Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of NeuroVirology
Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology 3/2016

01-06-2016 | Review

The effects of cocaine on HIV transcription

Authors: Mudit Tyagi, Jaime Weber, Michael Bukrinsky, Gary L. Simon

Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology | Issue 3/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Illicit drug users are a high-risk population for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A strong correlation exists between prohibited drug use and an increased rate of HIV transmission. Cocaine stands out as one of the most frequently abused illicit drugs, and its use is correlated with HIV infection and disease progression. The central nervous system (CNS) is a common target for both drugs of abuse and HIV, and cocaine intake further accelerates neuronal injury in HIV patients. Although the high incidence of HIV infection in illicit drug abusers is primarily due to high-risk activities such as needle sharing and unprotected sex, several studies have demonstrated that cocaine enhances the rate of HIV gene expression and replication by activating various signal transduction pathways and downstream transcription factors. In order to generate mature HIV genomic transcript, HIV gene expression has to pass through both the initiation and elongation phases of transcription, which requires discrete transcription factors. In this review, we will provide a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms that regulate HIV transcription and discuss how cocaine modulates those mechanisms to upregulate HIV transcription and eventually HIV replication.
Literature
Alcami J et al (1995) Absolute dependence on κB responsive elements for initiation and Tat-mediated amplification of HIV transcription in blood CD4 T lymphocytes. EMBO J 14:1552–1560PubMedPubMedCentral
Ang E et al (2001) Induction of nuclear factor-kappaB in nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine administration. J Neurochem 79(1):221–4PubMedCrossRef
Anthony JC et al (1991) New evidence on intravenous cocaine use and the risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Am J Epidemiol 134(10):1175–89PubMed
Arnsten JH et al (2002) Impact of active drug use on antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users. J Gen Intern Med 17(5):377–381PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Bagasra O, Pomerantz RJ (1993) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of cocaine. J Infect Dis 168(5):1157–64PubMedCrossRef
Baldwin AS Jr (1996) The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu Rev Immunol 14:649–83PubMedCrossRef
Baldwin GC, Roth MD, Tashkin DP (1998) Acute and chronic effects of cocaine on the immune system and the possible link to AIDS. J Neuroimmunol 83(1-2):133–8PubMedCrossRef
Bansal AK et al (2000) Neurotoxicity of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat in the rat striatum. Brain Res 879(1-2):42–9PubMedCrossRef
Benkirane M et al (1998) Activation of integrated provirus requires histone acetyltransferase: p300 and p/CAF are coactivators for HIV-1 Tat. J Biol Chem 273:24989–24905CrossRef
Bennasser Y, Yeung ML, Jeang KT (2007) RNAi therapy for HIV infection: principles and practicalities. Biogeosciences 21(1):17–22
Berhow MT, Hiroi N, Nestler EJ (1996) Regulation of ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase), part of the neurotrophin signal transduction cascade, in the rat mesolimbic dopamine system by chronic exposure to morphine or cocaine. J Neurosci 16(15):4707–15PubMed
Black YD et al (2006) Altered attention and prefrontal cortex gene expression in rats after binge-like exposure to cocaine during adolescence. J Neurosci 26(38):9656–65PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Bonizzi G, Karin M (2004) The two NF-kappaB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity. Trends Immunol 25(6):280–8PubMedCrossRef
Bonizzi G et al (2004) Activation of IKKalpha target genes depends on recognition of specific kappaB binding sites by RelB:p52 dimers. EMBO J 23(21):4202–10PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Bosque A, Planelles V (2008) Induction of HIV-1 latency and reactivation in primary memory CD4+ T cells. Blood
Brami-Cherrier K et al (2005) Parsing molecular and behavioral effects of cocaine in mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1-deficient mice. J Neurosci 25(49):11444–54PubMedCrossRef
Brami-Cherrier K et al (2009) Role of the ERK/MSK1 signalling pathway in chromatin remodelling and brain responses to drugs of abuse. J Neurochem 108(6):1323–35PubMedCrossRef
Brown K et al (1995) Control of I kappa B-alpha proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation. Science 267(5203):1485–8PubMedCrossRef
Budhiraja S, Rice AP (2013) Reactivation of latent HIV: do all roads go through P-TEFb? Futur Virol 8(7):649–659CrossRef
Budhiraja S et al (2013) Cyclin T1 and CDK9 T-loop phosphorylation are downregulated during establishment of HIV-1 latency in primary resting memory CD4+ T cells. J Virol 87(2):1211–20PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Carrico AW (2011) Substance use and HIV disease progression in the HAART era: implications for the primary prevention of HIV. Life Sci 88(21-22):940–947PubMedCrossRef
Carrico AW et al (2007) Affect regulation, stimulant use, and viral load among HIV-positive persons on anti-retroviral therapy. Psychosom Med 69(8):785–792PubMedCrossRef
Chandrasekar V, Dreyer JL (2009) microRNAs miR-124, let-7d and miR-181a regulate cocaine-induced plasticity. Mol Cell Neurosci 42(4):350–62PubMedCrossRef
Chavez L, Kauder S, Verdin E (2011) In vivo, in vitro, and in silico analysis of methylation of the HIV-1 provirus. Methods 53(1):47–53PubMedCrossRef
Chiasson MA et al (1990) Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in New York City. Am J Epidemiol 131(2):208–20PubMed
Cho S, Schroeder S, Ott M (2010) CYCLINg through transcription posttranslational modifications of P-TEFb regulate transcription elongation. Cell Cycle 9(9):1697–1705PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Chou, S., et al., HIV-1 Tat recruits transcription elongation factors dispersed along a flexible AFF4 scaffold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013. 110(2): p. E123-31
Coull JJ et al (2000) The human factors YY1 and LSF repress the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat via recruitment of histone deacetylase 1. J Virol 74(15):6790–9PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Dhillon NK et al (2007) Cocaine-mediated enhancement of virus replication in macrophages: implications for human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. J Neurovirol 13(6):483–95PubMedCrossRef
Dohgu S, Fleegal-DeMotta MA, Banks WA (2011) Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced transcellular transport of HIV-1 across the blood-brain barrier is mediated by luminal microvessel IL-6 and GM-CSF. J Neuroinflammation 8:167PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Dunfee RL et al (2006) The HIV Env variant N283 enhances macrophage tropism and is associated with brain infection and dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(41):15160–15165PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Eisenstein TK, Hilburger ME (1998) Opioid modulation of immune responses: effects on phagocyte and lymphoid cell populations. J Neuroimmunol 83(1-2):36–44PubMedCrossRef
Ferris MJ, Mactutus CF, Booze RM (2008) Neurotoxic profiles of HIV, psychostimulant drugs of abuse, and their concerted effect on the brain: current status of dopamine system vulnerability in NeuroAIDS. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32(5):883–909PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Fiala M et al (1998) Cocaine enhances monocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier - cocaine’s connection to AIDS dementia and vasculitis? Drug Abuse Immunomodul AIDS 437:199–205CrossRef
Fujinaga K et al (2004) Dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus transcription: P-TEFb phosphorylates RD and dissociates negative effectors from the transactivation response element. Mol Cell Biol 24:787–795PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Garcia JA et al (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR TATA and TAR region sequences required for transcriptional regulation. EMBO J 8:765–778PubMedPubMedCentral
Garcia-Rodriguez C, Rao A (1998) Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent transactivation regulated by the coactivators p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP). J Exp Med 187(12):2031–6PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Gekker G et al (2006) Cocaine-induced HIV-1 expression in microglia involves sigma-1 receptors and transforming growth factor-beta1. Int Immunopharmacol 6(6):1029–33PubMedCrossRef
Ghoda L, Lin X, Greene WC (1997) The 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (pp90rsk) phosphorylates the N-terminal regulatory domain of IkappaBalpha and stimulates its degradation in vitro. J Biol Chem 272(34):21281–8PubMedCrossRef
Ghosh S, Hayden MS (2008) New regulators of NF-kappaB in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 8(11):837–48PubMedCrossRef
Ghosh S, May MJ, Kopp EB (1998) NF-kappa B and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 16:225–60PubMedCrossRef
Giunta B et al (2006) EGCG mitigates neurotoxicity mediated by HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat in the presence of IFN-gamma: role of JAK/STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia. Brain Res 1123(1):216–25PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Han Y et al (2004) Resting CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals carry integrated HIV-1 genomes within actively transcribed host genes. J Virol 78(12):6122–33PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Hauser KF et al (2006) Impact of opiate-HIV-1 interactions on neurotoxic signaling. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1(1):98–105PubMedCrossRef
He NH et al (2010) HIV-1 Tat and host AFF4 recruit two transcription elongation factors into a bifunctional complex for coordinated activation of HIV-1 transcription. Mol Cell 38(3):428–438PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
He N et al (2011) Human polymerase-associated factor complex (PAFc) connects the super elongation complex (SEC) to RNA polymerase II on chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(36):E636–45PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Heaton RK et al (2011) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neurovirol 17(1):3–16PubMedCrossRef
Herrmann CH, Rice AP (1995) Lentivirus Tat proteins specifically associate with a cellular protein kinase, TAK, that hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II: Candidate for a Tat cofactor. J Virol 69:1612–1620PubMedPubMedCentral
Hottiger MO, Nabel GJ (1998) Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with the transcriptional coactivators p300 and CREB binding protein. J Virol 72:8252–8256PubMedPubMedCentral
Hou YN et al (1996) A mu-receptor opioid agonist induces AP-1 and NF-kappa B transcription factor activity in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Neurosci Lett 212(3):159–62PubMedCrossRef
Hsia SC, Shi YB (2002) Chromatin disruption and histone acetylation in regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by thyroid hormone receptor. Mol Cell Biol 22:4043–52PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Hu X et al (2014) Histone cross-talk connects protein phosphatase 1alpha (PP1alpha) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) pathways to regulate the functional transition of bromodomain-containing 4 (BRD4) for inducible gene expression. J Biol Chem 289(33):23154–67PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Huang J et al (2007) Cellular microRNAs contribute to HIV-1 latency in resting primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. Nat Med 13(10):1241–7PubMedCrossRef
Imai K, Okamoto T (2006) Transcriptional repression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by AP-4. J Biol Chem 281(18):12495–505PubMedCrossRef
Ioannidis JPA et al (2000) Dynamics of HIV-1 viral load rebound among patients with previous suppression of viral replication. AIDS 14(11):1481–1488PubMedCrossRef
Ivaldi MS, Karam CS, Corces VG (2007) Phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 facilitates RNA polymerase II release from promoter-proximal pausing in Drosophila. Genes Dev 21(21):2818–31PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Jadlowsky JK et al (2014) Negative elongation factor is required for the maintenance of proviral latency but does not induce promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II on the HIV long terminal repeat. Mol Cell Biol 34(11):1911–1928PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Jones K et al (1986) Activation of the AIDS retrovirus promoter by the cellular transcription factor, Sp1. Science 232:755–759PubMedCrossRef
Jordan A, Defechereux P, Verdin E (2001) The site of HIV-1 integration in the human genome determines basal transcriptional activity and response to Tat transactivation. EMBO J 20(7):1726–1738PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Kaul M, Lipton SA (2006) Mechanisms of neuronal injury and death in HIV-1 associated dementia. Curr HIV Res 4(3):307–18PubMedCrossRef
Kaul M, Garden GA, Lipton SA (2001) Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia. Nature 410(6831):988–94PubMedCrossRef
Kerr LD et al (1991) The rel-associated pp 40 protein prevents DNA binding of Rel and NF-kappa B: relationship with I kappa B beta and regulation by phosphorylation. Genes Dev 5(8):1464–76PubMedCrossRef
Kim S et al (1989) Temporal aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence for differential gene expression. J Virol 63:3708–3713PubMedPubMedCentral
Kim YK et al (2002) Phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain by CDK9 is directly responsible for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-activated transcriptional elongation. Mol Cell Biol 22(13):4622–4637PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Kinoshita S et al (1997) The T cell activation factor NF-ATc positively regulates HIV-1 replication and gene expression in T cells. Immunity 6:235–244PubMedCrossRef
Klase Z et al (2007) HIV-1 TAR element is processed by Dicer to yield a viral micro-RNA involved in chromatin remodeling of the viral LTR. BMC Mol Biol 8:63PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Klein TW et al (1993) Cocaine suppresses proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-activated human peripheral blood T-cells. Int J Immunopharmacol 15(1):77–86PubMedCrossRef
Kumar A, Jeang KT (2008) Insights into cellular microRNAs and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). J Cell Physiol 216(2):327–331PubMedCrossRef
Kumar A et al (2005) Chromatin remodeling is a key mechanism underlying cocaine-induced plasticity in striatum. Neuron 48(2):303–14PubMedCrossRef
Lamers SL et al (2010) Human immunodeficiency virus-1 evolutionary patterns associated with pathogenic processes in the brain. J Neurovirol 16(3):230–41PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Larrat EP, Zierler S (1993) Entangled epidemics - cocaine use and HIV disease. J Psychoactive Drugs 25(3):207–221PubMedCrossRef
Letendre S et al (2008) Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 65(1):65–70PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Levine AA et al (2005) CREB-binding protein controls response to cocaine by acetylating histones at the fosB promoter in the mouse striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(52):19186–91PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Lipton SA, Gendelman HE (1995) Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 332(14):934–40PubMedCrossRef
Liu N, Balliano A, Hayes JJ (2011) Mechanism(s) of SWI/SNF-induced nucleosome mobilization. Chembiochem 12(2):196–204PubMedCrossRef
Mahmoudi T et al (2006) The SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex is a cofactor for tat transactivation of the HIV promoter. J Biol Chem 281(29):19960–8PubMedCrossRef
Mao JT et al (1996) Cocaine down-regulates IL-2-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte IL-8 and IFN-gamma production. Cell Immunol 172(2):217–23PubMedCrossRef
Marban C et al (2005) COUP-TF interacting protein 2 represses the initial phase of HIV-1 gene transcription in human microglial cells. Nucleic Acids Res 33(7):2318–31PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Marra CM et al (2009) Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance. AIDS 23(11):1359–66PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Marzio G et al (1998) HIV-1 Tat transactivator recruits p300 and CREB-binding protein histone acetyltransferases to the viral promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13519–13524PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Mbonye U, Karn J (2011) Control of HIV latency by epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms. Curr HIV Res
Mbonye U, Karn J (2014) Transcriptional control of HIV latency: cellular signaling pathways, epigenetics, happenstance and the hope for a cure. Virology 454–455:328–39PubMedCrossRef
Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE (2004) Differences in HIV disease progression by injecting drug use in HIV-infected persons in care. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35(1):46–51PubMedCrossRef
Nabel G, Baltimore DA (1987) An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature 326:711–713PubMedCrossRef
Nair MP et al (2005) Cocaine modulates dendritic cell-specific C type intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin expression by dendritic cells in HIV-1 patients. J Immunol 174(11):6617–26PubMedCrossRef
Narayanan A et al (2011) Analysis of the roles of HIV-derived microRNAs. Expert Opin Biol Ther 11(1):17–29PubMedCrossRef
Narlikar GJ, Fan HY, Kingston RE (2002) Cooperation between complexes that regulate chromatin structure and transcription. Cell 108(4):475–487PubMedCrossRef
Nath A (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia. J Infect Dis 186(Suppl 2):S193–8PubMedCrossRef
Nath A (2015) Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus from brain reservoirs. J Neurovirol 21(3):227–34PubMedCrossRef
Nath A et al (2001) Acceleration of HIV dementia with methamphetamine and cocaine. J Neurovirol 7(1):66–71PubMedCrossRef
Nath A et al (2002) Molecular basis for interactions of HIV and drugs of abuse. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31(Suppl 2):S62–9PubMedCrossRef
Nechaev S, Adelman K (2011) Pol II waiting in the starting gates: regulating the transition from transcription initiation into productive elongation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 1809(1):34–45CrossRef
Olsen HS, Rosen CA (1992) Contribution of the TATA motif to Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus gene expression. J Virol 66:5594–5597PubMedPubMedCentral
Ott M et al (1999) Acetylation of the HIV-1 Tat protein by p300 is important for its transcriptional activity. Curr Biol 9:1489–1492PubMedCrossRef
Palmer S, Josefsson L, Coffin JM (2011) HIV reservoirs and the possibility of a cure for HIV infection. J Intern Med 270(6):550–60PubMedCrossRef
Pandya R et al (2005) HIV-related neurological syndromes reduce health-related quality of life. Can J Neurol Sci 32(2):201–4PubMedCrossRef
Parada CA, Roeder RG (1996) Enhanced processivity of RNA polymerase II triggered by Tat-induced phosphorylation of its carboxy-terminal domain. Nature 384:375–378PubMedCrossRef
Parikh N et al (2014) Cocaine alters cytokine profiles in HIV-1-infected African American individuals in the DrexelMed HIV/AIDS Genetic Analysis Cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
Perez-Valero I et al (2013) Neurocognitive impairment in patients treated with protease inhibitor monotherapy or triple drug antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 8(7):e69493PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Perkins ND et al (1993) A cooperative interaction between NF-κB and Sp1 is required for HIV-1 enhancer activation. EMBO J 12:3551–3558PubMedPubMedCentral
Perkins ND et al (1997) Regulation of NF-kB by cyclin-dependent kinases associated with the p300 coactivator. Science 275:523–527PubMedCrossRef
Peterlin BM, Price DH (2006) Controlling the elongation phase of transcription with P-TEFb. Mol Cell 23(3):297–305PubMedCrossRef
Peterson PK et al (1991) Cocaine potentiates HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures. Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta. J Immunol 146(1):81–4PubMed
Peterson PK et al (1993) Enhancement of HIV-1 replication by opiates and cocaine: the cytokine connection. Adv Exp Med Biol 335:181–8PubMedCrossRef
Pomerantz RJ et al (1990) Cells nonproductively infected with HIV-1 exhibit an aberrant pattern of viral RNA expression: a molecular model for latency. Cell 61:1271–1276PubMedCrossRef
Pomerantz RJ et al (1991) The long terminal repeat is not a major determinant of the cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 65(2):1041–1045PubMedPubMedCentral
Rappaport J, Volsky DJ (2015) Role of the macrophage in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and other comorbidities in patients on effective antiretroviral treatment. J Neurovirol 21(3):235–41PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Renthal W et al (2007) Histone deacetylase 5 epigenetically controls behavioral adaptations to chronic emotional stimuli. Neuron 56(3):517–29PubMedCrossRef
Rittner K et al (1995) The human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat includes a specialised initiator element which is required for Tat-responsive transcription. J Mol Biol 248:562–580PubMedCrossRef
Robertson KR et al (2010) Neurocognitive effects of treatment interruption in stable HIV-positive patients in an observational cohort. Neurology 74(16):1260–6PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Robison LS et al (2008) Short-term discontinuation of HAART regimens more common in vulnerable patient populations. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 24(11):1347–55PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Ross EK et al (1991) Contribution of NF-κB and Sp1 binding motifs to the replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: distinct patterns of viral growth are determined by T-cell types. J Virol 65:4350–4358PubMedPubMedCentral
Roth MD et al (2002) Cocaine enhances human immunodeficiency virus replication in a model of severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with human peripheral blood leukocytes. J Infect Dis 185(5):701–5PubMedCrossRef
Roth MD et al (2005) Cocaine and sigma-1 receptors modulate HIV infection, chemokine receptors, and the HPA axis in the huPBL-SCID model. J Leukoc Biol 78(6):1198–203PubMedCrossRef
Rychert J et al (2010) Detection of HIV gp120 in plasma during early HIV infection is associated with increased proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 26(10):1139–1145PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Sahu G et al (2015) Cocaine promotes both initiation and elongation phase of HIV-1 transcription by activating NF-kappaB and MSK1 and inducing selective epigenetic modifications at HIV-1 LTR. Virology 483:185–202PubMedCrossRef
Schmitz ML, Baeuerle PA (1991) The p65 subunit is responsible for the strong transcription activating potential of NF-kappa B. EMBO J 10(12):3805–17PubMedPubMedCentral
Schroder AR et al (2002) HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes and local hotspots. Cell 110(4):521–9PubMedCrossRef
Schulze-Gahmen U et al (2014)AFF4 binding to Tat-P-TEFb indirectly stimulates TAR recognition of super elongation complexes at the HIV promoter. Elife 3
Selliah N et al (2006) The gamma-cytokine regulated transcription factor, STAT5, increases HIV-1 production in primary CD4 T cells. Virology 344(2):283–91PubMedCrossRef
Smurzynski M et al (2011) Effects of central nervous system antiretroviral penetration on cognitive functioning in the ALLRT cohort. AIDS 25(3):357–65PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Sobhian B et al (2010) HIV-1 Tat assembles a multifunctional transcription elongation complex and stably associates with the 7SK snRNP. Mol Cell 38(3):439–51PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Sturdevant CB et al (2015) Compartmentalized replication of R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1 in the central nervous system early in the course of infection. PLoS Pathog 11(3):e1004720PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Sung TL, Rice AP (2009) miR-198 inhibits HIV-1 gene expression and replication in monocytes and its mechanism of action appears to involve repression of cyclin T1. PLoS Pathog 5(1):e1000263PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Tanne JH (2006) Nearly 40 million people worldwide are infected with HIV. Br Med J 332(7553):1289–1289CrossRef
Taube R, Peterlin BM (2013) Lost in transcription: molecular mechanisms that control HIV latency. Viruses Basel 5(3):902–U157CrossRef
Taube R et al (1999) Tat transactivation: a model for the regulation of eukaryotic transcriptional elongation. Virology 264:245–253PubMedCrossRef
Thompson JE et al (1995) I kappa B-beta regulates the persistent response in a biphasic activation of NF-kappa B. Cell 80(4):573–82PubMedCrossRef
Thompson KA et al (2004) Astrocyte specific viral strains in HIV dementia. Ann Neurol 56(6):873–7PubMedCrossRef
Triboulet R, Benkirane M (2007) Interplay between HIV-1 replication and the microRNA-silencing pathway. M S Med Sci 23(6-7):590–592
Tsankova NM, Kumar A, Nestler EJ (2004) Histone modifications at gene promoter regions in rat hippocampus after acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures. J Neurosci 24(24):5603–10PubMedCrossRef
Tsankova N et al (2007) Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(5):355–67PubMedCrossRef
Tyagi M, Pearson RJ, Karn J (2010) Establishment of HIV latency in primary CD4+ cells is due to epigenetic transcriptional silencing and P-TEFb restriction. J Virol 84(13):6425–37PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Valjent E et al (2000) Involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade for cocaine-rewarding properties. J Neurosci 20(23):8701–9PubMed
Valjent E et al (2004) Addictive and non-addictive drugs induce distinct and specific patterns of ERK activation in mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 19(7):1826–36PubMedCrossRef
Verdin E (1991) DNase I-hypersensitive sites are associated with both long terminal repeats and with the intragenic enhances of integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 65:6790–6799PubMedPubMedCentral
Verdin E, Paras PJ, Van Lint C (1993) Chromatin disruption in the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during transcriptional activation. EMBO J 12:3249–3259PubMedPubMedCentral
Vermeulen L et al (2003) Transcriptional activation of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit by mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1). EMBO J 22(6):1313–24PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Walker DM et al (2014) Regulation of chromatin states by drugs of abuse. Curr Opin Neurobiol 30C:112–121
Webber MP et al (1999) A prospective study of HIV disease progression in female and male drug users. AIDS 13(2):257–262PubMedCrossRef
Wei P et al (1998) A novel CDK9-associated C-type cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loop-specific binding to TAR RNA. Cell 92(4):451–62PubMedCrossRef
Williams SA et al (2006) NF-kappaB p50 promotes HIV latency through HDAC recruitment and repression of transcriptional initiation. EMBO J 25(1):139–149PubMedCrossRef
Wolffe AP (1994) Nucleosome positioning and modification - chromatin structures that potentiate transcription. Trends Biochem Sci 19(6):240–244PubMedCrossRef
Wood E et al (2003) Adherence and plasma HIV RNA responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1 infected injection drug users. Can Med Assoc J 169(7):656–661
Yang X, Chen Y, Gabuzda D (1999) ERK MAP kinase links cytokine signals to activation of latent HIV-1 infection by stimulating a cooperative interaction of AP-1 and NF-κB. J Biol Chem 274:27981–8PubMedCrossRef
Yao HH et al (2010) Molecular mechanisms involving sigma receptor-mediated induction of MCP-1: implication for increased monocyte transmigration. Blood 115(23):4951–4962PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Yeung ML, Benkirane M, Jeang KT (2007) Small non-coding RNAs, mammalian cells, and viruses: regulatory interactions? Retrovirology 4
Zhai H et al (2008) Drug-induced alterations in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathway: implications for reinforcement and reinstatement. Cell Mol Neurobiol 28(2):157–72PubMedCrossRef
Zhong H et al (2002) The phosphorylation status of nuclear NF-κB determines its association with CBP/p300 or HDAC-1. Mol Cell 9(3):625–636PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The effects of cocaine on HIV transcription
Authors
Mudit Tyagi
Jaime Weber
Michael Bukrinsky
Gary L. Simon
Publication date
01-06-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of NeuroVirology / Issue 3/2016
Print ISSN: 1355-0284
Electronic ISSN: 1538-2443
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0398-z

Other articles of this Issue 3/2016

Journal of NeuroVirology 3/2016 Go to the issue

Short Communication

Frequency of varicella zoster virus DNA in human adrenal glands

OriginalPaper

Decreased glial and synaptic glutamate uptake in the striatum of HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice

OriginalPaper

Overexpression of caspase 1 in apoptosis-resistant astrocytes infected with the BeAn Theiler’s virus

OriginalPaper

Expression of CHRFAM7A and CHRNA7 in neuronal cells and postmortem brain of HIV-infected patients: considerations for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

Mini Review

Four emerging arboviral diseases in North America: Jamestown Canyon, Powassan, chikungunya, and Zika virus diseases

OriginalPaper

Central nervous system penetration effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs and neuropsychological impairment in the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study