Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Neurocritical Care 3/2011

01-12-2011 | Review Article

Non-invasive Methods of Estimating Intracranial Pressure

Authors: Jamie B. Rosenberg, Ariel L. Shiloh, Richard H. Savel, Lewis A. Eisen

Published in: Neurocritical Care | Issue 3/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure can be invaluable in the management of critically ill patients. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate the different methods of measuring intracranial pressure. Several methods have been employed to estimate intracranial pressure, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial Doppler sonography, near-infrared spectroscopy, and visual-evoked potentials. In addition, multiple techniques of measuring the optic nerve and the optic nerve sheath diameter have been studied. Ultrasound measurements of the optic nerve sheath diameter and Doppler flow are especially promising and may be useful in selected settings.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bullock R, Chesnut RM, Clifton G, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe head injury. Brain Trauma Foundation. Eur J Emerg Med. 1996;3:109–27.PubMedCrossRef Bullock R, Chesnut RM, Clifton G, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe head injury. Brain Trauma Foundation. Eur J Emerg Med. 1996;3:109–27.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Zeng T, Gao L. Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring: a report of 136 cases. Chin J Traumatol. 2010;13:146–51.PubMed Zeng T, Gao L. Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring: a report of 136 cases. Chin J Traumatol. 2010;13:146–51.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Hanlo PW, Gooskens RH, Faber JA, et al. Relationship between anterior fontanelle pressure measurements and clinical signs in infantile hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996;12:200–9.PubMedCrossRef Hanlo PW, Gooskens RH, Faber JA, et al. Relationship between anterior fontanelle pressure measurements and clinical signs in infantile hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996;12:200–9.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Hanlo PW, Gooskens RH, Nijhuis IJ, et al. Value of transcranial Doppler indices in predicting raised ICP in infantile hydrocephalus. A study with review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 1995;11:595–603.PubMedCrossRef Hanlo PW, Gooskens RH, Nijhuis IJ, et al. Value of transcranial Doppler indices in predicting raised ICP in infantile hydrocephalus. A study with review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 1995;11:595–603.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Hiler M, Czosnyka M, Hutchinson P, et al. Predictive value of initial computerized tomography scan, intracranial pressure, and state of autoregulation in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:731–7.PubMedCrossRef Hiler M, Czosnyka M, Hutchinson P, et al. Predictive value of initial computerized tomography scan, intracranial pressure, and state of autoregulation in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:731–7.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Holliday PO, Kelly DL, Ball M. Normal computed tomograms in acute head injury: correlation of intracranial pressure, ventricular size, and outcome. Neurosurgery. 1982;10:25–8.PubMedCrossRef Holliday PO, Kelly DL, Ball M. Normal computed tomograms in acute head injury: correlation of intracranial pressure, ventricular size, and outcome. Neurosurgery. 1982;10:25–8.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Kishore PR, Lipper MH, Becker DP, Domingues da Silva AA, Narayan RK. Significance of CT in head injury: correlation with intracranial pressure. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137:829–33.PubMed Kishore PR, Lipper MH, Becker DP, Domingues da Silva AA, Narayan RK. Significance of CT in head injury: correlation with intracranial pressure. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137:829–33.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Mizutani T, Manaka S, Tsutsumi H. Estimation of intracranial pressure using computed tomography scan findings in patients with severe head injury. Surg Neurol. 1990;33:178–84.PubMedCrossRef Mizutani T, Manaka S, Tsutsumi H. Estimation of intracranial pressure using computed tomography scan findings in patients with severe head injury. Surg Neurol. 1990;33:178–84.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Tuite GF, Evanson J, Chong WK, et al. The beaten copper cranium: a correlation between intracranial pressure, cranial radiographs, and computed tomographic scans in children with craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery. 1996;39:691–9.PubMedCrossRef Tuite GF, Evanson J, Chong WK, et al. The beaten copper cranium: a correlation between intracranial pressure, cranial radiographs, and computed tomographic scans in children with craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery. 1996;39:691–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Ruhli FJ, Nicklisch N, Alt KW. A historical case of beaten-copper cranium. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1 suppl):71–3.PubMed Ruhli FJ, Nicklisch N, Alt KW. A historical case of beaten-copper cranium. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1 suppl):71–3.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Eide PK. The relationship between intracranial pressure and size of cerebral ventricles assessed by computed tomography. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145:171–9.CrossRef Eide PK. The relationship between intracranial pressure and size of cerebral ventricles assessed by computed tomography. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145:171–9.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Eisenberg HM, Gary HE Jr, Aldrich EF, et al. Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:688–98.PubMedCrossRef Eisenberg HM, Gary HE Jr, Aldrich EF, et al. Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:688–98.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference O’Sullivan MG, Statham PF, Jones PA, et al. Role of intracranial pressure monitoring in severely head-injured patients without signs of intracranial hypertension on initial computerized tomography. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:46–50.PubMedCrossRef O’Sullivan MG, Statham PF, Jones PA, et al. Role of intracranial pressure monitoring in severely head-injured patients without signs of intracranial hypertension on initial computerized tomography. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:46–50.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Sadhu VK, Sampson J, Haar FL, Pinto RS, Handel SF. Correlation between computed tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring in acute head trauma patients. Radiology. 1979;133:507–9.PubMed Sadhu VK, Sampson J, Haar FL, Pinto RS, Handel SF. Correlation between computed tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring in acute head trauma patients. Radiology. 1979;133:507–9.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Colquhoun IR, Burrows EH. The prognostic significance of the third ventricle and basal cisterns in severe closed head injury. Clin Radiol. 1989;40:13–6.PubMedCrossRef Colquhoun IR, Burrows EH. The prognostic significance of the third ventricle and basal cisterns in severe closed head injury. Clin Radiol. 1989;40:13–6.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Inaba K, Teixeira PG, David JS, et al. Computed tomographic brain density measurement as a predictor of elevated intracranial pressure in blunt head trauma. Am Surg. 2007;73:1023–6.PubMed Inaba K, Teixeira PG, David JS, et al. Computed tomographic brain density measurement as a predictor of elevated intracranial pressure in blunt head trauma. Am Surg. 2007;73:1023–6.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Tabaddor K, Danziger A, Wisoff HS. Estimation of intracranial pressure by CT scan in closed head trauma. Surg Neurol. 1982;18:212–5.PubMedCrossRef Tabaddor K, Danziger A, Wisoff HS. Estimation of intracranial pressure by CT scan in closed head trauma. Surg Neurol. 1982;18:212–5.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Teasdale E, Cardoso E, Galbraith S, Teasdale G. CT scan in severe diffuse head injury: physiological and clinical correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:600–3.PubMedCrossRef Teasdale E, Cardoso E, Galbraith S, Teasdale G. CT scan in severe diffuse head injury: physiological and clinical correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:600–3.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Toutant SM, Klauber MR, Marshall LF, et al. Absent or compressed basal cisterns on first CT scan: ominous predictors of outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1984;61:691–4.PubMedCrossRef Toutant SM, Klauber MR, Marshall LF, et al. Absent or compressed basal cisterns on first CT scan: ominous predictors of outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1984;61:691–4.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Miller MT, Pasquale M, Kurek S, et al. Initial head computed tomographic scan characteristics have a linear relationship with initial intracranial pressure after trauma. J Trauma. 2004;56:967–72.PubMedCrossRef Miller MT, Pasquale M, Kurek S, et al. Initial head computed tomographic scan characteristics have a linear relationship with initial intracranial pressure after trauma. J Trauma. 2004;56:967–72.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Alperin NJ, Lee SH, Loth F, Raksin PB, Lichtor T. MR-Intracranial pressure (ICP): a method to measure intracranial elastance and pressure noninvasively by means of MR imaging: baboon and human study. Radiology. 2000;217:877–85.PubMed Alperin NJ, Lee SH, Loth F, Raksin PB, Lichtor T. MR-Intracranial pressure (ICP): a method to measure intracranial elastance and pressure noninvasively by means of MR imaging: baboon and human study. Radiology. 2000;217:877–85.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Bellner J, Romner B, Reinstrup P, Kristiansson KA, Ryding E, Brandt L. Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP). Surg Neurol. 2004;62:45–51.PubMedCrossRef Bellner J, Romner B, Reinstrup P, Kristiansson KA, Ryding E, Brandt L. Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP). Surg Neurol. 2004;62:45–51.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Panerai RB. Transcranial Doppler for evaluation of cerebral autoregulation. Clin Auton Res. 2009;19:197–211.PubMedCrossRef Panerai RB. Transcranial Doppler for evaluation of cerebral autoregulation. Clin Auton Res. 2009;19:197–211.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Rasulo FA, De Peri E, Lavinio A. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in intensive care. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 2008;42:167–73.PubMedCrossRef Rasulo FA, De Peri E, Lavinio A. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in intensive care. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 2008;42:167–73.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference White H, Venkatesh B. Applications of transcranial Doppler in the ICU: a review. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:981–94.PubMedCrossRef White H, Venkatesh B. Applications of transcranial Doppler in the ICU: a review. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:981–94.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, et al. Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2004;62:1468–81.PubMed Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, et al. Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2004;62:1468–81.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Katz ML. Transcranial Doppler examinations. In: Goldberg BB, McGahan JP, editors. Atlas of ultrasound measurements. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006. p. 306–10. Katz ML. Transcranial Doppler examinations. In: Goldberg BB, McGahan JP, editors. Atlas of ultrasound measurements. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006. p. 306–10.
28.
go back to reference Klingelhöfer J, Conrad B, Benecke R, Sander D, Markakis E. Evaluation of intracranial pressure from transcranial Doppler studies in cerebral disease. J Neurol. 1988;235:159–62.PubMedCrossRef Klingelhöfer J, Conrad B, Benecke R, Sander D, Markakis E. Evaluation of intracranial pressure from transcranial Doppler studies in cerebral disease. J Neurol. 1988;235:159–62.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Schmidt B, Klingelhöfer J, Schwarze JJ, Sander D, Wittich I. Noninvasive prediction of intracranial pressure curves using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and blood pressure curves. Stroke. 1997;28:2465–72.PubMedCrossRef Schmidt B, Klingelhöfer J, Schwarze JJ, Sander D, Wittich I. Noninvasive prediction of intracranial pressure curves using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and blood pressure curves. Stroke. 1997;28:2465–72.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Goraj B, Rifkinson-Mann S, Leslie DR, Lansen TA, Kasoff SS, Tenner MS. Correlation of intracranial pressure and transcranial Doppler resistive index after head trauma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:1333–9.PubMed Goraj B, Rifkinson-Mann S, Leslie DR, Lansen TA, Kasoff SS, Tenner MS. Correlation of intracranial pressure and transcranial Doppler resistive index after head trauma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:1333–9.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Moreno JA, Mesalles E, Gener J, et al. Evaluating the outcome of severe head injury with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurg Focus. 2000;8:e8.PubMedCrossRef Moreno JA, Mesalles E, Gener J, et al. Evaluating the outcome of severe head injury with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurg Focus. 2000;8:e8.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Behrens A, Lenfeldt N, Ambarki K, Malm J, Eklund A, Koskinen LO. Transcranial Doppler pulsatility index: not an accurate method to assess intracranial pressure. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:1050–7.PubMedCrossRef Behrens A, Lenfeldt N, Ambarki K, Malm J, Eklund A, Koskinen LO. Transcranial Doppler pulsatility index: not an accurate method to assess intracranial pressure. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:1050–7.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Figaji AA, Zwane E, Fieggen AG, Siesjo P, Peter JC. Transcranial Doppler pulsatility index is not a reliable indicator of intracranial pressure in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol. 2009;72:389–94.PubMedCrossRef Figaji AA, Zwane E, Fieggen AG, Siesjo P, Peter JC. Transcranial Doppler pulsatility index is not a reliable indicator of intracranial pressure in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol. 2009;72:389–94.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Rainov NG, Weise JB, Burkert W. Transcranial Doppler sonography in adult hydrocephalic patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2000;23:34–8.PubMedCrossRef Rainov NG, Weise JB, Burkert W. Transcranial Doppler sonography in adult hydrocephalic patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2000;23:34–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Reid A, Marchbanks RJ, Bateman DE, Martin AM, Brightwell AP, Pickard JD. Mean intracranial pressure monitoring by a non-invasive audiological technique: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:610–2.PubMedCrossRef Reid A, Marchbanks RJ, Bateman DE, Martin AM, Brightwell AP, Pickard JD. Mean intracranial pressure monitoring by a non-invasive audiological technique: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:610–2.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Samuel M, Burge DM, Marchbanks RJ. Tympanic membrane displacement testing in regular assessment of intracranial pressure in eight children with shunted hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:983–95.PubMedCrossRef Samuel M, Burge DM, Marchbanks RJ. Tympanic membrane displacement testing in regular assessment of intracranial pressure in eight children with shunted hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:983–95.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Kampfl A, Pfausler B, Denchev D, Jaring HP, Schmutzhard E. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in patients with severe brain injury and elevated intracranial pressure. A pilot study. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1997;70:112–4.PubMed Kampfl A, Pfausler B, Denchev D, Jaring HP, Schmutzhard E. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in patients with severe brain injury and elevated intracranial pressure. A pilot study. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1997;70:112–4.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Lundberg N. Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1960;36:1–193.PubMed Lundberg N. Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1960;36:1–193.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Steinmeier R, Bauhuf C, Hübner U, et al. Slow rhythmic oscillations of blood pressure, intracranial pressure, microcirculation, and cerebral oxygenation. Dynamic interrelation and time course in humans. Stroke. 1996;27:2236–43.PubMedCrossRef Steinmeier R, Bauhuf C, Hübner U, et al. Slow rhythmic oscillations of blood pressure, intracranial pressure, microcirculation, and cerebral oxygenation. Dynamic interrelation and time course in humans. Stroke. 1996;27:2236–43.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Lee JK, Kibler KK, Benni PB, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Stroke. 2009;40:1820–6.PubMedCrossRef Lee JK, Kibler KK, Benni PB, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Stroke. 2009;40:1820–6.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Weerakkody RA, Czosnyka M, Zweifel C, et al. Slow vasogenic fluctuations of intracranial pressure and cerebral near infrared spectroscopy—an observational study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010;152:1763–9.CrossRef Weerakkody RA, Czosnyka M, Zweifel C, et al. Slow vasogenic fluctuations of intracranial pressure and cerebral near infrared spectroscopy—an observational study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010;152:1763–9.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Zweifel C, Castellani G, Czosnyka M, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of cerebrovascular reactivity with near infrared spectroscopy in head-injured patients. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27:1951–8.PubMedCrossRef Zweifel C, Castellani G, Czosnyka M, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of cerebrovascular reactivity with near infrared spectroscopy in head-injured patients. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27:1951–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference York DH, Pulliam MW, Rosenfeld JG, Watts C. Relationship between visual evoked potentials and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 1981;55:909–16.PubMedCrossRef York DH, Pulliam MW, Rosenfeld JG, Watts C. Relationship between visual evoked potentials and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 1981;55:909–16.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference York D, Legan M, Benner S, Watts C. Further studies with a noninvasive method of intracranial pressure estimation. Neurosurgery. 1984;14:456–61.PubMedCrossRef York D, Legan M, Benner S, Watts C. Further studies with a noninvasive method of intracranial pressure estimation. Neurosurgery. 1984;14:456–61.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Zhao YL, Zhou JY, Zhu GH. Clinical experience with the noninvasive ICP monitoring system. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2005;95:351–5.PubMedCrossRef Zhao YL, Zhou JY, Zhu GH. Clinical experience with the noninvasive ICP monitoring system. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2005;95:351–5.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Liu D, Kahn M. Measurement and relationship of subarachnoid pressure of the optic nerve to intracranial pressures in fresh cadavers. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:548–56.PubMed Liu D, Kahn M. Measurement and relationship of subarachnoid pressure of the optic nerve to intracranial pressures in fresh cadavers. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:548–56.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Hansen HC, Helmke K. The subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerves. An ultrasound study of the optic nerve sheath. Surg Radiol Anat. 1996;18:323–8.PubMedCrossRef Hansen HC, Helmke K. The subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerves. An ultrasound study of the optic nerve sheath. Surg Radiol Anat. 1996;18:323–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Hansen HC, Helmke K, Kunze K. Optic nerve sheath enlargement in acute intracranial hypertension. Neuroophthalmology. 1994;14:345–54.CrossRef Hansen HC, Helmke K, Kunze K. Optic nerve sheath enlargement in acute intracranial hypertension. Neuroophthalmology. 1994;14:345–54.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Hayreh SS. Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. V. Pathogenesis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:1553–65.PubMed Hayreh SS. Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. V. Pathogenesis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:1553–65.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Frisen L. Swelling of the optic nerve head: a staging scheme. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45:13–8.PubMedCrossRef Frisen L. Swelling of the optic nerve head: a staging scheme. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45:13–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Johnson LN, Hepler RS, Bartholomew MJ. Accuracy of papilledema and pseudopapilledema detection: a multispecialty study. J Fam Pract. 1991;33:381–6.PubMed Johnson LN, Hepler RS, Bartholomew MJ. Accuracy of papilledema and pseudopapilledema detection: a multispecialty study. J Fam Pract. 1991;33:381–6.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Wu EH, Fagan MJ, Reinert SE, Diaz JA. Self-confidence in and perceived utility of the physical examination: a comparison of medical students, residents, and faculty internists. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:1725–30.PubMedCrossRef Wu EH, Fagan MJ, Reinert SE, Diaz JA. Self-confidence in and perceived utility of the physical examination: a comparison of medical students, residents, and faculty internists. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:1725–30.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Steffen H, Eifert B, Aschoff A, Kolling GH, Volcker HE. The diagnostic value of optic disc evaluation in acute elevated intracranial pressure. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1229–32.PubMed Steffen H, Eifert B, Aschoff A, Kolling GH, Volcker HE. The diagnostic value of optic disc evaluation in acute elevated intracranial pressure. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1229–32.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Jacks AS, Miller NR. Spontaneous retinal venous pulsations: aetiology and significance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:7–9.PubMedCrossRef Jacks AS, Miller NR. Spontaneous retinal venous pulsations: aetiology and significance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:7–9.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Walsh TJ, Garden JW, Gallagher B. Obliteration of retinal venous pulsations during elevation of cerebro-spinal fluid pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 1969;67:954–6.PubMed Walsh TJ, Garden JW, Gallagher B. Obliteration of retinal venous pulsations during elevation of cerebro-spinal fluid pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 1969;67:954–6.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Levin BE. The clinical significance of spontaneous pulsations of the retinal vein. Arch Neurol. 1978;35:37–40.PubMed Levin BE. The clinical significance of spontaneous pulsations of the retinal vein. Arch Neurol. 1978;35:37–40.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Kahn E, Cherry G. The clinical importance of spontaneous retinal venous pulsation. Med Bull (Ann Arbor). 1950;16:305–8. Kahn E, Cherry G. The clinical importance of spontaneous retinal venous pulsation. Med Bull (Ann Arbor). 1950;16:305–8.
58.
go back to reference Lortentzen SE. Incidence of spontaneous venous pulsation in the retina. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1970;48:765–70. Lortentzen SE. Incidence of spontaneous venous pulsation in the retina. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1970;48:765–70.
59.
go back to reference Firsching R, Schutze M, Motschmann M, Behrens-Baumann W, Meyer-Schwickerath R. Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure. Lancet. 1998;351:523–4.PubMedCrossRef Firsching R, Schutze M, Motschmann M, Behrens-Baumann W, Meyer-Schwickerath R. Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure. Lancet. 1998;351:523–4.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Firsching R, Schutze M, Motschmann M, Behrens-Baumann W. Venous ophthalmodynamometry: a noninvasive method for assessment of intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:33–6.PubMedCrossRef Firsching R, Schutze M, Motschmann M, Behrens-Baumann W. Venous ophthalmodynamometry: a noninvasive method for assessment of intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:33–6.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Motschmann M, Muller C, Kuchenbecker J, et al. Ophthalmodynamometry: a reliable method for measuring intracranial pressure. Strabismus. 2001;9:13–6.PubMedCrossRef Motschmann M, Muller C, Kuchenbecker J, et al. Ophthalmodynamometry: a reliable method for measuring intracranial pressure. Strabismus. 2001;9:13–6.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Querfurth HW, Arms SW, Lichy CM, Irwin WT, Steiner T. Prediction of intracranial pressure from noninvasive transocular venous and arterial hemodynamic measurements: a pilot study. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1:183–94.PubMedCrossRef Querfurth HW, Arms SW, Lichy CM, Irwin WT, Steiner T. Prediction of intracranial pressure from noninvasive transocular venous and arterial hemodynamic measurements: a pilot study. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1:183–94.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Meeker M, Du R, Bacchetti P, et al. Pupil examination: validity and clinical utility of an automated pupillometer. J Neurosci Nurs. 2005;37:34–40.PubMedCrossRef Meeker M, Du R, Bacchetti P, et al. Pupil examination: validity and clinical utility of an automated pupillometer. J Neurosci Nurs. 2005;37:34–40.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Du R, Meeker M, Bacchetti P, Larson MD, Holland MC, Manley GT. Evaluation of the portable infrared pupillometer. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:198–203.PubMedCrossRef Du R, Meeker M, Bacchetti P, Larson MD, Holland MC, Manley GT. Evaluation of the portable infrared pupillometer. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:198–203.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Larson MD, Muhiudeen I. Pupillometric analysis of the “absent light reflex”. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:369–72.PubMed Larson MD, Muhiudeen I. Pupillometric analysis of the “absent light reflex”. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:369–72.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Taylor WR, Chen JW, Meltzer H. Quantitative pupillometry, a new technology: normative data and preliminary observations in patients with acute head injury. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:205–13.PubMedCrossRef Taylor WR, Chen JW, Meltzer H. Quantitative pupillometry, a new technology: normative data and preliminary observations in patients with acute head injury. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:205–13.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Boev AN, Fountas KN, Karampelas I. Quantitative pupillometry: normative data in healthy pediatric volunteers. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(6 suppl):496–500.PubMed Boev AN, Fountas KN, Karampelas I. Quantitative pupillometry: normative data in healthy pediatric volunteers. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(6 suppl):496–500.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Hee MR, Izatt JA, Swanson EA, et al. Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:325–32.PubMed Hee MR, Izatt JA, Swanson EA, et al. Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:325–32.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Savini G, Bellusci C, Carbonelli M, et al. Detection and quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in optic disc edema using Stratus OCT. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1111–7.PubMedCrossRef Savini G, Bellusci C, Carbonelli M, et al. Detection and quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in optic disc edema using Stratus OCT. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1111–7.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference El-Diairi MA, Holgado S, O’Donnell T, Buckley EG, Asrani S, Freedman SF. Optical coherence tomography as a tool for monitoring pediatric pseudotumor cerebri. J AAPOS. 2007;11:564–70.CrossRef El-Diairi MA, Holgado S, O’Donnell T, Buckley EG, Asrani S, Freedman SF. Optical coherence tomography as a tool for monitoring pediatric pseudotumor cerebri. J AAPOS. 2007;11:564–70.CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Rebolleda G, Munoz-Negrete FJ. Follow-up of mild papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension with optical coherence tomography. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5197–200.CrossRef Rebolleda G, Munoz-Negrete FJ. Follow-up of mild papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension with optical coherence tomography. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5197–200.CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Scott CJ, Kardon RH, Lee AG, Frisen L, Wall M. Diagnosis and grading of papilledema in patients with raised intracranial pressure using optical coherence tomography vs clinical expert assessment using a clinical staging scale. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:705–11.PubMedCrossRef Scott CJ, Kardon RH, Lee AG, Frisen L, Wall M. Diagnosis and grading of papilledema in patients with raised intracranial pressure using optical coherence tomography vs clinical expert assessment using a clinical staging scale. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:705–11.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Weinreb RN, Dreher AW, Bille JF. Quantitative assessment of the optic nerve head with the laser tomographic scanner. Int Ophthalmol. 1989;13:25–9.PubMedCrossRef Weinreb RN, Dreher AW, Bille JF. Quantitative assessment of the optic nerve head with the laser tomographic scanner. Int Ophthalmol. 1989;13:25–9.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Kruse FE, Burk RO, Völcker HE, Zinser G, Harbarth U. Reproducibility of topographic measurements of the optic nerve head with laser tomographic scanning. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1320–4.PubMed Kruse FE, Burk RO, Völcker HE, Zinser G, Harbarth U. Reproducibility of topographic measurements of the optic nerve head with laser tomographic scanning. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1320–4.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Rohrschneider K, Burk RO, Kruse FE, Volcker HE. Reproducibility of the optic nerve head topography with a new laser tomographic scanning device. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1044–9.PubMed Rohrschneider K, Burk RO, Kruse FE, Volcker HE. Reproducibility of the optic nerve head topography with a new laser tomographic scanning device. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1044–9.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Heckmann JG, Weber M, Junemann AG, Neundorfer B, Mardin CY. Laser scanning tomography of the optic nerve vs CSF opening pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2004;62:1221–3.PubMed Heckmann JG, Weber M, Junemann AG, Neundorfer B, Mardin CY. Laser scanning tomography of the optic nerve vs CSF opening pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2004;62:1221–3.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Trick GL, Vesti E, Tawansy K, Skarf B, Gartner J. Quantitative evaluation of papilledema in pseudotumor cerebri. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1964–71. Trick GL, Vesti E, Tawansy K, Skarf B, Gartner J. Quantitative evaluation of papilledema in pseudotumor cerebri. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1964–71.
78.
go back to reference Catrambone JE, He W, Prestigiacomo CJ, Carmel PW. Monitoring papilledema with Heidelberg Retina Tomograph in a patient with ruptured aneurysm: a case report. Surg Neurol. 2008;70:79–81.PubMedCrossRef Catrambone JE, He W, Prestigiacomo CJ, Carmel PW. Monitoring papilledema with Heidelberg Retina Tomograph in a patient with ruptured aneurysm: a case report. Surg Neurol. 2008;70:79–81.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Hewick SA, Fairhead AC, Culy JC, Atta HR. A comparison of 10 MHz and 20 MHz ultrasound probes in imaging the eye and orbit. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:551–5.PubMedCrossRef Hewick SA, Fairhead AC, Culy JC, Atta HR. A comparison of 10 MHz and 20 MHz ultrasound probes in imaging the eye and orbit. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:551–5.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Shah S, Kimberly H, Marill K, Noble VE. Ultrasound techniques to measure the optic nerve sheath: is a specialized probe necessary? Med Sci Monit. 2009;15:MT63–8.PubMed Shah S, Kimberly H, Marill K, Noble VE. Ultrasound techniques to measure the optic nerve sheath: is a specialized probe necessary? Med Sci Monit. 2009;15:MT63–8.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Helmke K, Hansen HC. Fundamentals of transorbital sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath expansion under intracranial hypertension. I. Experimental study. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:701–5.PubMedCrossRef Helmke K, Hansen HC. Fundamentals of transorbital sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath expansion under intracranial hypertension. I. Experimental study. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:701–5.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Hansen HC, Helmke K. Validation of the optic nerve sheath response to changing cerebrospinal fluid pressure: ultrasound findings during intrathecal infusion tests. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:34–40.PubMedCrossRef Hansen HC, Helmke K. Validation of the optic nerve sheath response to changing cerebrospinal fluid pressure: ultrasound findings during intrathecal infusion tests. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:34–40.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Tamburrelli C, Anile C, Mangiola A, Falsini B, Palma P. CSF dynamic parameters and changes of optic nerve diameters measured by standardized echography. In: Till P, editor. Ophthalmic echography 13: proceedings of the 13th SIDUO Congress, Vienna, Austria, 1990. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993. pp. 101–9. Tamburrelli C, Anile C, Mangiola A, Falsini B, Palma P. CSF dynamic parameters and changes of optic nerve diameters measured by standardized echography. In: Till P, editor. Ophthalmic echography 13: proceedings of the 13th SIDUO Congress, Vienna, Austria, 1990. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993. pp. 101–9.
84.
go back to reference Gangemi M, Cennamo G, Maiuri F, D’Andrea F. Echographic measurement of the optic nerve in patients with intracranial hypertension. Neurochirurgia. 1987;30:53–5.PubMed Gangemi M, Cennamo G, Maiuri F, D’Andrea F. Echographic measurement of the optic nerve in patients with intracranial hypertension. Neurochirurgia. 1987;30:53–5.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Geeraerts T, Launey Y, Martin L, et al. Ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after severe brain injury. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1704–11.PubMedCrossRef Geeraerts T, Launey Y, Martin L, et al. Ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after severe brain injury. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1704–11.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Geeraerts T, Merceron S, Benhamou D, Vigue B, Duranteau J. Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure using ocular sonography in neurocritical care patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:2062–7.PubMedCrossRef Geeraerts T, Merceron S, Benhamou D, Vigue B, Duranteau J. Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure using ocular sonography in neurocritical care patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:2062–7.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Kimberly HH, Shah S, Marill K, Noble V. Correlation of optic nerve sheath diameter with direct measurement of intracranial pressure. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:201–4.PubMedCrossRef Kimberly HH, Shah S, Marill K, Noble V. Correlation of optic nerve sheath diameter with direct measurement of intracranial pressure. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:201–4.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Moretti R, Pizzi B. Optic nerve ultrasound for detection of intracranial hypertension in intracranial hemorrhage patients: confirmation of previous findings in a different patient population. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2009;21:16–20.PubMedCrossRef Moretti R, Pizzi B. Optic nerve ultrasound for detection of intracranial hypertension in intracranial hemorrhage patients: confirmation of previous findings in a different patient population. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2009;21:16–20.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Moretti R, Pizzi B, Cassini F, Vivaldi N. Reliability of optic nerve ultrasound for the evaluation of patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11:406–10.PubMedCrossRef Moretti R, Pizzi B, Cassini F, Vivaldi N. Reliability of optic nerve ultrasound for the evaluation of patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11:406–10.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Soldatos T, Karakitsos D, Chatzimichail K, Papathanasiou M, Gouliamos A, Karabinis A. Optic nerve sonography in the diagnostic evaluation of adult brain injury. Crit Care. 2008;12:R67.PubMedCrossRef Soldatos T, Karakitsos D, Chatzimichail K, Papathanasiou M, Gouliamos A, Karabinis A. Optic nerve sonography in the diagnostic evaluation of adult brain injury. Crit Care. 2008;12:R67.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Grisgin AS, Kalkan E, Kocak S, Cander B, Gul M, Semiz M. The role of optic nerve ultrasonography in the diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure. Emerg Med J. 2007;24:251–4.CrossRef Grisgin AS, Kalkan E, Kocak S, Cander B, Gul M, Semiz M. The role of optic nerve ultrasonography in the diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure. Emerg Med J. 2007;24:251–4.CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR. Elevated intracranial pressure detected by bedside emergency ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:376–81.PubMedCrossRef Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR. Elevated intracranial pressure detected by bedside emergency ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:376–81.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Goel RS, Goyal NK, Dharap SB, Kumar M, Gore MA. Utility of optic nerve ultrasonography in head injury. Injury. 2008;39:519–24.PubMedCrossRef Goel RS, Goyal NK, Dharap SB, Kumar M, Gore MA. Utility of optic nerve ultrasonography in head injury. Injury. 2008;39:519–24.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Karakitsos D, Soldatos T, Gouliamos A, et al. Transorbital sonographic monitoring of optic nerve diameter in patients with severe brain injury. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:3700–6.PubMedCrossRef Karakitsos D, Soldatos T, Gouliamos A, et al. Transorbital sonographic monitoring of optic nerve diameter in patients with severe brain injury. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:3700–6.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Tayal VS, Neulander M, Norton HJ, Foster T, Saunders T, Blaivas M. Emergency department sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter to detect findings of increased intracranial pressure in adult head injury patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:508–14.PubMedCrossRef Tayal VS, Neulander M, Norton HJ, Foster T, Saunders T, Blaivas M. Emergency department sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter to detect findings of increased intracranial pressure in adult head injury patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:508–14.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Malayeri AA, Bavarian S, Mehdizadeh M. Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve diameter in children with raised intracranial pressure. J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24:143–7.PubMed Malayeri AA, Bavarian S, Mehdizadeh M. Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve diameter in children with raised intracranial pressure. J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24:143–7.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Ballantyne J, Hollman AS, Hamilton R, et al. Transorbital optic nerve sheath ultrasonography in normal children. Clin Radiol. 1999;54:740–2.PubMedCrossRef Ballantyne J, Hollman AS, Hamilton R, et al. Transorbital optic nerve sheath ultrasonography in normal children. Clin Radiol. 1999;54:740–2.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Newman WD, Hollman AS, Dutton GN, Carachi R. Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:1109–13.PubMedCrossRef Newman WD, Hollman AS, Dutton GN, Carachi R. Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:1109–13.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Helmke K, Hansen HC. Fundamentals of transorbital sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath expansion under intracranial hypertension II. Patient study. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:706–10.PubMedCrossRef Helmke K, Hansen HC. Fundamentals of transorbital sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath expansion under intracranial hypertension II. Patient study. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:706–10.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference McAuley D, Paterson A, Sweeney L. Optic nerve sheath ultrasound in the assessment of paediatric hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25:87–90.PubMedCrossRef McAuley D, Paterson A, Sweeney L. Optic nerve sheath ultrasound in the assessment of paediatric hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25:87–90.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Le A, Hoehn ME, Smith ME, Spentzas T, Schlappy D, Pershad J. Bedside sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter as a predictor of increased intracranial pressure in children. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;53:785–91.PubMedCrossRef Le A, Hoehn ME, Smith ME, Spentzas T, Schlappy D, Pershad J. Bedside sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter as a predictor of increased intracranial pressure in children. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;53:785–91.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Beare NAV, Kampondeni S, Glover SJ, et al. Detection of raised intracranial pressure by ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in African children. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1400–4.PubMedCrossRef Beare NAV, Kampondeni S, Glover SJ, et al. Detection of raised intracranial pressure by ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in African children. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1400–4.PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Romagnuolo L, Tayal V, Tomaszewski C, Saunders T, Norton HJ. Optic nerve sheath diameter does not change with patient position. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:686–8.PubMedCrossRef Romagnuolo L, Tayal V, Tomaszewski C, Saunders T, Norton HJ. Optic nerve sheath diameter does not change with patient position. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:686–8.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Ballantyne SA, O’Neill G, Hamilton R, Hollman R. Observer variation in the sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in normal adults. Eur J Ultrasound. 2002;15:145–9.PubMedCrossRef Ballantyne SA, O’Neill G, Hamilton R, Hollman R. Observer variation in the sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in normal adults. Eur J Ultrasound. 2002;15:145–9.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Beatty S, Good PA, McLaughlin J, O’Neill EC. Echographic measurements of the retrobulbar optic nerve in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:43–7.PubMedCrossRef Beatty S, Good PA, McLaughlin J, O’Neill EC. Echographic measurements of the retrobulbar optic nerve in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:43–7.PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Potgieter DW, Kippin A, Ngu F, McKean C. Can accurate ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (a non-invasive measure of intracranial pressure) be taught to novice operators in a single training session? Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39:95–100.PubMedCrossRef Potgieter DW, Kippin A, Ngu F, McKean C. Can accurate ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (a non-invasive measure of intracranial pressure) be taught to novice operators in a single training session? Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39:95–100.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Copetti R, Cattarossi L. Optic nerve ultrasound: artifacts and real images. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:1488–9.PubMedCrossRef Copetti R, Cattarossi L. Optic nerve ultrasound: artifacts and real images. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:1488–9.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Blehar DJ, Gaspari RJ, Montoya A, Calderon R. Correlation of visual axis and coronal axis measurements of the optic nerve sheath diameter. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:407–11.PubMed Blehar DJ, Gaspari RJ, Montoya A, Calderon R. Correlation of visual axis and coronal axis measurements of the optic nerve sheath diameter. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:407–11.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Tranquart F, Berges O, Koskas P, et al. Color Doppler imaging of orbital vessels: personal experience and literature review. J Clin Ultrasound. 2003;31:258–73.PubMedCrossRef Tranquart F, Berges O, Koskas P, et al. Color Doppler imaging of orbital vessels: personal experience and literature review. J Clin Ultrasound. 2003;31:258–73.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Baxter GM, Williamson TH. Color Doppler imaging of the eye: normal ranges, reproducibility, and observer variation. J Ultrasound Med. 1995;14:91–6.PubMed Baxter GM, Williamson TH. Color Doppler imaging of the eye: normal ranges, reproducibility, and observer variation. J Ultrasound Med. 1995;14:91–6.PubMed
111.
go back to reference Lieb WE, Cohen SM, Merton DA, Shields JA, Mitchell DG, Goldberg BB. Color Doppler imaging of the eye and orbit: technique and normal vascular anatomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:527–31.PubMed Lieb WE, Cohen SM, Merton DA, Shields JA, Mitchell DG, Goldberg BB. Color Doppler imaging of the eye and orbit: technique and normal vascular anatomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:527–31.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Riva CE, Grunwald JE, Sinclair SH, Petrig BL. Blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in human retinal vessels. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26:1124–32. Riva CE, Grunwald JE, Sinclair SH, Petrig BL. Blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in human retinal vessels. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26:1124–32.
113.
go back to reference Querfurth HW, Lagrèze WD, Hedges TR, Heggerick PA. Flow velocity and pulsatility of the ocular circulation in chronic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;105:431–40.PubMedCrossRef Querfurth HW, Lagrèze WD, Hedges TR, Heggerick PA. Flow velocity and pulsatility of the ocular circulation in chronic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;105:431–40.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Miller MM, Chang T, Keating R, Crouch E, Sable C. Blood flow velocities are reduced in the optic nerve of children with elevated intracranial pressure. J Child Neurol. 2009;24:30–5.PubMedCrossRef Miller MM, Chang T, Keating R, Crouch E, Sable C. Blood flow velocities are reduced in the optic nerve of children with elevated intracranial pressure. J Child Neurol. 2009;24:30–5.PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Lam BL, Glasier CM, Feuer WJ. Subarachnoid fluid of the optic nerve in normal adults. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1629–33.PubMed Lam BL, Glasier CM, Feuer WJ. Subarachnoid fluid of the optic nerve in normal adults. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1629–33.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Weigel M, Lagreze WA, Lazzaro A, Hennig J, Bley TA. Fast and quantitative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve at 3.0 Tesla. Investig Radiol. 2006;41:83–6.CrossRef Weigel M, Lagreze WA, Lazzaro A, Hennig J, Bley TA. Fast and quantitative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve at 3.0 Tesla. Investig Radiol. 2006;41:83–6.CrossRef
117.
go back to reference Mashima Y, Oshitari K, Imamura Y, Momoshima S, Shiga H, Oguchi Y. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the intraorbital optic nerve and subarachnoid space in patients with papilledema and optic atrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:1197–203.PubMed Mashima Y, Oshitari K, Imamura Y, Momoshima S, Shiga H, Oguchi Y. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the intraorbital optic nerve and subarachnoid space in patients with papilledema and optic atrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:1197–203.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Lagreze WA, Lazzaro A, Weigel M, Hansen HC, Hennig J, Bley TA. Morphometry of the retrobulbar human optic nerve: comparison between conventional sonography and ultrafast magnetic resonance sequences. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:1913–7.CrossRef Lagreze WA, Lazzaro A, Weigel M, Hansen HC, Hennig J, Bley TA. Morphometry of the retrobulbar human optic nerve: comparison between conventional sonography and ultrafast magnetic resonance sequences. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:1913–7.CrossRef
119.
go back to reference Geeraerts T, Newcome VFJ, Coles JP, et al. Use of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve sheath to detect raised intracranial pressure. Crit Care. 2008;12:R114.PubMedCrossRef Geeraerts T, Newcome VFJ, Coles JP, et al. Use of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve sheath to detect raised intracranial pressure. Crit Care. 2008;12:R114.PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Brodsky MC, Vaphiades M. Magnetic resonance imaging in pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1686–93.PubMedCrossRef Brodsky MC, Vaphiades M. Magnetic resonance imaging in pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1686–93.PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Jinkins JR, Athale S, Xiong L, Yuh WTC, Rothman MI, Nguyen PT. MR of optic papilla protrusion in patients with high intracranial pressure. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:665–8.PubMed Jinkins JR, Athale S, Xiong L, Yuh WTC, Rothman MI, Nguyen PT. MR of optic papilla protrusion in patients with high intracranial pressure. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:665–8.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Gibby WA, Cohen MS, Goldberg HI, Sergott RC. Pseudotumor cerebri: CT findings and correlation with vision loss. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:143–6.PubMed Gibby WA, Cohen MS, Goldberg HI, Sergott RC. Pseudotumor cerebri: CT findings and correlation with vision loss. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:143–6.PubMed
123.
go back to reference Jinkins JR. “Papilledema”: neuroradiologic evaluation of optic disk protrusion with dynamic orbital CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149:793–802.PubMed Jinkins JR. “Papilledema”: neuroradiologic evaluation of optic disk protrusion with dynamic orbital CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149:793–802.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Non-invasive Methods of Estimating Intracranial Pressure
Authors
Jamie B. Rosenberg
Ariel L. Shiloh
Richard H. Savel
Lewis A. Eisen
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
Humana Press Inc
Published in
Neurocritical Care / Issue 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Electronic ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9545-4

Other articles of this Issue 3/2011

Neurocritical Care 3/2011 Go to the issue