G, Mandal P, Hill AT. Safety and efficacy of CURB65-guided antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:416–23 (II).PubMedCrossRef
114.
Mol PG, Wieringa JE, Nannanpanday PV, et al. Improving compliance with hospital antibiotic guidelines: a time-series intervention analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:550–7 (II).PubMedCrossRef
115.
Willemsen I, van den BR, Bijsterveldt T, et al. A standardized protocol for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with improvement of timing and reduction of costs. J Hosp Infect. 2007;67:156–60 (II).PubMedCrossRef
116.
Winters BD, Thiemann DR, Brotman DJ. Impact of a restrictive antimicrobial policy on the process and timing of antimicrobial administration. J Hosp Med. 2010;5:E41–5 (III).PubMedCrossRef
117.
Madaras-Kelly KJ, Remington RE, Lewis PG, Stevens DL. Evaluation of an intervention designed to decrease the rate of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by encouraging decreased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:155–69 (II).PubMedCrossRef
118.
Church EC, Mauldin PD, Bosso JA. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa related to quinolone formulary changes: an interrupted time series analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:400–2 (II).PubMedCrossRef
119.
Bassetti M, Righi E, Ansaldi F, et al. Impact of limited cephalosporin use on prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the intensive care unit. J Chemother. 2009;21:633–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
120.
Britton HL, Schwinghammer TL, Romano MJ. Cost containment through restriction of cephalosporins. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981;38:1897–900 (II).PubMed
121.
Hayman JN, Sbravati EC. Controlling cephalosporin and aminoglycoside costs through pharmacy and therapeutics committee restrictions. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1985;42:1343–7 (II).PubMed
122.
Woodward RS, Medoff G, Smith MD, Gray JL III. Antibiotic cost savings from formulary restrictions and physician monitoring in a medical-school-affiliated hospital. Am J Med. 1987;83:817–23 (III).PubMedCrossRef
123.
Maswoswe JJ, Okpara AU. Enforcing a policy for restricting antimicrobial drug use. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1995;52:1433–5 (III).PubMed
124.
White AC, Atmar RL, Wilson J, Cate TR, Stager CE, Greenberg SB. Effects of requiring prior authorization for selected antimicrobials: expenditures, susceptibilities, and clinical outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:230–9 (II).PubMedCrossRef
125.
Siddiqui S, Hussein K, Manasia R, et al. Impact of antibiotic restriction on broad spectrum antibiotic usage in the ICU of a developing country. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007;57:484–7 (III).PubMed
126.
Tunger O, Karakaya Y, Cetin CB, Dinc G, Borand H. Rational antibiotic use. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3:88–93 (III).PubMedCrossRef
127.
Altunsoy A, Aypak C, Azap A, Ergonul O, Balik I. The impact of a nationwide antibiotic restriction program on antibiotic usage and resistance against nosocomial pathogens in Turkey. Int J Med Sci. 2011;8:339–44 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
128.
Gomez MI, Acosta-Gnass SI, Mosqueda-Barboza L, Basualdo JA. Reduction in surgical antibiotic prophylaxis expenditure and the rate of surgical site infection by means of a protocol that controls the use of prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:1358–65 (II).PubMedCrossRef
129.
Hermsen ED, Smith SS, Puumala SE, Rupp ME. Improvement in prescribing habits and economic outcomes associated with the introduction of a standardized approach for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:457–61 (II).PubMedCrossRef
130.
Parker BM, Henderson JM, Vitagliano S, et al. Six sigma methodology can be used to improve adherence for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:140–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
131.
Perez A, Dennis RJ, Rodriguez B, et al. An interrupted time series analysis of parenteral antibiotic use in Colombia. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:1013–20 (II).PubMedCrossRef
132.
Salama S, Rotstein C, Mandell L. A multidisciplinary hospital-based antimicrobial use program: impact on hospital pharmacy expenditures and drug use. Can J Infect Dis. 1996;7:104–9 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
133.
Belliveau PP, Rothman AL, Maday CE. Limiting vancomycin use to combat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996;53:1570–5 (II).PubMed
134.
Marra AR, de Almeida SM, Correa L, et al. The effect of limiting antimicrobial therapy duration on antimicrobial resistance in the critical care setting. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37:204–9 (II).
135.
Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA, Michalopoulos A, et al. Effect of a policy for restriction of selected classes of antibiotics on antimicrobial drug cost and resistance. J Chemother. 2007;19:178–84 (II).PubMedCrossRef
136.
Lewis GJ, Fang X, Gooch M, Cook PP. Decreased resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with restriction of ciprofloxacin in a large teaching hospital’s intensive care and intermediate care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:368–73 (II).PubMedCrossRef
137.
Pepin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1254–60 (III).PubMedCrossRef
138.
LeBlanc L, Pepin J, Toulouse K, et al. Fluoroquinolones and risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1398–405 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
139.
Weber SG, Gold HS, Hooper DC, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Fluoroquinolones and the risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1415–22 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
140.
MacDougall C, Powell JP, Johnson CK, Edmond MB, Polk RE. Hospital and community fluoroquinolone use and resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in 17 US hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:435–40 (III).PubMedCrossRef
141.
Charbonneau P, Parienti JJ, Thibon P, et al. Fluoroquinolone use and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation rates in hospitalized patients: a quasi experimental study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:778–84 (II).PubMedCrossRef
142.
Parienti JJ, Cattoir V, Thibon P, et al. Hospital-wide modification of fluoroquinolone policy and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rates: a 10-year interrupted time-series analysis. J Hosp Infect. 2011;78:118–22 (II).PubMedCrossRef
143.
Lafaurie M, Porcher R, Donay JL, Touratier S, Molina JM. Reduction of fluoroquinolone use is associated with a decrease in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation rates: a 10 year study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:1010–5 (II).PubMedCrossRef
144.
Talpaert MJ, Gopal RG, Cooper BS, Wade P. Impact of guidelines and enhanced antibiotic stewardship on reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and its effect on incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:2168–74 (III).PubMedCrossRef
145.
Kallen AJ, Thompson A, Ristaino P, et al. Complete restriction of fluoroquinolone use to control an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection at a community hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:264–72 (III).PubMedCrossRef
146.
Price J, Cheek E, Lippett S, et al. Impact of an intervention to control Clostridium difficile infection on hospital- and community-onset disease; an interrupted time series analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:1297–302 (III).PubMedCrossRef
147.
Willemsen I, Cooper B, van BC, Winters M, Andriesse G, Kluytmans J. Improving quinolone use in hospitals by using a bundle of interventions in an interrupted time series analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3763–9 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
148.
Aldeyab MA, Devine MJ, Flanagan P, et al. Multihospital outbreak of Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infection: epidemiology and analysis of control measures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:210–9 (III).PubMedCrossRef
149.
Ranji SR, Steinman MA, Shojania KG, Gonzales R. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Med Care. 2008;46:847–62 (I).PubMedCrossRef
150.
Serisier DJ, Bowler SD. Effect of a simple educational intervention on the hospital management of community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology. 2007;12:389–93 (III).PubMedCrossRef
151.
Akter SF, Heller RD, Smith AJ, Milly AF. Impact of a training intervention on use of antimicrobials in teaching hospitals. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3:447–51 (II).PubMedCrossRef
152.
Kao LS, Lew DF, Doyle PD, et al. A tale of 2 hospitals: a staggered cohort study of targeted interventions to improve compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines. Surgery. 2010;148:255–62 (II).PubMedCrossRef
153.
Zabarsky TF, Sethi AK, Donskey CJ. Sustained reduction in inappropriate treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in a long-term care facility through an educational intervention. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36:476–80 (III).PubMedCrossRef
154.
Pavese P, Saurel N, Labarere J, et al. Does an educational session with an infectious diseases physician reduce the use of inappropriate antibiotic therapy for inpatients with positive urine culture results? A controlled before-and-after study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:596–9 (II).PubMedCrossRef
155.
Monette J, Miller MA, Monette M, et al. Effect of an educational intervention on optimizing antibiotic prescribing in long-term care facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1231–5 (I).PubMedCrossRef
156.
Metlay JP, Camargo CA Jr, MacKenzie T, et al. Cluster-randomized trial to improve antibiotic use for adults with acute respiratory infections treated in emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:221–30 (I).PubMedCrossRef
157.
Landgren FT, Harvey KJ, Mashford ML, Moulds RF, Guthrie B, Hemming M. Changing antibiotic prescribing by educational marketing. Med J Aust. 1988;149:595–9 (II).PubMed
158.
Ozgun H, Ertugrul BM, Soyder A, Ozturk B, Aydemir M. Peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis: adherence to guidelines and effects of educational intervention. Int J Surg. 2010;8:159–63 (II).PubMedCrossRef
159.
Kanter G, Connelly NR, Fitzgerald J. A system and process redesign to improve perioperative antibiotic administration. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1517–21 (II).PubMedCrossRef
160.
Pettersson E, Vernby A, Molstad S, Lundborg CS. Can a multifaceted educational intervention targeting both nurses and physicians change the prescribing of antibiotics to nursing home residents? A cluster randomized controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:2659–66 (I).PubMedCrossRef
161.
Zahar JR, Rioux C, Girou E, et al. Inappropriate prescribing of aminoglycosides: risk factors and impact of an antibiotic control team. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:651–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
162.
Kisuule F, Wright S, Barreto J, Zenilman J. Improving antibiotic utilization among hospitalists: a pilot academic detailing project with a public health approach. J Hosp Med. 2008;3:64–70 (II).PubMedCrossRef
163.
Kiyatkin DE, Wright S, Zenilman J, Kisuule F. Improving utilization of antimicrobial drugs among physician assistants in the ED. JAAPA 2011;24:44, 47-1 (II).
164.
Linnebur SA, Fish DN, Ruscin JM, et al. Impact of a multidisciplinary intervention on antibiotic use for nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011;9:442–50 (II).PubMedCrossRef
165.
Cosgrove SE, Patel A, Song X, et al. Impact of different methods of feedback to clinicians after postprescription antimicrobial review based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 12 steps to prevent antimicrobial resistance among hospitalized adults. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:641–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
166.
Ivers N, Jamtvedt G, Flottorp S, et al. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6:CD000259 (I).PubMed
167.
LaRocco A Jr. Concurrent antibiotic review programs—a role for infectious diseases specialists at small community hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:742–3 (II).PubMedCrossRef
168.
Masia M, Matoses C, Padilla S, et al. Limited efficacy of a nonrestricted intervention on antimicrobial prescription of commonly used antibiotics in the hospital setting: results of a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27:597–605 (I).PubMedCrossRef
169.
Rattanaumpawan P, Sutha P, Thamlikitkul V. Effectiveness of drug use evaluation and antibiotic authorization on patients’ clinical outcomes, antibiotic consumption, and antibiotic expenditures. Am J Infect Control. 2010;38:38–43 (II).PubMedCrossRef
170.
Elligsen M, Walker SA, Pinto R, et al. Audit and feedback to reduce broad-spectrum antibiotic use among intensive care unit patients: a controlled interrupted time series analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:354–61 (II).PubMedCrossRef
171.
Zvonar RK, Bush P, Roth V. Practice changes to improve delivery of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Healthc Q. 2008;11:141–4 (II).PubMedCrossRef
172.
Chu LA, Bratzler DW, Lewis RJ, et al. Improving the quality of care for patients with pneumonia in very small hospitals. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:326–32 (II).PubMedCrossRef
173.
Cooke J, Alexander K, Charani E, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship: an evidence-based, antimicrobial self-assessment toolkit (ASAT) for acute hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:2669–73 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
174.
Amadeo B, Dumartin C, Parneix P, Fourrier-Reglat A, Rogues AM. Relationship between antibiotic consumption and antibiotic policy: an adjusted analysis in the French healthcare system. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:434–42 (III).PubMedCrossRef
175.
Nothacker M, Reiter A. Qualitätsindikatoren für Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinien. In: ÄZQ (Hrsg.) Programm für Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinien von BÄK, KBV und AWMF—Qualitätsindikatoren, Manual für Autoren. 18–31. 2009.
176.
Afshar N, Tabas J, Afshar K, Silbergleit R. Blood cultures for community-acquired pneumonia: are they worthy of two quality measures? A systematic review. J Hosp Med. 2009;4:112–23.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Dumartin C, Rogues AM, Amadeo B, et al. Antibiotic stewardship programmes: legal framework and structure and process indicator in Southwestern French hospitals, 2005–2008. J Hosp Infect. 2011;77:123–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
178.
Hermanides HS, Hulscher ME, Schouten JA, Prins JM, Geerlings SE. Development of quality indicators for the antibiotic treatment of complicated urinary tract infections: a first step to measure and improve care. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:703–11 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
179.
Kanwar M, Brar N, Khatib R, Fakih MG. Misdiagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia and inappropriate utilization of antibiotics: side effects of the 4-h antibiotic administration rule. Chest. 2007;131:1865–9 (III).PubMedCrossRef
180.
Morris AM, Brener S, Dresser L, et al. Use of a structured panel process to define quality metrics for antimicrobial stewardship programs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:500–6 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
181.
Nathwani D, Sneddon J, Patton A, Malcolm W. Antimicrobial stewardship in Scotland: impact of a national programme. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1:7 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
182.
Nguyen HB, Corbett SW, Steele R, et al. Implementation of a bundle of quality indicators for the early management of severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with decreased mortality. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1105–12 (II).PubMedCrossRef
183.
Pines JM, Isserman JA, Hinfey PB. The measurement of time to first antibiotic dose for pneumonia in the emergency department: a white paper and position statement prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine. J Emerg Med. 2009;37:335–40 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
184.
Pulcini C, Defres S, Aggarwal I, Nathwani D, Davey P. Design of a ‘day 3 bundle’ to improve the reassessment of inpatient empirical antibiotic prescriptions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:1384–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
185.
Quattromani E, Powell ES, Khare RK, et al. Hospital-reported data on the pneumonia quality measure “Time to First Antibiotic Dose” are not associated with inpatient mortality: results of a nationwide cross-sectional analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:496–503 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
186.
Saizy-Callaert S, Causse R, Furhman C, Le Paih MF, Thebault A, Chouaid C. Impact of a multidisciplinary approach to the control of antibiotic prescription in a general hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2003;53:177–82 (III).PubMedCrossRef
187.
Shorr AF, Owens RC Jr. Guidelines and quality for community-acquired pneumonia: measures from the Joint Commission and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66:S2–7 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
188.
Van Kasteren ME, Mannien J, Kullberg BJ, et al. Quality improvement of surgical prophylaxis in Dutch hospitals: evaluation of a multi-site intervention by time series analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:1094–102 (II).PubMedCrossRef
189.
von Gunten V, Troillet N, Beney J, et al. Impact of an interdisciplinary strategy on antibiotic use: a prospective controlled study in three hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:362–6 (II).CrossRef
190.
Buyle FM, Metz-Gercek S, Mechtler R, et al. Prospective multicentre feasibility study of a quality of care indicator for intravenous to oral switch therapy with highly bioavailable antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2043–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
191.
Kern WV, Metz-Gercek S, Mechtler R, et al. Staphylococcus aureus blood-stream infection management indicators as quality indicators for hospital antibiotic stewardship: feasibility study by the ABS International Quality Indicators (ABS QI) team. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15 Suppl 4:S188 (IV).
192.
Drew RH, White R, MacDougall C, Hermsen ED, Owens RC Jr. Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists on antimicrobial stewardship guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:593–607 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
193.
Huttner B, Jones M, Rubin MA, et al. Double trouble: how big a problem is redundant anaerobic antibiotic coverage in Veterans Affairs medical centres? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:1537–9 (III).PubMedCrossRef
194.
Aarts MA, Hancock JN, Heyland D, McLeod RS, Marshall JC. Empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:108–17 (I).PubMedCrossRef
195.
De Waele JJ, Ravyts M, Depuydt P, Blot SI, Decruyenaere J, Vogelaers D. De-escalation after empirical meropenem treatment in the intensive care unit: fiction or reality? J Crit Care. 2010;25:641–6.PubMedCrossRef
196.
Johnson SJ, Ernst EJ, Moores KG. Is double coverage of gram-negative organisms necessary? Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:119–24 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
197.
Niederman MS, Soulountsi V. De-escalation therapy: is it valuable for the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia? Clin Chest Med. 2011;32:517–34 (I).PubMedCrossRef
198.
Bliziotis IA, Samonis G, Vardakas KZ, Chrysanthopoulou S, Falagas ME. Effect of aminoglycoside and beta-lactam combination therapy versus beta-lactam monotherapy on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:149–58 (I).PubMedCrossRef
199.
Paul M, Benuri-Silbiger I, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L. Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004;328:668 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
200.
Marcus R, Paul M, Elphick H, Leibovici L. Clinical implications of beta-lactam-aminoglycoside synergism: systematic review of randomised trials. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:491–503 (I).PubMedCrossRef
201.
Abad CL, Kumar A, Safdar N. Antimicrobial therapy of sepsis and septic shock—when are two drugs better than one? Crit Care Clin. 2011;27:e1–27 (I).PubMedCrossRef
202.
Boyd N, Nailor MD. Combination antibiotic therapy for empiric and definitive treatment of gram-negative infections: insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31:1073–84 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
203.
Alvarez-Lerma F, Alvarez B, Luque P, et al. Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2006;10:R78 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
204.
Mettler J, Simcock M, Sendi P, et al. Empirical use of antibiotics and adjustment of empirical antibiotic therapies in a university hospital: a prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:21 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
205.
Montravers P, Dupont H, Gauzit R, Veber B, Bedos JP, Lepape A. Strategies of initiation and streamlining of antibiotic therapy in 41 French intensive care units. Crit Care. 2011;15:R17 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
206.
Briceland LL, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R, Cooper BW, Smith KS. Antibiotic streamlining from combination therapy to monotherapy utilizing an interdisciplinary approach. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:2019–22 (III).PubMedCrossRef
207.
Schlueter M, James C, Dominguez A, Tsu L, Seymann G. Practice patterns for antibiotic de-escalation in culture-negative healthcare-associated pneumonia. Infection. 2010;38:357–62 (IV).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
208.
Shime N, Satake S, Fujita N. De-escalation of antimicrobials in the treatment of bacteraemia due to antibiotic-sensitive pathogens in immunocompetent patients. Infection. 2011;39:319–25 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
209.
Glowacki RC, Schwartz DN, Itokazu GS, Wisniewski MF, Kieszkowski P, Weinstein RA. Antibiotic combinations with redundant antimicrobial spectra: clinical epidemiology and pilot intervention of computer-assisted surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:59–64 (II).PubMedCrossRef
210.
Micek ST, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. A randomized controlled trial of an antibiotic discontinuation policy for clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2004;125:1791–9 (I).PubMedCrossRef
211.
Kollef MH, Kollef KE. Antibiotic utilization and outcomes for patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and negative quantitative BAL culture results. Chest. 2005;128:2706–13 (II).PubMedCrossRef
212.
Giantsou E, Liratzopoulos N, Efraimidou E, et al. De-escalation therapy rates are significantly higher by bronchoalveolar lavage than by tracheal aspirate. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1533–40 (II).PubMedCrossRef
213.
Heyland DK, Dodek P, Muscedere J, Day A, Cook D. Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:737–44 (II).PubMedCrossRef
214.
Eachempati SR, Hydo LJ, Shou J, Barie PS. Does de-escalation of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia affect the likelihood of recurrent pneumonia or mortality in critically ill surgical patients? J Trauma. 2009;66:1343–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
215.
Amadeo B, Zarb P, Muller A, et al. European surveillance of antibiotic consumption (ESAC) point prevalence survey 2008: paediatric antimicrobial prescribing in 32 hospitals of 21 European countries. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:2247–52 (III).PubMedCrossRef
216.
Guillemot D, Carbon C, Balkau B, et al. Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. JAMA. 1998;279:365–70 (II).PubMedCrossRef
217.
Harbarth S, Harris AD, Carmeli Y, Samore MH. Parallel analysis of individual and aggregated data on antibiotic exposure and resistance in gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1462–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
218.
Albrich WC, Monnet DL, Harbarth S. Antibiotic selection pressure and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:514–7 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
219.
Zillich AJ, Sutherland JM, Wilson SJ, et al. Antimicrobial use control measures to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance in US hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:1088–95 (III).PubMedCrossRef
220.
Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP, et al. High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treatment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:752–60 (I).PubMedCrossRef
221.
van NC, van’t Wout JW, Assendelft WJ, et al. Treatment duration of febrile urinary tract infection (FUTIRST trial): a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing short (7 days) antibiotic treatment with conventional treatment (14 days). BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:131 (I).CrossRef
222.
Pugh R, Grant C, Cooke RP, Dempsey G. Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;10:CD007577 (I).PubMed
223.
224.
Eliakim-Raz N, Yahav D, Paul M, Leibovici L. Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection—7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:2183–91 (I).
225.
Hayashi Y, Paterson DL. Strategies for reduction in duration of antibiotic use in hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:1232–40 (III).PubMedCrossRef
226.
Liew YX, Chlebicki MP, Lee W, Hsu LY, Kwa AL. Use of procalcitonin (PCT) to guide discontinuation of antibiotic use in an unspecified sepsis is an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:853–5 (III).PubMedCrossRef
227.
Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD007498 (I).PubMed
228.
Agarwal R, Schwartz DN. Procalcitonin to guide duration of antimicrobial therapy in intensive care units: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:379–87 (I).PubMedCrossRef
229.
Bouadma L, Luyt CE, Tubach F, et al. Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients’ exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:463–74 (I).PubMedCrossRef
230.
Schroeder S, Hochreiter M, Koehler T, et al. Procalcitonin (PCT)-guided algorithm reduces length of antibiotic treatment in surgical intensive care patients with severe sepsis: results of a prospective randomized study. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394:221–6 (I).PubMedCrossRef
231.
Kopterides P, Siempos II, Tsangaris I, Tsantes A, Armaganidis A. Procalcitonin-guided algorithms of antibiotic therapy in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:2229–41 (I).PubMedCrossRef
232.
Heyland DK, Johnson AP, Reynolds SC, Muscedere J. Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in the critical care setting: a systematic review and an economic evaluation. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:1792–9 (I).PubMedCrossRef
233.
Nobre V, Harbarth S, Graf JD, Rohner P, Pugin J. Use of procalcitonin to shorten antibiotic treatment duration in septic patients: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:498–505 (I).PubMedCrossRef
234.
Tang H, Huang T, Jing J, Shen H, Cui W. Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment in patients with infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection. 2009;37:497–507 (I).PubMedCrossRef
235.
Hohn A, Schroeder S, Gehrt A, et al. Procalcitonin-guided algorithm to reduce length of antibiotic therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:158 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
236.
Gyssens IC, Geerligs IE, Dony JM, et al. Optimising antimicrobial drug use in surgery: an intervention study in a Dutch university hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;38:1001–12 (II).PubMedCrossRef
237.
Burke JP. Maximizing appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical patients: an update from LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:S78–83 (II).PubMedCrossRef
238.
Hosoglu S, Aslan S, Akalin S, Bosnak V. Audit of quality of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis. Pharm World Sci. 2009;31:14–7 (II).PubMedCrossRef
239.
Burkitt KH, Mor MK, Jain R, et al. Toyota production system quality improvement initiative improves perioperative antibiotic therapy. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15:633–42 (III).PubMed
240.
Takahashi Y, Takesue Y, Nakajima K, et al. Implementation of a hospital-wide project for appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis. J Infect Chemother. 2010;16:418–23 (II).PubMedCrossRef
241.
Meyer E, Schwab F, Pollitt A, Bettolo W, Schroeren-Boersch B, Trautmann M. Impact of a change in antibiotic prophylaxis on total antibiotic use in a surgical intensive care unit. Infection. 2010;38:19–24 (III).PubMedCrossRef
242.
Sun TB, Chao SF, Chang BS, Chen TY, Gao PY, Shyr MH. Quality improvements of antimicrobial prophylaxis in coronary artery bypass grafting. J Surg Res. 2011;167:329–35 (III).PubMedCrossRef
243.
Haynes K, Linkin DR, Fishman NO, et al. Effectiveness of an information technology intervention to improve prophylactic antibacterial use in the postoperative period. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011;18:164–8 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
244.
Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64:iii1–55 (I).PubMedCrossRef
245.
Wiersinga WJ, Bonten MJ, Boersma WG, et al. SWAB/NVALT (Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy and Dutch Association of Chest Physicians) guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Neth J Med. 2012;70:90–101 (I).PubMed
246.
Hoffken G, Lorenz J, Kern W, et al. S3-guideline on ambulant acquired pneumonia and deep airway infections. Pneumologie. 2005;59:612–64 (I).PubMedCrossRef
247.
Siegel RE, Halpern NA, Almenoff PL, Lee A, Cashin R, Greene JG. A prospective randomized study of inpatient IV antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia—the optimal duration of therapy. Chest. 1996;110:965–71 (I).PubMedCrossRef
248.
Athanassa Z, Makris G, Dimopoulos G, Falagas ME. Early switch to oral treatment in patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Drugs. 2008;68:2469–81 (I).PubMedCrossRef
249.
Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ, Schneider MM, et al. Effectiveness of early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics in severe community acquired pneumonia: multicentre randomised trial. BMJ. 2006;333:1193 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
250.
Rhew DC, Tu GS, Ofman J, Henning JM, Richards MS, Weingarten SR. Early switch and early discharge strategies in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:722–7 (I).PubMedCrossRef
251.
Castro-Guardiola A, Viejo-Rodriguez AL, Soler-Simon S, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral and early-switch therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2001;111:367–74 (I).PubMedCrossRef
252.
Li JZ, Willke RJ, Rittenhouse BE, Rybak MJ. Effect of linezolid versus vancomycin on length of hospital stay in patients with complicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by known or suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococci: results from a randomized clinical trial. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2003;4:57–70 (I).CrossRef
253.
Chan R, Hemeryck L, O’Regan M, Clancy L, Feely J. Oral versus intravenous antibiotics for community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in a general hospital: open, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1995;310:1360–2 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
254.
Omidvari K, de Boisblanc BP, Karam G, Nelson S, Haponik E, Summer W. Early transition to oral antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: duration of therapy, clinical outcomes, and cost analysis. Respir Med. 1998;92:1032–9 (I).PubMedCrossRef
255.
Manuel O, Burnand B, Bady P, et al. Impact of standardised review of intravenous antibiotic therapy 72 hours after prescription in two internal medicine wards. J Hosp Infect. 2010;74:326–31 (II).PubMedCrossRef
256.
Ramirez JA, Vargas S, Ritter GW, et al. Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics and early hospital discharge: a prospective observational study of 200 consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2449–54 (II).PubMedCrossRef
257.
Lee RW, Lindstrom ST. Early switch to oral antibiotics and early discharge guidelines in the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology. 2007;12:111–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
258.
Mertz D, Koller M, Haller P, et al. Outcomes of early switching from intravenous to oral antibiotics on medical wards. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:188–99 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
259.
Nathan RV, Rhew DC, Murray C, Bratzler DW, Houck PM, Weingarten SR. In-hospital observation after antibiotic switch in pneumonia: a national evaluation. Am J Med. 2006;119:512–7 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
260.
Bocquet N, Sergent AA, Jais JP, et al. Randomized trial of oral versus sequential IV/oral antibiotic for acute pyelonephritis in children. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e269–75 (I).PubMedCrossRef
261.
Klastersky J, Paesmans M. Risk-adapted strategy for the management of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2007;15:477–82 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
262.
Bachur R, Pagon Z. Success of short-course parenteral antibiotic therapy for acute osteomyelitis of childhood. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007;46:30–5 (II).CrossRef
263.
Kern WV. Risk assessment and treatment of low-risk patients with febrile neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:533–40 (I).PubMedCrossRef
264.
van NC, van’t Wout JW, Spelt IC, et al. Prospective cohort study of acute pyelonephritis in adults: safety of triage towards home based oral antimicrobial treatment. J Infect. 2010;60:114–21 (II).CrossRef
265.
Jagodzinski NA, Kanwar R, Graham K, Bache CE. Prospective evaluation of a shortened regimen of treatment for acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29:518–25 (III).PubMedCrossRef
266.
Stengel D, Bauwens K, Sehouli J, Ekkernkamp A, Porzsolt F. Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic therapy for bone and joint infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:175–88 (I).PubMedCrossRef
267.
Cenizal MJ, Skiest D, Luber S, et al. Prospective randomized trial of empiric therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or doxycycline for outpatient skin and soft tissue infections in an area of high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:2628–30 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
268.
Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD003772 (I).PubMed
269.
Neuhaus TJ, Berger C, Buechner K, et al. Randomised trial of oral versus sequential intravenous/oral cephalosporins in children with pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:1037–47 (I).PubMedCrossRef
270.
Vouloumanou EK, Rafailidis PI, Kazantzi MS, Athanasiou S, Falagas ME. Early switch to oral versus intravenous antimicrobial treatment for hospitalized patients with acute pyelonephritis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:3423–34 (I).PubMedCrossRef
271.
Hom J. Are oral antibiotics equivalent to intravenous antibiotics for the initial management of pyelonephritis in children? Paediatr Child Health. 2010;15:150–2 (I).PubMedPubMedCentral
272.
Kuti JL, Le TN, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R. Pharmacoeconomics of a pharmacist-managed program for automatically converting levofloxacin route from i.v. to oral. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002;59:2209–15 (II).PubMed
273.
Rigaud B, Malbranche C, Pioud V, et al. Good clinical practices and inpatient antibiotics: optimization of fluoroquinolone switch therapy. Presse Med. 2007;36:1159–66 (II).PubMedCrossRef
274.
Lorgelly PK, Atkinson M, Lakhanpaul M, et al. Oral versus i.v. antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children: a cost-minimisation analysis. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:858–64 (I).PubMedCrossRef
275.
Przybylski KG, Rybak MJ, Martin PR, et al. A pharmacist-initiated program of intravenous to oral antibiotic conversion. Pharmacotherapy. 1997;17:271–6 (II).PubMed
276.
Vogtlander NP, Van Kasteren ME, Natsch S, Kullberg BJ, Hekster YA, Van Der Meer JW. Improving the process of antibiotic therapy in daily practice: interventions to optimize timing, dosage adjustment to renal function, and switch therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1206–12 (II).PubMedCrossRef
277.
Waagsbo B, Sundoy A, Paulsen EQ. Reduction of unnecessary i.v. antibiotic days using general criteria for antibiotic switch. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40:468–73 (II).PubMedCrossRef
278.
Shindo Y, Sato S, Maruyama E, et al. Implication of clinical pathway care for community-acquired pneumonia in a community hospital: early switch from an intravenous beta-lactam plus a macrolide to an oral respiratory fluoroquinolone. Intern Med. 2008;47:1865–74 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
279.
Buyle F, Vogelaers D, Peleman R, Van MG, Robays H. Implementation of guidelines for sequential therapy with fluoroquinolones in a Belgian hospital. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32:404–10 (II).PubMedCrossRef
280.
Dryden M, Saeed K, Townsend R, et al. Antibiotic stewardship and early discharge from hospital: impact of a structured approach to antimicrobial management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2289–96 (II).PubMedCrossRef
281.
Metjian TA, Prasad PA, Kogon A, Coffin SE, Zaoutis TE. Evaluation of an antimicrobial stewardship program at a pediatric teaching hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:106–11 (II).PubMed
282.
Hoefel HH, Lautert L, Schmitt C, Soares T, Jordan S. Vancomycin administration: mistakes made by nursing staff. Nurs Stand. 2008;22:35–42 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
283.
Magnotti LJ, Schroeppel TJ, Fabian TC, et al. Reduction in inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: impact of a unit-specific treatment pathway. Am Surg. 2008;74:516–22 (III).PubMed
284.
Dalley AJ, Lipman J, Venkatesh B, Rudd M, Roberts MS, Cross SE. Inadequate antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgery: a study of beta-lactam levels during burn debridement. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:166–9 (III).PubMedCrossRef
285.
Luna CM, Aruj P, Niederman MS, et al. Appropriateness and delay to initiate therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:158–64 (III).PubMedCrossRef
286.
Ramsay C, Brown E, Hartman G, Davey P. Room for improvement: a systematic review of the quality of evaluations of interventions to improve hospital antibiotic prescribing. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;52:764–71 (I).PubMedCrossRef
287.
Zaragoza R, Artero A, Camarena JJ, Sancho S, Gonzalez R, Nogueira JM. The influence of inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment on patients with bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9:412–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
288.
289.
Cordova MA, Generali JA, White SJ, Godwin HN. The effects of two pharmacy intervention methods on cefazolin dosing intervel for surgical prophylaxis. Hospital pharmacy. 1986;21:405–14 (II).
290.
Avorn J, Soumerai SB, Taylor W, Wessels MR, Janousek J, Weiner M. Reduction of incorrect antibiotic dosing through a structured educational order form. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:1720–4 (II).PubMedCrossRef
291.
Burton ME, Ash CL, Hill DP Jr, Handy T, Shepherd MD, Vasko MR. A controlled trial of the cost benefit of computerized bayesian aminoglycoside administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1991;49:685–94 (I).PubMedCrossRef
292.
Destache CJ, Meyer SK, Bittner MJ, Hermann KG. Impact of a clinical pharmacokinetic service on patients treated with aminoglycosides: a cost-benefit analysis. Ther Drug Monit. 1990;12:419–26 (I).PubMedCrossRef
293.
McNabb JJ, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R, Nicolau DP. Cost-effectiveness of ceftazidime by continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion for nosocomial pneumonia. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:549–55 (II).PubMedCrossRef
294.
Grant EM, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP, Nightingale C, Quintiliani R. Clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomics of a continuous-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam program in a large community teaching hospital. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22:471–83 (II).PubMedCrossRef
295.
Scaglione F. Can PK/PD be used in everyday clinical practice. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19:349–53 (III).PubMedCrossRef
296.
Kaufman SE, Donnell RW, Hickey WS. Rationale and evidence for extended infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1521–6 (I).PubMedCrossRef
297.
Duszynska W, Taccone FS, Switala M, Hurkacz M, Kowalska-Krochmal B, Kubler A. Continuous infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study on efficacy and costs. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;39:153–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
298.
DeRyke CA, Lee SY, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Optimising dosing strategies of antibacterials utilising pharmacodynamic principles: impact on the development of resistance. Drugs. 2006;66:1–14 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
299.
Owens RC Jr, Shorr AF. Rational dosing of antimicrobial agents: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic strategies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66:S23–30 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
300.
Markou N, Markantonis SL, Dimitrakis E, et al. Colistin serum concentrations after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with serious multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacilli infections: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study. Clin Ther. 2008;30:143–51 (II).PubMedCrossRef
301.
Daikos GL, Lolans VT, Jackson GG. First-exposure adaptive resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in vivo with meaning for optimal clinical use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:117–23 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
302.
Gumbo T, Louie A, Deziel MR, Parsons LM, Salfinger M, Drusano GL. Selection of a moxifloxacin dose that suppresses drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by use of an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model and mathematical modeling. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1642–51 (III).PubMedCrossRef
303.
Henderson-Begg SK, Livermore DM, Hall LM. Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on mutation frequency in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:849–54 (III).PubMedCrossRef
304.
Olofsson SK, Geli P, Andersson DI, Cars O. Pharmacodynamic model to describe the concentration-dependent selection of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:5081–91 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
305.
Tam VH, Schilling AN, Neshat S, Poole K, Melnick DA, Coyle EA. Optimization of meropenem minimum concentration/MIC ratio to suppress in vitro resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:4920–7 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
306.
Smyth AR, Bhatt J. Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD002009 (I).PubMed
307.
Sime FB, Roberts MS, Peake SL, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Does beta-lactam pharmacokinetic variability in critically ill patients justify therapeutic drug monitoring? A systematic review. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2:35 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
308.
Roberts JA, Joynt GM, Choi GY, Gomersall CD, Lipman J. How to optimise antimicrobial prescriptions in the intensive care unit: principles of individualised dosing using pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;39:187–92 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
309.
310.
Roberts JA, Webb S, Paterson D, Ho KM, Lipman J. A systematic review on clinical benefits of continuous administration of beta-lactam antibiotics. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2071–8 (I).PubMedCrossRef
311.
Blondiaux N, Wallet F, Favory R, et al. Daily serum piperacillin monitoring is advisable in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:500–3 (II).PubMedCrossRef
312.
van Lent-Evers NA, Mathot RA, Geus WP, van Hout BA, Vinks AA. Impact of goal-oriented and model-based clinical pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides on clinical outcome: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ther Drug Monit. 1999;21:63–73 (I).PubMedCrossRef
313.
Leon-Djian CB, Bourguignon L, Spath HM, Maire P. Cost-effectiveness analysis of active TDM in elderly patients treated with aminoglycosides. Therapie. 2011;66:445–52 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
314.
Duszynska W. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of antibiotic therapy in severe sepsis. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2012;44:158–64 (IV).PubMed
315.
Hennessy S, Leonard CE, Localio AR, et al. Prescriber adherence to pharmacokinetic monitoring service recommendations for aminoglycoside dosing and the risk of acute kidney injury. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;49:536–44 (III).PubMedCrossRef
316.
Mueller EW, Boucher BA. The use of extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing strategies for the treatment of moderate-to-severe infections encountered in critically ill surgical patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2009;10:563–70 (I).CrossRef
317.
Craig WA. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:1–10 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
318.
Drusano GL. Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: critical interactions of ‘bug and drug’. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2:289–300 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
319.
Kasiakou SK, Lawrence KR, Choulis N, Falagas ME. Continuous versus intermittent intravenous administration of antibacterials with time-dependent action: a systematic review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Drugs. 2005;65:2499–511 (I).PubMedCrossRef
320.
Kasiakou SK, Sermaides GJ, Michalopoulos A, Soteriades ES, Falagas ME. Continuous versus intermittent intravenous administration of antibiotics: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:581–9 (I).PubMedCrossRef
321.
Tamma PD, Putcha N, Suh YD, Van Arendonk KJ, Rinke ML. Does prolonged beta-lactam infusions improve clinical outcomes compared to intermittent infusions? A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:181 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
322.
McKinnon PS, Paladino JA, Schentag JJ. Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) as predictors of outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;31:345–51 (III).PubMedCrossRef
323.
Pelkonen T, Roine I, Cruzeiro ML, Pitkaranta A, Kataja M, Peltola H. Slow initial beta-lactam infusion and oral paracetamol to treat childhood bacterial meningitis: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:613–21 (I).PubMedCrossRef
324.
Dandekar PK, Maglio D, Sutherland CA, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Pharmacokinetics of meropenem 0.5 and 2 g every 8 hours as a 3-hour infusion. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:988–91 (III).PubMedCrossRef
325.
Yost RJ, Cappelletty DM. The retrospective cohort of extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam (RECEIPT) study: a multicenter study. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31:767–75 (III).PubMedCrossRef
326.
Arnold HM, Hollands JM, Skrupky LP, et al. Prolonged infusion antibiotics for suspected gram-negative infections in the ICU: a before-after study. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:170–80 (II).PubMedCrossRef
327.
Dulhunty JM, Roberts JA, Davis JS, et al. Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe sepsis: a multicenter double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:236–44 (I).PubMedCrossRef
328.
Chytra I, Stepan M, Benes J, et al. Clinical and microbiological efficacy of continuous versus intermittent application of meropenem in critically ill patients: a randomized open-label controlled trial. Crit Care. 2012;16:R113 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
329.
Toltzis P, Dul MJ, Hoyen C, et al. The effect of antibiotic rotation on colonization with antibiotic-resistant bacilli in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics. 2002;110:707–11 (II).PubMedCrossRef
330.
de CC, Franchineau P, Gourgand JM, Loriette Y, Gaulme J, Sirot J. Clinical and bacteriological survey after change in aminoglycoside treatment to control an epidemic of Enterobacter cloacae. J Hosp Infect. 1994;28:219–29 (II).CrossRef
331.
Martinez JA, Nicolas JM, Marco F, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial cycling and mixing strategies in two medical intensive care units. Critical Care Medicine. 2006;34:329–36 (III).PubMedCrossRef
332.
Martinez JA, Delgado E, Marti S, et al. Influence of antipseudomonal agents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and acquisition of resistance in critically ill medical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:439–47 (III).
333.
Cadena J, Taboada CA, Burgess DS, et al. Antibiotic cycling to decrease bacterial antibiotic resistance: a 5-year experience on a bone marrow transplant unit. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2007;40:151–5 (IV).CrossRef
334.
Craig M, Cumpston AD, Hobbs GR, Devetten MP, Sarwari AR, Ericson SG. The clinical impact of antibacterial prophylaxis and cycling antibiotics for febrile neutropenia in a hematological malignancy and transplantation unit. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2007;39:477–82 (III).CrossRef
335.
de Araujo OR, da Silva DC, Diegues AR, et al. Cefepime restriction improves gram-negative overall resistance patterns in neonatal intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis. 2007;11:277–80 (II).PubMedCrossRef
336.
Francetic I, Kalenic S, Huic M, et al. Impact of aminoglycoside cycling in six tertiary intensive care units: prospective longitudinal interventional study. Croat Med J. 2008;49:207–14 (IV).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
337.
Hedrick TL, Schulman AS, McElearney ST, et al. Outbreak of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections during a quarterly cycling antibiotic regimen. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9:139–52 (IV).CrossRef
338.
339.
Bergstrom CT, Lo M, Lipsitch M. Ecological theory suggests that antimicrobial cycling will not reduce antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:13285–90 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
340.
Bal AM, Kumar A, Gould IM. Antibiotic heterogeneity: from concept to practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1213:81–91 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
341.
Erdeljic V, Francetic I, Bosnjak Z, et al. Distributed lags time series analysis versus linear correlation analysis (Pearson’s r) in identifying the relationship between antipseudomonal antibiotic consumption and the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in a single Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary hospital. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:467–71 (III).PubMedCrossRef
342.
Miliani K, L’Heriteau F, Lacave L, Carbonne A, Astagneau P. Imipenem and ciprofloxacin consumption as factors associated with high incidence rates of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitals in northern France. J Hosp Infect. 2011;77:343–7 (III).PubMedCrossRef
343.
Takesue Y, Nakajima K, Ichiki K, et al. Impact of a hospital-wide programme of heterogeneous antibiotic use on the development of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. J Hosp Infect. 2010;75:28–32 (II).PubMedCrossRef
344.
Pluss-Suard C, Pannatier A, Kronenberg A, Muhlemann K, Zanetti G. Impact of antibiotic use on carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: is there a role for antibiotic diversity? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:1709–13 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
345.
Sandiumenge A, Lisboa T, Gomez F, Hernandez P, Canadell L, Rello J. Effect of antibiotic diversity on ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by ESKAPE organisms. Chest. 2011;140:643–51 (II).PubMedCrossRef
346.
Dancer SJ, Kirkpatrick P, Corcoran DS, Christison F, Farmer D, Robertson C. Approaching zero: temporal effects of a restrictive antibiotic policy on hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing coliforms and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41:137–42 (II).PubMedCrossRef
347.
Lee J, Pai H, Kim YK, et al. Control of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a children’s hospital by changing antimicrobial agent usage policy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:629–37 (II).PubMedCrossRef
348.
Petrikkos G, Markogiannakis A, Papaparaskevas J, et al. Differences in the changes in resistance patterns to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and piperacillin/tazobactam among Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli clinical isolates following a restriction policy in a Greek tertiary care hospital. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;29:34–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
349.
Wen Z, Wei X, Xiao Y, et al. Intervention study of the association of antibiotic utilization measures with control of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. Microbes Infect. 2010;12:710–5 (II).PubMedCrossRef
350.
Murki S, Jonnala S, Mohammed F, Reddy A. Restriction of cephalosporins and control of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing gram negative bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit. Indian Pediatr. 2010;47:785–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
351.
Wilson ML, Gaido L. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1150–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
352.
Gatermann SG, Fünfstück R, Handrick W, et al. MiQ 2 Harnwegsinfektionen. 2. Auflage. 2005. München, Urban & Fischer. Mikrobiologisch-infektiologische Qualitätsstandards (MiQ).
353.
Anevlavis S, Petroglou N, Tzavaras A, et al. A prospective study of the diagnostic utility of sputum Gram stain in pneumonia. J Infect. 2009;59:83–9 (II).PubMedCrossRef
354.
Barenfanger J, Drake C, Leon N, Mueller T, Troutt T. Clinical and financial benefits of rapid detection of respiratory viruses: an outcomes study. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2824–8 (III).PubMedPubMedCentral
355.
Podbielski A, Herrmann M, Kniehl E, Mauch H, Rüssmann H. MiQ 7 Infektionen der tiefen Atemwege—Teil I. [2. Auflage]. 2010. München, Urban & Fischer. Mikrobiologisch-infektiologische Qualitätsstandards (MiQ).
356.
Roson B, Carratala J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:869–74 (II).PubMedCrossRef
357.
Gleckman R, DeVita J, Hibert D, Pelletier C, Martin R. Sputum gram stain assessment in community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:846–9 (II).PubMedPubMedCentral
358.
Tenover FC. Potential impact of rapid diagnostic tests on improving antimicrobial use. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1213:70–80 (I).PubMedCrossRef
359.
Bauer KA, West JE, Balada-Llasat JM, Pancholi P, Stevenson KB, Goff DA. An antimicrobial stewardship program’s impact with rapid polymerase chain reaction methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus/S. aureus blood culture test in patients with S. aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1074–80 (II).PubMedCrossRef
360.
Kerremans JJ, Verboom P, Stijnen T, et al. Rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing reduce antibiotic use and accelerate pathogen-directed antibiotic use. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:428–35 (I).PubMedCrossRef
361.
Bouza E, Torres MV, Radice C, et al. Direct E-test (AB Biodisk) of respiratory samples improves antimicrobial use in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:382–7 (I).PubMedCrossRef
362.
Doern GV, Vautour R, Gaudet M, Levy B. Clinical impact of rapid in vitro susceptibility testing and bacterial identification. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:1757–62 (I).PubMedPubMedCentral
363.
Forrest GN, Roghmann MC, Toombs LS, et al. Peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization for hospital-acquired enterococcal bacteremia: delivering earlier effective antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3558–63 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
364.
Lucignano B, Ranno S, Liesenfeld O, et al. Multiplex PCR allows rapid and accurate diagnosis of bloodstream infections in newborns and children with suspected sepsis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2252–8 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
365.
Frye AM, Baker CA, Rustvold DL, et al. Clinical impact of a real-time PCR assay for rapid identification of staphylococcal bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:127–33 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
366.
Buchan BW, Riebe KM, Ledeboer NA. Comparison of the MALDI Biotyper system using Sepsityper specimen processing to routine microbiological methods for identification of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:346–52 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
367.
Falguera M, Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Schoenenberger JA, et al. Prospective, randomised study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2010;65:101–6 (I).PubMedCrossRef
368.
Sorde R, Falco V, Lowak M, et al. Current and potential usefulness of pneumococcal urinary antigen detection in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia to guide antimicrobial therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:166–72 (II).PubMedCrossRef
369.
Arbo MD, Snydman DR. Influence of blood culture results on antibiotic choice in the treatment of bacteremia. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2641–5 (II).PubMedCrossRef
370.
Bouza E, Sousa D, Munoz P, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Fron C, Lechuz JG. Bloodstream infections: a trial of the impact of different methods of reporting positive blood culture results. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1161–9 (I).PubMedCrossRef
371.
Holtzman C, Whitney D, Barlam T, Miller NS. Assessment of impact of peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization for rapid identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the absence of antimicrobial stewardship intervention. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1581–2 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
372.
Nathwani D. Antimicrobial prescribing policy and practice in Scotland: recommendations for good antimicrobial practice in acute hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:1189–96 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
373.
Steffee CH, Morrell RM, Wasilauskas BL. Clinical use of rifampicin during routine reporting of rifampicin susceptibilities: a lesson in selective reporting of antimicrobial susceptibility data. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;40:595–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
374.
McNulty CA, Lasseter GM, Charlett A, et al. Does laboratory antibiotic susceptibility reporting influence primary care prescribing in urinary tract infection and other infections? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1396–404 (II).PubMedCrossRef
375.
Hsu J, Abad C, Dinh M, Safdar N. Prevention of endemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection: reviewing the evidence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:2327–39 (I).PubMedCrossRef
376.
Wilcox MH, Planche T. Clostridium difficile infection. BMJ. 2009;338:b2528 (IV).PubMed
377.
Debast SB, Vaessen N, Choudry A, Wiegers-Ligtvoet EA, van den Berg RJ, Kuijper EJ. Successful combat of an outbreak due to Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 and recognition of specific risk factors. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:427–34 (III).PubMedCrossRef
378.
Wilcox MH, Freeman J, Fawley W, et al. Long-term surveillance of cefotaxime and piperacillin-tazobactam prescribing and incidence of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54:168–72 (II).PubMedCrossRef
379.
Brahmi N, Blel Y, Kouraichi N, et al. Impact of ceftazidime restriction on gram-negative bacterial resistance in an intensive care unit. J Infect Chemother. 2006;12:190–4 (II).PubMedCrossRef
380.
Lipworth AD, Hyle EP, Fishman NO, et al. Limiting the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae: influence of patient population characteristics on the response to antimicrobial formulary interventions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:279–86 (II).PubMedCrossRef
381.
Tangden T, Eriksson BM, Melhus A, Svennblad B, Cars O. Radical reduction of cephalosporin use at a tertiary hospital after educational antibiotic intervention during an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1161–7 (II-III).PubMedCrossRef
382.
Bamberger DM, Dahl SL. Impact of voluntary vs enforced compliance of 3Rd-generation cephalosporin use in a teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:554–7 (II).PubMedCrossRef
383.
Anglim AM, Klym B, Byers KE, Scheld WM, Farr BM. Effect of a vancomycin restriction policy on ordering practices during an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1132–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
384.
May AK, Melton SM, McGwin G, Cross JM, Moser SA, Rue LW. Reduction of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections by limitation of broad-spectrum cephalosporin use in a trauma and burn intensive care unit. Shock. 2000;14:259–64 (II).PubMedCrossRef
385.
Stiefel U, Paterson DL, Pultz NJ, Gordon SM, Aron DC, Donskey CJ. Effect of the increasing use of piperacillin/tazobactam on the incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in four academic medical centers. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:380–3 (IV).CrossRef
386.
de Man P, Verhoeven BAN, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC, van den Anker JN. An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli. Lancet. 2000;355:973–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
387.
Toltzis P, Yamashita T, Vilt L, et al. Antibiotic restriction does not alter endemic colonization with resistant Gram-negative rods in a pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:1893–9 (II).PubMedCrossRef
388.
Rahal JJ, Urban C, Horn D, et al. Glass restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Klebsiella. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1998;280:1233–7 (II).CrossRef
389.
Arda B, Sipahi OR, Yamazhan T, et al. Short-term effect of antibiotic control policy on the usage patterns and cost of antimicrobials, mortality, nosocomial infection rates and antibacterial resistance. J Infect. 2007;55:41–8 (III).PubMedCrossRef
390.
Landman D, Chockalingam M, Quale JM. Reduction in the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae following changes in a hospital antibiotic formulary. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1062–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
391.
Leverstein-van Hall MA, Fluit AC, Blok HE, et al. Control of nosocomial multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae using a temporary restrictive antibiotic agent policy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20:785–91 (III).PubMedCrossRef
392.
Quale J, Landman D, Saurina G, Atwood E, DiTore V, Patel K. Manipulation of a hospital antimicrobial formulary to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:1020–5 (II).PubMedCrossRef
393.
Lautenbach E, Larosa LA, Marr AM, Nachamkin I, Bilker WB, Fishman NO. Changes in the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in response to antimicrobial formulary interventions: impact of progressive restrictions on use of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:440–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
394.
Zhou JJ, Patel SJ, Jia H, et al. Clinicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:274–83 (III).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
395.
Pearson SA, Moxey A, Robertson J, et al. Do computerised clinical decision support systems for prescribing change practice? A systematic review of the literature (1990–2007). BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:154 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
396.
Linder JA, Schnipper JL, Tsurikova R, et al. Documentation-based clinical decision support to improve antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Inform Prim Care. 2009;17:231–40 (I).PubMed
397.
Haux R, Swinkels W, Ball M, Knaup P, Lun KC. Transformation of health care through innovative use of information technology: challenges for health and medical informatics education. Int J Med Inform. 1998;50:1–6 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
398.
Haux R, Knaup P, Bauer AW, et al. Information processing in healthcare at the start of the third millennium: potential and limitations. Methods Inf Med. 2001;40:156–62 (IV).PubMed
399.
Haux R. Health care in the information society: what should be the role of medical informatics? Methods Inf Med. 2002;41:31–5 (IV).PubMed
400.
Haux R, Ammenwerth E, Herzog W, Knaup P. Health care in the information society. A prognosis for the year 2013. Int J Med Inform. 2002;66:3–21 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
401.
Haux R. Health information systems—past, present, future. Int J Med Inform. 2006;75:268–81 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
402.
Cunningham TR, Geller ES, Clarke SW. Impact of electronic prescribing in a hospital setting: a process-focused evaluation. Int J Med Inform. 2008;77:546–54 (III).PubMedCrossRef
403.
Sturzlinger H, Hiebinger C, Pertl D, Traurig P. Computerized physician order entry—effectiveness and efficiency of electronic medication ordering with decision support systems. GMS Health Technol Assess. 2009;5:Doc07 (I).PubMedPubMedCentral
404.
Di Pentima MC, Chan S, Eppes SC, Klein JD. Antimicrobial prescription errors in hospitalized children: role of antimicrobial stewardship program in detection and intervention. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009;48:505–12 (II).CrossRef
405.
Kazemi A, Ellenius J, Pourasghar F, et al. The effect of computerized physician order entry and decision support system on medication errors in the neonatal ward: experiences from an Iranian teaching hospital. J Med Syst. 2011;35:25–37 (II).PubMedCrossRef
406.
Cox ZL, Nelsen CL, Waitman LR, McCoy JA, Peterson JF. Effects of clinical decision support on initial dosing and monitoring of tobramycin and amikacin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:624–32 (II).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
407.
Traugott KA, Maxwell PR, Green K, Frei C, Lewis JS. Effects of therapeutic drug monitoring criteria in a computerized prescriber-order-entry system on the appropriateness of vancomycin level orders. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:347–52 (II).PubMedCrossRef
408.
Kim JY, Sohn JW, Park DW, Yoon YK, Kim YM, Kim MJ. Control of extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae using a computer-assisted management program to restrict third-generation cephalosporin use. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:416–21 (II).PubMedCrossRef
409.
Yong MK, Buising KL, Cheng AC, Thursky KA. Improved susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria in an intensive care unit following implementation of a computerized antibiotic decision support system. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1062–9 (II).PubMedCrossRef
410.
Garg AX, Adhikari NK, McDonald H, et al. Effects of computerized clinical decision support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005;293:1223–38 (I).PubMedCrossRef
411.
McKinley BA, Moore LJ, Sucher JF, et al. Computer protocol facilitates evidence-based care of sepsis in the surgical intensive care unit. J Trauma. 2011;70:1153–66 (III).PubMedCrossRef
412.
Thursky K. Use of computerized decision support systems to improve antibiotic prescribing. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4:491–507 (I).PubMedCrossRef
413.
Sintchenko V, Coiera E, Gilbert GL. Decision support systems for antibiotic prescribing. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:573–9 (I).PubMedCrossRef
414.
Di Pentima MC, Chan S. Impact of antimicrobial stewardship program on vancomycin use in a pediatric teaching hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:707–11 (II).PubMedCrossRef
415.
Lesprit P, Duong T, Girou E, Hemery F, Brun-Buisson C. Impact of a computer-generated alert system prompting review of antibiotic use in hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:1058–63 (II).PubMedCrossRef
416.
Hulgan T, Rosenbloom ST, Hargrove F, et al. Oral quinolones in hospitalized patients: an evaluation of a computerized decision support intervention. J Intern Med. 2004;256:349–57 (II).PubMedCrossRef
417.
McGregor JC, Weekes E, Forrest GN, et al. Impact of a computerized clinical decision support system on reducing inappropriate antimicrobial use: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13:378–84 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
418.
Shojania KG, Yokoe D, Platt R, Fiskio J, Ma’luf N, Bates DW. Reducing vancomycin use utilizing a computer guideline: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1998;5:554–62 (I).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
419.
Rubinstein E, Barzilai A, Segev S, et al. Antibiotic cost reduction by providing cost information. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;35:269–72 (II).PubMedCrossRef
420.
Parrino TA. The nonvalue of retrospective peer comparison feedback in containing hospital antibiotic costs. Am J Med. 1989;86:442–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
421.
O’Reilly M, Talsma A, VanRiper S, Kheterpal S, Burney R. An anesthesia information system designed to provide physician-specific feedback improves timely administration of prophylactic antibiotics. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:908–12 (II).PubMedCrossRef
422.
Nair BG, Newman SF, Peterson GN, Wu WY, Schwid HA. Feedback mechanisms including real-time electronic alerts to achieve near 100% timely prophylactic antibiotic administration in surgical cases. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:1293–300 (II).PubMedCrossRef
423.
Zanetti G, Flanagan HL Jr, Cohn LH, Giardina R, Platt R. Improvement of intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in prolonged cardiac surgery by automated alerts in the operating room. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:13–6 (II).PubMedCrossRef
424.
Burke JP, Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Stevens LE. The HELP system and its application to infection control. J Hosp Infect. 1991;18:424–31 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
425.
Burke JP. Surveillance, reporting, automation, and interventional epidemiology. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:10–2 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
426.
Evans RS, Larsen RA, Burke JP, et al. Computer surveillance of hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic use. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1986;256:1007–11 (II).CrossRef
427.
Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Classen DC, et al. A computer-assisted management program for antibiotics and other antiinfective agents. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:232–8 (II).PubMedCrossRef
428.
Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Classen DC, Burke JP. Evaluation of a computer-assisted antibiotic-dose monitor. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:1026–31 (II).PubMedCrossRef
429.
Pestotnik SL, Classen DC, Evans RS, Burke JP. Implementing antibiotic practice guidelines through computer-assisted decision support: clinical and financial outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:884 (II).PubMedCrossRef
430.
Mullett CJ, Evans RS, Christenson JC, Dean JM. Development and impact of a computerized pediatric antiinfective decision support program. Pediatrics. 2001;108:art-e75 (II).CrossRef
431.
Mullett CJ, Thomas JG, Smith CL, Sarwari AR, Khakoo RA. Computerized antimicrobial decision support: an offline evaluation of a database-driven empiric antimicrobial guidance program in hospitalized patients with a bloodstream infection. Int J Med Inform. 2004;73:455–60 (IV).PubMedCrossRef
432.
Buising KL, Thursky KA, Robertson MB, et al. Electronic antibiotic stewardship—reduced consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics using a computerized antimicrobial approval system in a hospital setting. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:608–16 (II).PubMedCrossRef
433.
Paul M, Andreassen S, Tacconelli E, et al. Improving empirical antibiotic treatment using TREAT, a computerized decision support system: cluster randomized trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:1238–45 (I).PubMedCrossRef
434.
Thern J, de With K, Strauss R, Steib-Bauert M, Weber N, Kern WV. Selection of hospital antimicrobial prescribing quality indicators: a consensus among German antibiotic stewardship (ABS) networkers. Infection. 2014;42:351–62 (III).
Metadata
Title
Strategies to enhance rational use of antibiotics in hospital: a guideline by the German Society for Infectious Diseases
Authors
K. de With
F. Allerberger
S. Amann
P. Apfalter
H.-R. Brodt
T. Eckmanns
M. Fellhauer
H. K. Geiss
O. Janata
R. Krause
S. Lemmen
E. Meyer
H. Mittermayer
U. Porsche
E. Presterl
S. Reuter
B. Sinha
R. Strauß
A. Wechsler-Fördös
C. Wenisch
W. V. Kern
Publication date
01-06-2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Infection / Issue 3/2016
Print ISSN: 0300-8126
Electronic ISSN: 1439-0973
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-016-0885-z

Other articles of this Issue 3/2016

Infection 3/2016 Go to the issue

Editorial

Blue sky and some shadows: new antibiotics and new superbugs

Review

The “Choosing Wisely”: initiative in infectious diseases

Original Paper

Late treatment failures in cerebrospinal fluid in patients on long-term maintenance ART with ritonavir-boosted protease PI monotherapy

Case Report

A disseminated Mycoplasma hominis infection in a patient with an underlying defect in humoral immunity

Original Paper

Treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia with intermediate-dose and step-down to low-dose trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole: lessons from an observational cohort study

Brief Report

Transitory ventricular tachycardia associated with influenza A infection of cardiac conduction tissue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits