Top

Neurocritical Care

Published in:

01-04-2011 | Review Article

Intracerebral Hemorrhage Specific Intensity of Care Quality Metrics

Author: Adnan I. Qureshi

Published in: Neurocritical Care | Issue 2/2011

Abstract

Background

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) care can vary among centers and previous studies have demonstrated differences in ICH outcome based on variations in patient care in various settings. The purpose of this paper is to present the design of an evidence-based dataset of elements of a new ICH specific intensity of care quality metrics.

Methods

The articles were identified based on personal knowledge of the subject supplemented by data derived from multi-center randomized trials, and selected non-randomized or observational clinical studies. The information was identified with multiple searches on MEDLINE from 1986 through 2009. The current guidelines from American Heart Association (AHA)/American Stroke Association (ASA) Stroke Council and The European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) Writing Committee for management of ICH were reviewed extensively for identifying quality indicators and available scientific evidence. For certain elements where stroke-specific data was not available, data derived from other disease process with direct relevance was used.

Results

A total of 26 quality indicators related to 18 facets of care with thresholds for quality response were identified. A pilot study was performed to asses and score 1300 (26 indicator per patientX25 patientsX2 raters) quality indicators. The minimum proportion of patients meeting quality parameter ranged from 44% to 100% depending upon the variable. The lowest performance scores were observed in the early intubation and mechanical ventilation, treatment of significant intracranial mass effect or transtentorial herniation, and timely acquisition of neuroimaging. The highest performance scores were seen in treatment of any seizure within 2 weeks of admission, status epilepticus, and prevention of gastric ulcer.

Conclusions

The next step in development of a new ICH specific intensity of care quality metrics is validation and refinement of the quality indicators and thresholds presented in the current report. Future activities may include selection and validation based on consensus of experts and application of the system to a large series of patients with ICH and assessment of relationship of components in isolation and as a group to outcome after severity adjustment.

Diringer MN, Edwards DF. Admission to a neurologic/neurosurgical intensive care unit is associated with reduced mortality rate after intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:635–40.PubMed

Qureshi AI, Suri MFK, Nasar A, et al. Changes in cost and outcome among US patients with stroke hospitalized in 1990 to 1991 and those hospitalized in 2000 to 2001. Stroke. 2007;38:2180–4.PubMed

Wentworth DA, Atkinson RP. Implementation of an acute stroke program decreases hospitalization costs and length of stay. Stroke. 1996;27:1040–3.PubMed

Suarez JI, Zaidat OO, Suri MF, et al. Length of stay and mortality in neurocritically ill patients: impact of a specialized neurocritical care team. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:2311–7.PubMed

Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD000197.

Clifton GL, Choi SC, Miller ER, et al. Intercenter variance in clinical trials of head trauma—experience of the National Acute Brain Injury Study: hypothermia. J Neurosurg. 2001;95:751–5.PubMed

Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365:387–97.PubMed

Narayan RK, Michel ME, Ansell B, et al. Clinical trials in head injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:503–57.PubMed

Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke. 2007;38:2001–23.PubMed

10.

Steiner T, Kaste M, Forsting M, et al. Recommendations for the management of intracranial haemorrhage—part I: spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee and the Writing Committee for the EUSI Executive Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22:294–316.PubMed

11.

Qureshi AI, Mendelow AD, Hanley DF. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet. 2009;373:1632–44.PubMed

12.

Alberts MJ, Hademenos G, Latchaw RE, et al. Recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers. Brain Attack Coalition. JAMA. 2000;283:3102–9.PubMed

13.

Adams HPJ, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2007;38:1655–711.PubMed

14.

A systems approach to immediate evaluation and management of hyperacute stroke. Experience at eight centers and implications for community practice and patient care. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Stroke. 1997;28:1530–40.

15.

Wattigney WA, Croft JB, Mensah GA, et al. Establishing data elements for the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry: Part 1: proceedings of an expert panel. Stroke. 2003;34:151–6.PubMed

16.

Mohammad Y. Mode of arrival to the emergency department of stroke patients in the United States. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2008;1:83–6.

17.

Jacobs BS, Birbeck G, Mullard AJ, et al. Quality of hospital care in African American and white patients with ischemic stroke and TIA. Neurology. 2006;66:809–14.PubMed

18.

Rodriguez GJ, Nasar A, Suri MFK, Ezzeddine MA, Qureshi AI. Neuroimaging in stroke and seizure as neurological emergencies (NISSAN) study. J Neuroimaging. 2008;18:9–14.PubMed

19.

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news_and_events/proceedings/stroke_proceedings/execsum.htm. Accessed 9 Sept 2010.

20.

Wojner AW, Morgenstern L, Alexandrov AV, et al. Paramedic and emergency department care of stroke: baseline data from a citywide performance improvement study. Am J Crit Care. 2003;12:411–7.PubMed

21.

Qureshi AI. Acute hypertensive response in patients with stroke: pathophysiology and management. Circulation. 2008;118:176–87.PubMed

22.

Prehospital and hospital delays after stroke onset—United States, 2005–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:474–8.

23.

Morris DL, Rosamond W, Madden K, Schultz C, Hamilton S. Prehospital and emergency department delays after acute stroke: the Genentech Stroke Presentation Survey. Stroke. 2000;31:2585–90.PubMed

24.

Evenson KR, Foraker RE, Morris DL, Rosamond WD. A comprehensive review of prehospital and in-hospital delay times in acute stroke care. Int J Stroke. 2009;4:187–99.PubMed

25.

Smith EE, Liang L, Hernandez A, et al. Influence of stroke subtype on quality of care in the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Program. Neurology. 2009;73:709–16.PubMed

26.

Morgan T, Awad I, Keyl P, Lane K, Hanley D. Preliminary report of the clot lysis evaluating accelerated resolution of intraventricular hemorrhage (CLEAR-IVH) clinical trial. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;105:217–20.PubMed

27.

Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1450–60.PubMed

28.

Qureshi AI, Safdar K, Weil J, et al. Predictors of early deterioration and mortality in black Americans with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1995;26:1764–7.PubMed

29.

Leira R, Davalos A, Silva Y, et al. Early neurologic deterioration in intracerebral hemorrhage: predictors and associated factors. Neurology. 2004;63:461–7.PubMed

30.

ATACH investigators. Antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:637–48.

31.

Penny JA, Shennan AH, Halligan AW, et al. The relative accuracy of sequential same-arm and simultaneous opposite-arm measurements for the intra-arterial validation of blood pressure monitors. Blood Press Monit. 1999;4:91–5.PubMed

32.

Manolio TA, Fishel SC, Beattie C, et al. Evaluation of the Dinamap continuous blood pressure monitor. Am J Hypertens. 1988;1:161S–7S.PubMed

33.

Qureshi AI, Bliwise DL, Bliwise NG, et al. Rate of 24-hour blood pressure decline and mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis with a random effects regression model. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:480–5.PubMed

34.

Hemphill JC 3rd, White DB. Clinical nihilism in neuroemergencies. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2009;27:27–37. (vii-37, vii-viii).

35.

Zimmerman JE, Knaus WA, Sharpe SM, et al. The use and implications of do not resuscitate orders in intensive care units. JAMA. 1986;255:351–6.PubMed

36.

Smedira NG, Evans BH, Grais LS, et al. Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:309–15.PubMed

37.

Zurasky JA, Aiyagari V, Zazulia AR, Shackelford A, Diringer MN. Early mortality following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2005;64:725–7.PubMed

38.

Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA, et al. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology. 2001;56:766–72.PubMed

39.

Ethical and moral guidelines for the initiation, continuation, and withdrawal of intensive care. American College of Chest Physicians/ Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Panel. Chest. 1990;97:949–58.

40.

Hemphill JC 3rd, Newman J, Zhao S, Johnston SC. Hospital usage of early do-not-resuscitate orders and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:1130–4.PubMed

41.

Zahuranec DB, Brown DL, Lisabeth LD, et al. Early care limitations independently predict mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;68:1651–7.PubMed

42.

Alexandrov AV, Bladin CF, Meslin EM, Norris JW. Do-not-resuscitate orders in acute stroke. Neurology. 1995;45:634–40.PubMed

43.

Alexandrov AV, Pullicino PM, Meslin EM, Norris JW. Agreement on disease-specific criteria for do-not-resuscitate orders in acute stroke. Members of the Canadian and Western New York Stroke Consortiums. Stroke. 1996;27:232–7.PubMed

44.

Qureshi AI, Ezzeddine MA, Nasar A, et al. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in 563,704 adult patients with stroke presenting to the ED in the United States. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25:32–8.PubMed

45.

Kazui S, Minematsu K, Yamamoto H, Sawada T, Yamaguchi T. Predisposing factors to enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma. Stroke. 1997;28:2370–5.PubMed

46.

Dandapani BK, Suzuki S, Kelley RE, Reyes-Iglesias Y, Duncan RC. Relation between blood pressure and outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1995;26:21–4.PubMed

47.

Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K, et al. Association between 24-h blood pressure monitoring variables and brain oedema in patients with hyperacute stroke. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2167–73.PubMed

48.

Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, et al. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:391–9.PubMed

49.

Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Martin R, et al. Effect of systolic blood pressure reduction on hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema, and 3-month outcome among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage study. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:570–6.PubMed

50.

Kim-Han JS, Kopp SJ, Dugan LL, Diringer MN. Perihematomal mitochondrial dysfunction after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006;37:2457–62.PubMed

51.

Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, et al. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6 to 22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2001;57:18–24.PubMed

52.

Qureshi AI, Harris-Lane P, Kirmani JF, et al. Treatment of acute hypertension in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage using American Heart Association guidelines. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1975–80.PubMed

53.

Kazui S, Naritomi H, Yamamoto H, Sawada T, Yamaguchi T. Enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Incidence and time course. Stroke. 1996;27:1783–7.PubMed

54.

Morfis L, Schwartz RS, Poulos R, Howes LG. Blood pressure changes in acute cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997;28:1401–5.PubMed

55.

Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R, et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997;28:1–5.PubMed

56.

Mayer SA, Sacco RL, Shi T, Mohr JP. Neurologic deterioration in noncomatose patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 1994;44:1379–84.PubMed

57.

Qureshi AI. Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH): rationale and design. Neurocrit Care. 2007;6:56–66.PubMed

58.

Gujjar AR, Deibert E, Manno EM, Duff S, Diringer MN. Mechanical ventilation for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: indications, timing, and outcome. Neurology. 1998;51:447–51.PubMed

59.

Bushnell CD, Phillips-Bute BG, Laskowitz DT, et al. Survival and outcome after endotracheal intubation for acute stroke. Neurology. 1999;52:1374–81.PubMed

60.

Cummins RO, Chamberlain D, Hazinski MF, et al. Recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting, and conducting research on in-hospital resuscitation: the in-hospital ‘Utstein style’. American Heart Association. Circulation. 1997;95:2213–39.PubMed

61.

Wong ML, Carey S, Mader TJ, Wang HE. Time to invasive airway placement and resuscitation outcomes after inhospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation. 2010;81:182–6.PubMed

62.

Shy BD, Rea TD, Becker LJ, Eisenberg MS. Time to intubation and survival in prehospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:394–9.PubMed

63.

Wirth A, Baethmann A, Schlesinger-Raab A, et al. Prospective documentation and analysis of the pre- and early clinical management in severe head injury in southern Bavaria at a population based level. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2004;89:119–23.PubMed

64.

Davis DP, Idris AH, Sise MJ, et al. Early ventilation and outcome in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1202–8.PubMed

65.

Gentleman D. Causes and effects of systemic complications among severely head injured patients transferred to a neurosurgical unit. Int Surg. 1992;77:297–302.PubMed

66.

Stauffer JL, Olson DE, Petty TL. Complications and consequences of endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy. A prospective study of 150 critically ill adult patients. Am J Med. 1981;70:65–76.PubMed

67.

Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA, et al. Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2008;299:1158–65.PubMed

68.

Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of hypertonic (10%) saline in patients with raised intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke. 2002;33:136–40.PubMed

69.

Schwarz S, Schwab S, Bertram M, Aschoff A, Hacke W. Effects of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution and mannitol in patients with increased intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:1550–5.PubMed

70.

Osborn AG. The medical tentorium and incisura: normal and pathological anatomy. Neuroradiology. 1977;13:109–13.PubMed

71.

Nemecek S. On the pathogenesis of occipital infarction in transtentorial herniation of the brain. Pathological-anatomical study. Zentralbl Allg Pathol. 1961;102:138–42.PubMed

72.

Ropper AH. Lateral displacement of the brain and level of consciousness in patients with an acute hemispheral mass. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:953–8.PubMed

73.

Qureshi AI, Geocadin RG, Suarez JI, Ulatowski JA. Long-term outcome after medical reversal of transtentorial herniation in patients with supratentorial mass lesions. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1556–64.PubMed

74.

Qureshi AI, Wilson DA, Traystman RJ. Treatment of transtentorial herniation unresponsive to hyperventilation using hypertonic saline in dogs: effect on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2002;14:22–30.PubMed

75.

Qureshi AI, Suarez JI. More evidence supporting a “brain code” protocol for reversal of transtentorial herniation. Neurology. 2008;70:990–1.PubMed

76.

Andrews BT, Pitts LH. Functional recovery after traumatic transtentorial herniation. Neurosurgery. 1991;29:227–31.PubMed

77.

Nussbaum ES, Wolf AL, Sebring L, Mirvis S. Complete temporal lobectomy for surgical resuscitation of patients with transtentorial herniation secondary to unilateral hemispheric swelling. Neurosurgery. 1991;29:62–6.PubMed

78.

Noppens RR, Christ M, Brambrink AM, et al. An early bolus of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch improves long-term outcome after global cerebral ischemia. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2194–200.PubMed

79.

Koenig MA, Bryan M, Lewin JL. Reversal of transtentorial herniation from supratentorial lesions with 23.4% saline. Neurology. 2008;70:1023–9.PubMed

80.

Vialet R, Albanese J, Thomachot L, et al. Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2 mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1683–7.PubMed

81.

Misra UK, Kalita J, Ranjan P, Mandal SK. Mannitol in intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled study. J Neurol Sci. 2005;234:41–5.PubMed

82.

Kalita J, Misra UK, Ranjan P, Pradhan PK, Das BK. Effect of mannitol on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2004;224:19–22.PubMed

83.

Bereczki D, Liu M, Prado GF, Fekete I. Cochrane report: a systematic review of mannitol therapy for acute ischemic stroke and cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. Stroke. 2000;31:2719–22.PubMed

84.

Fernandes HM, Siddique S, Banister K, et al. Continuous monitoring of ICP and CPP following ICH and its relationship to clinical, radiological and surgical parameters. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2000;76:463–6.PubMed

85.

Broderick JP, Adams HPJ, Barsan W, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1999;30:905–15.PubMed

86.

Janny P, Papo I, Chazal J, Colnet G, Barretto LC. Intracranial hypertension and prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral haematomas. A correlative study of 60 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1982;61:181–6.

87.

Papo I, Janny P, Caruselli G, Colnet G, Luongo A. Intracranial pressure time course in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1979;4:504–11.PubMed

88.

Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S, Ulivelli M, Vatti G. Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia. 2002;43:1175–80.PubMed

89.

Vespa PM, O’Phelan K, Shah M, et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology. 2003;60:1441–6.PubMed

90.

Claassen J, Mayer SA, Kowalski RG, Emerson RG, Hirsch LJ. Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients. Neurology. 2004;62:1743–8.PubMed

91.

Legriel S, Mourvillier B, Bele N, et al. Outcomes in 140 critically ill patients with status epilepticus. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:476–80.PubMed

92.

Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:631–7.PubMed

93.

Mercade-Cerda JM, Sanchez-Alvarez JC, Galan-Barranco JM, et al. Consensus clinical practice guidelines of the Andalusian Epilepsy Society: therapeutic recommendations when dealing with a first epileptic seizure and in epileptic status. Rev Neurol. 2009;48:489–95.PubMed

94.

Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:792–8.PubMed

95.

Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Recommendations of the Epilepsy Foundation of America’s Working Group on Status Epilepticus. JAMA. 1993;270:854–9.

96.

Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK. Status epilepticus at an urban public hospital in the 1980s. Neurology. 1993;43:483–8.PubMed

97.

Varelas PN, Mirski MA. Management of seizures in critically ill patients. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004;4:489–96.PubMed

98.

Lawn ND, Wijdicks EFM. Progress in clinical neurosciences: status epilepticus: a critical review of management options. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002;29:206–15.PubMed

99.

Cock HR, Schapira AHV. A comparison of lorazepam and diazepam as initial therapy in convulsive status epilepticus. QJM. 2002;95:225–31.PubMed

100.

Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Mayer SA. Treatment of status epilepticus: a survey of neurologists. J Neurol Sci. 2003;211:37–41.PubMed

101.

Kalviainen R. Status epilepticus treatment guidelines. Epilepsia. 2007;48(Suppl 8):99–102.PubMed

102.

Moddel G, Bunten S, Dobis C, et al. Intravenous levetiracetam: a new treatment alternative for refractory status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80:689–92.PubMed

103.

Steiner T, Rosand J, Diringer M. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and unresolved questions. Stroke. 2006;37:256–62.PubMed

104.

Palareti G, Leali N, Coccheri S, et al. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy. Lancet. 1996;348:423–8.PubMed

105.

Kase CS, Robinson RK, Stein RW, et al. Anticoagulant-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 1985;35:943–8.PubMed

106.

Franke CL, de Jonge J, van Swieten JC, Op de Coul AA, van Gijn J. Intracerebral hematomas during anticoagulant treatment. Stroke. 1990;21:726–30.PubMed

107.

Flibotte JJ, Hagan N, O’Donnell J, Greenberg SM, Rosand J. Warfarin, hematoma expansion, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2004;63:1059–64.PubMed

108.

Sjoblom L, Hardemark HG, Lindgren A, et al. Management and prognostic features of intracerebral hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy: a Swedish multicenter study. Stroke. 2001;32:2567–74.PubMed

109.

Baker RI, Coughlin PB, Gallus AS, et al. Warfarin reversal: consensus guidelines, on behalf of the Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Med J Aust. 2004;181:492–7.PubMed

110.

Rosand J, Eckman MH, Knudsen KA, Singer DE, Greenberg SM. The effect of warfarin and intensity of anticoagulation on outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:880–4.PubMed

111.

Huttner HB, Schellinger PD, Hartmann M, et al. Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Stroke. 2006;37:1465–70.PubMed

112.

Goldstein JN, Thomas SH, Frontiero V, et al. Timing of fresh frozen plasma administration and rapid correction of coagulopathy in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006;37:151–5.PubMed

113.

Rabinstein AA, Wijdicks EFM. Determinants of outcome in anticoagulation-associated cerebral hematoma requiring emergency evacuation. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:203–6.PubMed

114.

Roitberg B, Emechebe-Kennedy O, Amin-Hanjani S, Mucksavage J, Tesoro E. Human recombinant factor VII for emergency reversal of coagulopathy in neurosurgical patients: a retrospective comparative study. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:832–6.PubMed

115.

Freeman WD, Brott TG, Barrett KM, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa for rapid reversal of warfarin anticoagulation in acute intracranial hemorrhage. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:1495–500.PubMed

116.

Brody DL, Aiyagari V, Shackleford AM, Diringer MN. Use of recombinant factor VIIa in patients with warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2:263–7.PubMed

117.

Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2127–37.PubMed

118.

Broderick JP, Diringer MN, Hill MD, et al. Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis. Stroke. 2007;38:1072–5.PubMed

119.

Lee S-H, Kim BJ, Bae H-J, et al. Effects of glucose level on early and long-term mortality after intracerebral haemorrhage: the Acute Brain Bleeding Analysis Study. Diabetologia. 2010;53:429–34.PubMed

120.

Kreisel SH, Berschin UM, Hammes H-P, et al. Pragmatic management of hyperglycaemia in acute ischaemic stroke: safety and feasibility of intensive intravenous insulin treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27:167–75.PubMed

121.

Adams HPJ, Adams RJ, Brott T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2003;34:1056–83.PubMed

122.

Meijering S, Corstjens AM, Tulleken JE, et al. Towards a feasible algorithm for tight glycaemic control in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care. 2006;10:R19.PubMed

123.

McCormick MT, Muir KW, Gray CS, Walters MR. Management of hyperglycemia in acute stroke: how, when, and for whom? Stroke. 2008;39:2177–85.PubMed

124.

Passero S, Ciacci G, Ulivelli M. The influence of diabetes and hyperglycemia on clinical course after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2003;61:1351–6.PubMed

125.

Woo J, Lam CW, Kay R, et al. The influence of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus on immediate and 3-month morbidity and mortality after acute stroke. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:1174–7.PubMed

126.

Godoy DA, Pinero GR, Svampa S, Papa F, Di Napoli M. Hyperglycemia and short-term outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9:217–29.PubMed

127.

Ho CL, Ang CBT, Lee KK, Ng IHB. Effects of glycaemic control on cerebral neurochemistry in primary intracerebral haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15:428–33.PubMed

128.

Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:397–406.PubMed

129.

DuBose JJ, Nomoto S, Higa L, et al. Nursing involvement improves compliance with tight blood glucose control in the trauma ICU: a prospective observational study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2009;25:101–7.PubMed

130.

Johnston KC, Hall CE, Kissela BM, Bleck TP, Conaway MR. Glucose Regulation in Acute Stroke Patients (GRASP) trial: a randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2009;40:3804–9.PubMed

131.

Bruno A, Kent TA, Coull BM, et al. Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (THIS): a randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2008;39:384–9.PubMed

132.

Malmberg K, Ryden L, Efendic S, et al. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:57–65.PubMed

133.

Hendra TJ, Yudkin JS. An algorithm for tight glycaemic control in diabetic infarct survivors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1992;16:213–20.PubMed

134.

Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Alberti GKMM, O’Connell JE. Poststroke hyperglycemia: natural history and immediate management. Stroke. 2004;35:122–6.PubMed

135.

Zubkov AY, Mandrekar JN, Claassen DO, et al. Predictors of outcome in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1320–5.PubMed

136.

Walters MR, Weir CJ, Lees KR. A randomised, controlled pilot study to investigate the potential benefit of intervention with insulin in hyperglycaemic acute ischaemic stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22:116–22.PubMed

137.

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:449–61.PubMed

138.

Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM, et al. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet. 1996;347:422–5.PubMed

139.

Mayer SA, Kowalski RG, Presciutti M, et al. Clinical trial of a novel surface cooling system for fever control in neurocritical care patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:2508–15.PubMed

140.

Schwarz S, Hafner K, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000;54:354–61.PubMed

141.

den Hertog HM, van der Worp HB, van Gemert HMA, et al. The Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) In Stroke (PAIS) trial: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:434–40.

142.

Walson PD, Jones J, Chesney R, Rodarte A. Antipyretic efficacy and tolerability of a single intravenous dose of the acetaminophen prodrug propacetamol in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2006;28:762–9.PubMed

143.

Bachert C, Chuchalin AG, Eisebitt R, Netayzhenko VZ, Voelker M. Aspirin compared with acetaminophen in the treatment of fever and other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adults: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-dose, 6-hour dose-ranging study. Clin Ther. 2005;27:993–1003.PubMed

144.

Diringer MN. Treatment of fever in the neurologic intensive care unit with a catheter-based heat exchange system. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:559–64.PubMed

145.

Dippel DWJ, van Breda EJ, van der Worp HB, et al. Timing of the effect of acetaminophen on body temperature in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2003;61:677–9.PubMed

146.

Ogata T, Yasaka M, Wakugawa Y, et al. Deep venous thrombosis after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2008;272:83–6.PubMed

147.

Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, Prange HW. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:466–7.PubMed

148.

Lacut K, Bressollette L, Le Gal G, et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2005;65:865–9.PubMed

149.

Tetri S, Hakala J, Juvela S, et al. Safety of low-dose subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Thromb Res. 2008;123:206–12.PubMed

150.

Orken DN, Kenangil G, Ozkurt H, et al. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurologist. 2009;15:329–31.PubMed

151.

Kanaan AO, Silva MA, Donovan JL, Roy T, Al-Homsi AS. Meta-analysis of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medically Ill patients. Clin Ther. 2007;29:2395–405.PubMed

152.

Kamphuisen PW, Agnelli G. What is the optimal pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke? Thromb Res. 2007;119:265–74.PubMed

153.

Guyomard V, Fulcher RA, Redmayne O, et al. Effect of dysphasia and dysphagia on inpatient mortality and hospital length of stay: a database study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:2101–6.PubMed

154.

Warnecke T, Ritter MA, Kroger B, et al. Fiberoptic endoscopic dysphagia severity scale predicts outcome after acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28:283–9.PubMed

155.

Martino R, Pron G, Diamant N. Screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia in stroke: insufficient evidence for guidelines. Dysphagia. 2000;15:19–30.PubMed

156.

LaBresh KA, Reeves MJ, Frankel MR, Albright D, Schwamm LH. Hospital treatment of patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack using the “Get With The Guidelines” program. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:411–7.PubMed

157.

George MG, Tong X, McGruder H, et al. Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry Surveillance—four states, 2005–2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009;58:1–23.PubMed

158.

Reeves MJ, Broderick JP, Frankel M, et al. The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry: initial results from four prototypes. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31:S202–9.PubMed

159.

Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M, et al. Dysphagia bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: the gugging swallowing screen. Stroke. 2007;38:2948–52.PubMed

160.

Lim SH, Lieu PK, Phua SY, et al. Accuracy of bedside clinical methods compared with fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing (FEES) in determining the risk of aspiration in acute stroke patients. Dysphagia. 2001;16:1–6.PubMed

161.

Martino R, Silver F, Teasell R, et al. The Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test (TOR-BSST): development and validation of a dysphagia screening tool for patients with stroke. Stroke. 2009;40:555–61.PubMed

162.

Perry L, Love CP. Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: a systematic review. Dysphagia. 2001;16:7–18.PubMed

163.

Souba WW. Nutritional support. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:41–8.PubMed

164.

Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES, Teasell RW. Prolonged length of stay and reduced functional improvement rate in malnourished stroke rehabilitation patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:340–5.PubMed

165.

Davis JP, Wong AA, Schluter PJ, et al. Impact of premorbid undernutrition on outcome in stroke patients. Stroke. 2004;35:1930–4.PubMed

166.

Nyswonger GD, Helmchen RH. Early enteral nutrition and length of stay in stroke patients. J Neurosci Nurs. 1992;24:220–3.PubMed

167.

Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C. Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:755–63.PubMed

168.

Cook D, Guyatt G, Marshall J, et al. A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:791–7.PubMed

169.

Cook DJ, Reeve BK, Guyatt GH, et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA. 1996;275:308–14.PubMed

170.

Erstad BL, Camamo JM, Miller MJ, Webber AM, Fortune J. Impacting cost and appropriateness of stress ulcer prophylaxis at a university medical center. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:1678–84.PubMed

171.

Misra UK, Kalita J, Pandey S, Mandal SK, Srivastava M. A randomized placebo controlled trial of ranitidine versus sucralfate in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage for prevention of gastric hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2005;239:5–10.PubMed

172.

Eddleston JM, Pearson RC, Holland J, et al. Prospective endoscopic study of stress erosions and ulcers in critically ill adult patients treated with either sucralfate or placebo. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:1949–54.PubMed

173.

Apte NM, Karnad DR, Medhekar TP, et al. Gastric colonization and pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:590–3.PubMed

174.

Lu WY, Rhoney DH, Boling WB, Johnson JD, Smith TC. A review of stress ulcer prophylaxis in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Neurosurgery. 1997;41:416–25. (discussion 425–4125; discussion 425–6).PubMed

175.

Hatton J, Lu WY, Rhoney DH, et al. A step-wise protocol for stress ulcer prophylaxis in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Surg Neurol. 1996;46:493–9.PubMed

176.

Farrell CP, Mercogliano G, Kuntz CL. Overuse of stress ulcer prophylaxis in the critical care setting and beyond. J Crit Care. 2010;25:214–20.PubMed

177.

Ovbiagele B, Hills NK, Saver JL, Johnston SC. Antihypertensive medications prescribed at discharge after an acute ischemic cerebrovascular event. Stroke. 2005;36:1944–7.PubMed

178.

Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, Boutitie F, et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators. Stroke. 1997;28:2557–62.PubMed

179.

Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033–41.

180.

Rezaiefar P, Pottie K. Blood pressure and secondary prevention of strokes. How low should we go? Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:1625–9.PubMed

181.

Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation. 2006;113:e409–49.PubMed

182.

Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, et al. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke. 2003;34:1699–703.PubMed

183.

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–72.PubMed

184.

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–52.PubMed

185.

Ivatury R, Siegel JH, Stahl WM, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy after trauma and critical illness. J Trauma. 1992;32:133–40.PubMed

186.

Shirawi N, Arabi Y. Bench-to-bedside review: early tracheostomy in critically ill trauma patients. Crit Care. 2006;10:201.PubMed

187.

Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Parekh PD, Bhardwaj A. Prediction and timing of tracheostomy in patients with infratentorial lesions requiring mechanical ventilatory support. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1383–7.PubMed

188.

Ahmed N, Kuo Y-H. Early versus late tracheostomy in patients with severe traumatic head injury. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2007;8:343–7.

189.

Sugerman HJ, Wolfe L, Pasquale MD, et al. Multicenter, randomized, prospective trial of early tracheostomy. J Trauma. 1997;43:741–7.PubMed

190.

Griffiths J, Barber VS, Morgan L, Young JD. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. BMJ. 2005;330:1243.PubMed

191.

Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:388–416.

192.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:1711–25.

193.

Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Griffith L, Keenan SP, Brun-Buisson C. The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient. The Canadian Critical Trials Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1249–56.PubMed

194.

Maramattom BV, Weigand S, Reinalda M, Wijdicks EFM, Manno EM. Pulmonary complications after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2006;5:115–9.PubMed

195.

Christensen MC, Previgliano I, Capparelli FJ, et al. Acute treatment costs of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke in Argentina. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;119:246–53.PubMed

196.

Heyland DK, Dodek P, Muscedere J, et al. Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:737–44.PubMed

197.

Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon J-Y, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2588–98.PubMed

198.

Iregui M, Ward S, Sherman G, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Clinical importance of delays in the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2002;122:262–8.PubMed

199.

Mathevon T, Souweine B, Traore O, Aublet B, Caillaud D. ICU-acquired nosocomial infection: impact of delay of adequate antibiotic treatment. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:831–5.PubMed

200.

Alvarez-Lerma F. Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit. ICU-Acquired Pneumonia Study Group. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22:387–94.PubMed

201.

Dupont H, Mentec H, Sollet JP, Bleichner G. Impact of appropriateness of initial antibiotic therapy on the outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27:355–62.PubMed

202.

Fleiss JL. Statistical methods for rates and proportions, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley; 1981.

203.

Hoff G, Ottestad PM, Skaflotten SR, Bretthauer M, Moritz V. Quality assurance as an integrated part of the electronic medical record—a prototype applied for colonoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:1259–65.PubMed

204.

Maset AL, Marmarou A, Ward JD, et al. Pressure-volume index in head injury. J Neurosurg. 1987;67:832–40.PubMed

205.

Marmarou A, Nichols J, Burgess J, et al. Effects of the bradykinin antagonist Bradycor (deltibant, CP-1027) in severe traumatic brain injury: results of a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Brain Injury Consortium Study Group. J Neurotrauma. 1999;16:431–44.PubMed

206.

Miranda DR, de Rijk A, Schaufeli W. Simplified Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System: the TISS-28 items—results from a multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:64–73.PubMed

Title: Intracerebral Hemorrhage Specific Intensity of Care Quality Metrics
Author: Adnan I. Qureshi
Publication date: 01-04-2011
Publisher: Humana Press Inc
Published in: Neurocritical Care / Issue 2/2011
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Electronic ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9453-z

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Intracerebral Hemorrhage Specific Intensity of Care Quality Metrics

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2011

Inter-Subject Correlation Exists Between Morphological Metrics of Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Intracranial Pressure Pulses

Association of CSF Biomarkers and Secondary Insults Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Hospital Mortality of Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury is Associated with Serum PTX3 Levels

Lumbar Catheter for Monitoring of Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Post-Hemorrhagic Communicating Hydrocephalus

Critical Thresholds for Transcranial Doppler Indices of Cerebral Autoregulation in Traumatic Brain Injury

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The First 24 hours. A Surgeon’s Perspective