Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Neurocritical Care 2/2021

01-04-2021 | Angiography | Original Work

Ancillary Testing for Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria Around the World

Authors: Ariane Lewis, Jordan Liebman, Elana Kreiger-Benson, Andrew Kumpfbeck, Azza Bakkar, Sam D. Shemie, Gene Sung, Sylvia Torrance, David Greer

Published in: Neurocritical Care | Issue 2/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Objective

We sought to identify similarities and differences in the diagnostic requirements for ancillary testing for determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) around the world.

Methods

We reviewed diagnostic requirements for ancillary testing for BD/DNC in 78 unique official national BD/DNC protocols obtained from contacts worldwide between January 2018 and April 2019.

Results

Details provided on the performance and interpretation of ancillary tests for determination of BD/DNC were variably provided and inconsistent. Approximately half of all protocols that included each ancillary test provided details about study performance: 63% of protocols that included conventional cerebral angiography, 55% of protocols that included electroencephalography, 50% of protocols that included somatosensory evoked potentials, 48% of protocols that included transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, 43% of protocols that included nuclear medicine flow study and 41% of protocols that included brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Similarly, about half of all protocols that included each ancillary test provided details about study interpretation: 66% of protocols that included electroencephalography, 59% of protocols that included brainstem auditory evoked potentials, 56% of protocols that included somatosensory evoked potentials, 55% of protocols that included transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, 52% of protocols that included conventional cerebral angiography and 49% of protocols that included nuclear medicine flow study.

Interpretation

Diagnostic requirements for ancillary testing in BD/DNC determination vary around the world. We hope that the World Brain Death Project will improve worldwide consensus on the diagnostic requirements for ancillary testing in BD/DNC, both for performance and interpretation.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Kramer A. Ancillary Testing in Brain Death. Semin Neurol. 2015;35(02):125–38.CrossRef Kramer A. Ancillary Testing in Brain Death. Semin Neurol. 2015;35(02):125–38.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Greer DM, Wang HH, Robinson JD, et al. Variability of Brain Death Policies in the United States. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(2):213–8.CrossRef Greer DM, Wang HH, Robinson JD, et al. Variability of Brain Death Policies in the United States. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(2):213–8.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Wijdicks EFM. Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 2002;58:20–5.CrossRef Wijdicks EFM. Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 2002;58:20–5.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Wahlster S, Wijdicks E, Patel P, et al. Brain death declaration: Practices and perceptions worldwide. Neurology. 2015;84(18):1870–9.CrossRef Wahlster S, Wijdicks E, Patel P, et al. Brain death declaration: Practices and perceptions worldwide. Neurology. 2015;84(18):1870–9.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Hornby K, Shemie SD, Teitelbaum J, Doig C. Variability in hospital-based brain death guidelines in Canada. Can. J. Anesth. 2006;53(6):613–9.CrossRef Hornby K, Shemie SD, Teitelbaum J, Doig C. Variability in hospital-based brain death guidelines in Canada. Can. J. Anesth. 2006;53(6):613–9.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference A definition of irreversible coma. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death. JAMA 1968;205(6):337–40. A definition of irreversible coma. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death. JAMA 1968;205(6):337–40.
8.
go back to reference Beecher HK. Definitions of life and death for medical science and practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1970;169(2):471–4.CrossRef Beecher HK. Definitions of life and death for medical science and practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1970;169(2):471–4.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Wijdicks EFM. The case against confirmatory tests for determining brain death in adults. Neurology. 2010;75(1):77–83.CrossRef Wijdicks EFM. The case against confirmatory tests for determining brain death in adults. Neurology. 2010;75(1):77–83.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Dalle Ave AL, Bernat JL. Inconsistencies Between the Criterion and Tests for Brain Death. J. Intensive Care Med. 2018;Epub ahead of print. Dalle Ave AL, Bernat JL. Inconsistencies Between the Criterion and Tests for Brain Death. J. Intensive Care Med. 2018;Epub ahead of print.
11.
go back to reference Gastala J, Fattal D, Kirby PA, et al. Brain death: Radiologic signs of a non-radiologic diagnosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;185:105465.CrossRef Gastala J, Fattal D, Kirby PA, et al. Brain death: Radiologic signs of a non-radiologic diagnosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;185:105465.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Lewis A, Adams N, Chopra A, Kirschen MP. Use of Ancillary Tests When Determining Brain Death in Pediatric Patients in the United States. J Child Neurol. 2017;32(12):975–80.CrossRef Lewis A, Adams N, Chopra A, Kirschen MP. Use of Ancillary Tests When Determining Brain Death in Pediatric Patients in the United States. J Child Neurol. 2017;32(12):975–80.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Ancillary Testing for Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria Around the World
Authors
Ariane Lewis
Jordan Liebman
Elana Kreiger-Benson
Andrew Kumpfbeck
Azza Bakkar
Sam D. Shemie
Gene Sung
Sylvia Torrance
David Greer
Publication date
01-04-2021
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Neurocritical Care / Issue 2/2021
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Electronic ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01039-6

Other articles of this Issue 2/2021

Neurocritical Care 2/2021 Go to the issue