Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Endocrine Pathology 1/2021

01-03-2021 | Carcinoid Tumor

Genomics of High-Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor with High-Grade Features (G3 NET) and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) of Various Anatomic Sites

Authors: Silvia Uccella, Stefano La Rosa, Jasna Metovic, Deborah Marchiori, Jean-Yves Scoazec, Marco Volante, Ozgur Mete, Mauro Papotti

Published in: Endocrine Pathology | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

High-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (HG-NENs) are clinically aggressive diseases, the classification of which has recently been redefined. They now include both poorly differentiated NENs (neuroendocrine carcinoma, NECs) and high proliferating well-differentiated NENs (called grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors, G3 NETs, in the digestive system). In the last decade, the “molecular revolution” that has affected all fields of medical oncology has also shed light in the understanding of HG NENs heterogeneity and has provided new diagnostic and therapeutic tools, useful in the management of these malignancies. Considering the kaleidoscopic aspects of HG NENs in various anatomical sites, this review systematically addresses the genomic landscape of such neoplasm throughout the more common thoracic and digestive locations, as well as it will consider other rare but not exceptional primary sites, including the skin, the head and neck, and the urogenital system. The revision of the available literature will then be oriented to understand the translational relevance of molecular data, by analyzing conceptual issues, clinicopathological correlations, and unmet needs in this field.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Klimstra DS, Klöppel G, La Rosa S, Rindi G (2019) Classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board editors. Digestive system tumours, 5th edn, vol 1. Lyon, IARC, pp. 16–19 Klimstra DS, Klöppel G, La Rosa S, Rindi G (2019) Classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board editors. Digestive system tumours, 5th edn, vol 1. Lyon, IARC, pp. 16–19
3.
go back to reference Marchiò C, Gatti G, Massa F, Bertero L, Filosso P, Pelosi G, Cassoni P, Volante M, Papotti M (2017) Distinctive pathological and clinical features of lung carcinoids with high proliferation index Virchows Arch 471:713-720PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Marchiò C, Gatti G, Massa F, Bertero L, Filosso P, Pelosi G, Cassoni P, Volante M, Papotti M (2017) Distinctive pathological and clinical features of lung carcinoids with high proliferation index Virchows Arch 471:713-720PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Rekhtman N, Desmeules P, Litvak AM, et al (2019) Stage IV lung carcinoids: spectrum and evolution of proliferation rate, focusing on variants with elevated proliferation indices. Mod Pathol 32:1106-1122PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rekhtman N, Desmeules P, Litvak AM, et al (2019) Stage IV lung carcinoids: spectrum and evolution of proliferation rate, focusing on variants with elevated proliferation indices. Mod Pathol 32:1106-1122PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Fabbri A, Cossa M, Sonzogni A, Bidoli P, Canova S, Cortinovis D, Abbate MI, Calabrese F, Nannini N, Lunardi F, Rossi G, La Rosa S, Capella C, Tamborini E, Perrone F, Busico A, Capone I, Valeri B, Pastorino U, Albini A, Pelosi G (2017) Thymus neuroendocrine tumors with CTNNB1 gene mutations, disarrayed ss-catenin expression, and dual intra-tumor Ki-67 labeling index compartmentalization challenge the concept of secondary high-grade neuroendocrine tumor: a paradigm shift. Virchows Arch 471:31-47PubMedCrossRef Fabbri A, Cossa M, Sonzogni A, Bidoli P, Canova S, Cortinovis D, Abbate MI, Calabrese F, Nannini N, Lunardi F, Rossi G, La Rosa S, Capella C, Tamborini E, Perrone F, Busico A, Capone I, Valeri B, Pastorino U, Albini A, Pelosi G (2017) Thymus neuroendocrine tumors with CTNNB1 gene mutations, disarrayed ss-catenin expression, and dual intra-tumor Ki-67 labeling index compartmentalization challenge the concept of secondary high-grade neuroendocrine tumor: a paradigm shift. Virchows Arch 471:31-47PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Travis W, Brambilla E, Burke A, Marx A, Nicholson A (2015) WHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart. IARC Press, Lyon Travis W, Brambilla E, Burke A, Marx A, Nicholson A (2015) WHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart. IARC Press, Lyon
7.
go back to reference Narayanan D, Mandal R, Hardin H, Chanana V, Schwalbe M, Rosenbaum J, Buehler D, Lloyd RV (2020) Long non-coding RNAs in pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 31:254-263PubMedCrossRef Narayanan D, Mandal R, Hardin H, Chanana V, Schwalbe M, Rosenbaum J, Buehler D, Lloyd RV (2020) Long non-coding RNAs in pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 31:254-263PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Juhlin CC, Zedenius J, Höög (2020) A clinical routine application of the second-generation neuroendocrine markers ISL1, INSM1, and secretagogin in neuroendocrine neoplasia: staining outcomes and potential clues for determining tumor origin. Endocr Pathol. 2020 Aug 19. Online ahead of print. PMID: 32813226 Juhlin CC, Zedenius J, Höög (2020) A clinical routine application of the second-generation neuroendocrine markers ISL1, INSM1, and secretagogin in neuroendocrine neoplasia: staining outcomes and potential clues for determining tumor origin. Endocr Pathol. 2020 Aug 19. Online ahead of print. PMID: 32813226
9.
go back to reference Derks JL, Leblay N, Lantuejoul S, Dingemans AC, Speel EM, Fernandez-Cuesta L (2018) New insights into the molecular characteristics of pulmonary carcinoids and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and the impact on their clinical management. J Thorac Oncol 13:752-766PubMedCrossRef Derks JL, Leblay N, Lantuejoul S, Dingemans AC, Speel EM, Fernandez-Cuesta L (2018) New insights into the molecular characteristics of pulmonary carcinoids and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and the impact on their clinical management. J Thorac Oncol 13:752-766PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Dinter H, Bohnenberger H, Beck J, et al (2019) Molecular classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus. J Thorac Oncol 14:1472-1483PubMedCrossRef Dinter H, Bohnenberger H, Beck J, et al (2019) Molecular classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus. J Thorac Oncol 14:1472-1483PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Pelosi G, Cave J, Ottensmeier CH (2017) Towards personalised medicine in lung and thymus neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol 18:1563-1565PubMedCrossRef Pelosi G, Cave J, Ottensmeier CH (2017) Towards personalised medicine in lung and thymus neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol 18:1563-1565PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Poirier JT, George J, Owonikoko TK, et al (2020) new approaches to SCLC therapy: from the laboratory to the clinic. J Thorac Oncol 15:520-540PubMedCrossRef Poirier JT, George J, Owonikoko TK, et al (2020) new approaches to SCLC therapy: from the laboratory to the clinic. J Thorac Oncol 15:520-540PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Rickman DS, Beltran H, Demichelis F, Rubin MA (2017) Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 23:1-10PubMedCrossRef Rickman DS, Beltran H, Demichelis F, Rubin MA (2017) Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 23:1-10PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Baine MK, Rekhtman N (2020) Multiple faces of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: update with a focus on practical approach to diagnosis. Transl Lung Cancer Res 9:860-878PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Baine MK, Rekhtman N (2020) Multiple faces of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: update with a focus on practical approach to diagnosis. Transl Lung Cancer Res 9:860-878PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Swarts DRA, Ramaekers FCS. Speel E-JM (2012) Molecular and cellular biology of neuroendocrine lung tumors: evidence for separate biological entities. Biochim Biophys Acta 1826:255–271PubMed Swarts DRA, Ramaekers FCS. Speel E-JM (2012) Molecular and cellular biology of neuroendocrine lung tumors: evidence for separate biological entities. Biochim Biophys Acta 1826:255–271PubMed
16.
go back to reference Kalari S, Jung M, Kernstine KH, Takahashi T, Pfeifer GP (2012) The DNA methylation landscape of small cell lung cancer suggests a differentiation defect of neuroendocrine cells. Oncogene 32:3559–3568PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kalari S, Jung M, Kernstine KH, Takahashi T, Pfeifer GP (2012) The DNA methylation landscape of small cell lung cancer suggests a differentiation defect of neuroendocrine cells. Oncogene 32:3559–3568PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Canadas I, Rojo F, Taus A, et al (2013) Targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with Met inhibitors reverts chemoresistance in small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 20:938–950PubMedCrossRef Canadas I, Rojo F, Taus A, et al (2013) Targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with Met inhibitors reverts chemoresistance in small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 20:938–950PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Rudin CM, Durinck S, Stawiski EW, et al (2012) Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies SOX2 as a frequently amplified gene in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet 44:1111–1116PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rudin CM, Durinck S, Stawiski EW, et al (2012) Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies SOX2 as a frequently amplified gene in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet 44:1111–1116PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Peifer M, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Sos ML, et al (2012) Integrative genome analyses identify key somatic driver mutations of small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet 44:1104–1110PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Peifer M, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Sos ML, et al (2012) Integrative genome analyses identify key somatic driver mutations of small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet 44:1104–1110PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Lee J-K, Lee J, Kim S, et al (2017) Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas. J Clin Oncol 35:3065–3074PubMedCrossRef Lee J-K, Lee J, Kim S, et al (2017) Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas. J Clin Oncol 35:3065–3074PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Byers LA, Wang J, Nilsson MB, et al (2012) Proteomic profiling identifies dysregulated pathways in small cell lung cancer and novel therapeutic targets including PARP1. Cancer Discov 2:798–811PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Byers LA, Wang J, Nilsson MB, et al (2012) Proteomic profiling identifies dysregulated pathways in small cell lung cancer and novel therapeutic targets including PARP1. Cancer Discov 2:798–811PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Chen HJ, Poran A, Unni AM, Huang SX, Elemento O, Snoeck HW, Varmus H (2019) Generation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and SCLC-like tumors from human embryonic stem cells. J Exp Med 216:674-687PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chen HJ, Poran A, Unni AM, Huang SX, Elemento O, Snoeck HW, Varmus H (2019) Generation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and SCLC-like tumors from human embryonic stem cells. J Exp Med 216:674-687PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Rudin CM, Pietanza MC, Bauer TM, et al (2017) Rovalpituzumab tesirine, a DLL3-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, in recurrent small-cell lung cancer: a first-in-human, first-in-class, open label, phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol 18:42–51PubMedCrossRef Rudin CM, Pietanza MC, Bauer TM, et al (2017) Rovalpituzumab tesirine, a DLL3-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, in recurrent small-cell lung cancer: a first-in-human, first-in-class, open label, phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol 18:42–51PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Lou G, Yu X, Song Z (2017) Molecular profiling and survival of completely resected primary pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer 18:e197–e201PubMedCrossRef Lou G, Yu X, Song Z (2017) Molecular profiling and survival of completely resected primary pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer 18:e197–e201PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Vollbrecht C, Werner R, Walter RF, Christoph DC, Heukamp LC, Peifer M, Hirsch B, Burbat L, Mairinger T, Schmid KW, Wohlschlaeger J, Mairinger FD (2015) Mutational analysis of pulmonary tumours with neuroendocrine features using targeted massive parallel sequencing: a comparison of a neglected tumour group. Br J Cancer 113:1704-1711PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vollbrecht C, Werner R, Walter RF, Christoph DC, Heukamp LC, Peifer M, Hirsch B, Burbat L, Mairinger T, Schmid KW, Wohlschlaeger J, Mairinger FD (2015) Mutational analysis of pulmonary tumours with neuroendocrine features using targeted massive parallel sequencing: a comparison of a neglected tumour group. Br J Cancer 113:1704-1711PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Borges M, Linnoila RI, van de Velde HJ, et al (1997) An achaete-scute homologue essential for neuroendocrine differentiation in the lung. Nature 386: 852-855PubMedCrossRef Borges M, Linnoila RI, van de Velde HJ, et al (1997) An achaete-scute homologue essential for neuroendocrine differentiation in the lung. Nature 386: 852-855PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Augustyn A, Borromeo M, Wang T, et al (2014) ASCL1 is a lineage oncogene providing therapeutic targets for high-grade neuroendocrine lung cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:14788-14793PubMedCrossRef Augustyn A, Borromeo M, Wang T, et al (2014) ASCL1 is a lineage oncogene providing therapeutic targets for high-grade neuroendocrine lung cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:14788-14793PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Rudin CM, Poirier JT, Byers LA, et al (2019) Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data. Nat Rev Cancer 19:289-297PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rudin CM, Poirier JT, Byers LA, et al (2019) Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data. Nat Rev Cancer 19:289-297PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Baine MK, Hsieh MS, Lai WV, Egger JV, Jungbluth AA, Daneshbod Y, Beras A, Spencer R, Lopardo J, Bodd F, Montecalvo J, Sauter JL, Chang JC, Buonocore DJ, Travis WD, Sen T, Poirier JT, Rudin CM, Rekhtman N. SCLC Subtypes Defined by ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and YAP1: A Comprehensive Immunohistochemical and Histopathologic Characterization. J Thorac Oncol. 2020 Dec;15(12):1823-1835.PubMedCrossRef Baine MK, Hsieh MS, Lai WV, Egger JV, Jungbluth AA, Daneshbod Y, Beras A, Spencer R, Lopardo J, Bodd F, Montecalvo J, Sauter JL, Chang JC, Buonocore DJ, Travis WD, Sen T, Poirier JT, Rudin CM, Rekhtman N. SCLC Subtypes Defined by ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and YAP1: A Comprehensive Immunohistochemical and Histopathologic Characterization. J Thorac Oncol. 2020 Dec;15(12):1823-1835.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Zhang W, Girard L, Zhang YA, et al (2018) Small cell lung cancer tumors and preclinical models display heterogeneity of neuroendocrine phenotypes. Transl Lung Cancer Res 7:32-49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang W, Girard L, Zhang YA, et al (2018) Small cell lung cancer tumors and preclinical models display heterogeneity of neuroendocrine phenotypes. Transl Lung Cancer Res 7:32-49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
go back to reference La Rosa S, Marando A, Gatti G, et al (2013) Achaete-scute homolog 1 as a marker of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas of different sites: a validation study using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction on 335 cases. Hum Pathol 44:1391-1399PubMedCrossRef La Rosa S, Marando A, Gatti G, et al (2013) Achaete-scute homolog 1 as a marker of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas of different sites: a validation study using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction on 335 cases. Hum Pathol 44:1391-1399PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yatabe Y, Horio Y, Takahashi T (2005) ASH1 gene is a specific therapeutic target for lung cancers with neuroendocrine features. Cancer Res 65:10680-10685PubMedCrossRef Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yatabe Y, Horio Y, Takahashi T (2005) ASH1 gene is a specific therapeutic target for lung cancers with neuroendocrine features. Cancer Res 65:10680-10685PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Kudoh S, Tenjin Y, Kameyama H, Ichimura T, Yamada T, Matsuo A, Kudo N, Sato Y, Ito T (2020) Significance of achaete-scute complex homologue 1 (ASCL1) in pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas; RNA sequence analyses using small cell lung cancer cells and Ascl1-induced pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma cells. Histochem Cell Biol 153:443-456PubMedCrossRef Kudoh S, Tenjin Y, Kameyama H, Ichimura T, Yamada T, Matsuo A, Kudo N, Sato Y, Ito T (2020) Significance of achaete-scute complex homologue 1 (ASCL1) in pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas; RNA sequence analyses using small cell lung cancer cells and Ascl1-induced pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma cells. Histochem Cell Biol 153:443-456PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Pelosi G, Bianchi F, Dama E, Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Sonzogni A, Pilotto S, Harari S, Papotti M, Volante M, Fontanini G, Mastracci L, Albini A, Bria E, Calabrese F, Scarpa A (2018) Most high-grade neuroendocrine tumours of the lung are likely to secondarily develop from pre-existing carcinoids: innovative findings skipping the current pathogenesis paradigm. Virchows Arch 472:567-577PubMedCrossRef Pelosi G, Bianchi F, Dama E, Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Sonzogni A, Pilotto S, Harari S, Papotti M, Volante M, Fontanini G, Mastracci L, Albini A, Bria E, Calabrese F, Scarpa A (2018) Most high-grade neuroendocrine tumours of the lung are likely to secondarily develop from pre-existing carcinoids: innovative findings skipping the current pathogenesis paradigm. Virchows Arch 472:567-577PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Pelosi G, Bianchi F, Hofman P, Pattini L, Strobel P, Calabrese F, Naheed S, Holden C, Cave J, Bohnenberger H, Dinter H, Harari S, Albini A, Sonzogni A, Papotti M, Volante M, Ottensmeier CH (2019) Recent advances in the molecular landscape of lung neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 19:281-297PubMedCrossRef Pelosi G, Bianchi F, Hofman P, Pattini L, Strobel P, Calabrese F, Naheed S, Holden C, Cave J, Bohnenberger H, Dinter H, Harari S, Albini A, Sonzogni A, Papotti M, Volante M, Ottensmeier CH (2019) Recent advances in the molecular landscape of lung neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 19:281-297PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, Harari S, Albini A, Bresaola E, Marchio C, Massa F, Righi L, Gatti G, Papanikolaou N, Vijayvergia N, Calabrese F, Papotti M (2017) Classification of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: new insights Transl Lung Cancer Res 6:513-529 Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, Harari S, Albini A, Bresaola E, Marchio C, Massa F, Righi L, Gatti G, Papanikolaou N, Vijayvergia N, Calabrese F, Papotti M (2017) Classification of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: new insights Transl Lung Cancer Res 6:513-529
39.
go back to reference Katoh M, Katoh M (2020) Precision medicine for human cancers with Notch signaling dysregulation. Int J Mol Med 45:279-297PubMed Katoh M, Katoh M (2020) Precision medicine for human cancers with Notch signaling dysregulation. Int J Mol Med 45:279-297PubMed
40.
go back to reference Sonkin D, Thomas A, Teicher BA (2019) Are neuroendocrine negative small cell lung cancer and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with WT RB1 two faces of the same entity? Lung Cancer Manag 8:LMT13PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sonkin D, Thomas A, Teicher BA (2019) Are neuroendocrine negative small cell lung cancer and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with WT RB1 two faces of the same entity? Lung Cancer Manag 8:LMT13PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Motylewska E, Braun M, Stępień H (2020) High expression of NEK2 and PIM1, but not PIM3, is linked to an aggressive phenotype of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 31:264–273PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Motylewska E, Braun M, Stępień H (2020) High expression of NEK2 and PIM1, but not PIM3, is linked to an aggressive phenotype of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 31:264–273PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Kokuryo T, Yokoyama Y, Yamaguchi J, Tsunoda N, Ebata T, Nagino M (2019) NEK2 is an effective target for cancer therapy with potential to induce regression of multiple human malignancies. Anticancer Res 39:2251-2258.PubMedCrossRef Kokuryo T, Yokoyama Y, Yamaguchi J, Tsunoda N, Ebata T, Nagino M (2019) NEK2 is an effective target for cancer therapy with potential to induce regression of multiple human malignancies. Anticancer Res 39:2251-2258.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Naidoo J, Santos-Zabala ML, Iyriboz T, et al (2016) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: clinico-pathologic features, treatment, and outcomes. Clin Lung Cancer 17:e121– e129PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Naidoo J, Santos-Zabala ML, Iyriboz T, et al (2016) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: clinico-pathologic features, treatment, and outcomes. Clin Lung Cancer 17:e121– e129PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Karlsson A, Brunnstrom H, Lindquist KE, et al (2015) Mutational and gene fusion analyses of primary large cell and large cell neuroendocrine lung cancer. Oncotarget 6:22028–22037PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Karlsson A, Brunnstrom H, Lindquist KE, et al (2015) Mutational and gene fusion analyses of primary large cell and large cell neuroendocrine lung cancer. Oncotarget 6:22028–22037PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Rekhtman N, Pietanza MC, Hellmann MD, et al (2016) Next-generation sequencing of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma reveals small cell carcinoma-like and non-small cell carcinoma-like subsets. Clin Cancer Res 22:3618-3629PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rekhtman N, Pietanza MC, Hellmann MD, et al (2016) Next-generation sequencing of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma reveals small cell carcinoma-like and non-small cell carcinoma-like subsets. Clin Cancer Res 22:3618-3629PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
go back to reference George J, Walter V, Peifer M, et al (2018) Integrative genomic profiling of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas reveals distinct subtypes of high-grade neuroendocrine lung tumors. Nat Commun 9:1048PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef George J, Walter V, Peifer M, et al (2018) Integrative genomic profiling of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas reveals distinct subtypes of high-grade neuroendocrine lung tumors. Nat Commun 9:1048PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Simbolo M, Barbi S, Fassan M, et al (2019) Gene expression profiling of lung atypical carcinoids and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas identifies three transcriptomic subtypes with specific genomic alterations. J Thorac Oncol 14:1651-1661PubMedCrossRef Simbolo M, Barbi S, Fassan M, et al (2019) Gene expression profiling of lung atypical carcinoids and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas identifies three transcriptomic subtypes with specific genomic alterations. J Thorac Oncol 14:1651-1661PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Alcala N, Leblay N, Gabriel AAG, et al (2019) Integrative and comparative genomic analyses identify clinically relevant pulmonary carcinoid groups and unveil the supra-carcinoids. Nat Commun 10:3407PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Alcala N, Leblay N, Gabriel AAG, et al (2019) Integrative and comparative genomic analyses identify clinically relevant pulmonary carcinoid groups and unveil the supra-carcinoids. Nat Commun 10:3407PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Zhou Z, Zhu L, Niu X, Shen S, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Ye J, Han-Zhang H, Liu J, Liu C, Lu S (2019) Comparison of genomic landscapes of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma Thorac Cancer 10:839-847PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhou Z, Zhu L, Niu X, Shen S, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Ye J, Han-Zhang H, Liu J, Liu C, Lu S (2019) Comparison of genomic landscapes of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma Thorac Cancer 10:839-847PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Hermans BCM, Derks JL, Thunnissen E, et al (2019) DLL3 expression in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and association with molecular subtypes and neuroendocrine profile. Lung Cancer 138:102-108PubMedCrossRef Hermans BCM, Derks JL, Thunnissen E, et al (2019) DLL3 expression in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and association with molecular subtypes and neuroendocrine profile. Lung Cancer 138:102-108PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Zhuo M, Guan Y, Yang X, Hong L, et al (2020) The prognostic and therapeutic role of genomic subtyping by sequencing tumor or cell-free DNA in pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 26:892-901PubMedCrossRef Zhuo M, Guan Y, Yang X, Hong L, et al (2020) The prognostic and therapeutic role of genomic subtyping by sequencing tumor or cell-free DNA in pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 26:892-901PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Derks JL, Leblay N, Thunnissen E, van Suylen RJ, den Bakker M, Groen HJM, Smit EF, Damhuis R, van den Broek EC, Charbrier A, Foll M, McKay JD, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Speel EM, Dingemans AC, Group P (2018) Molecular subtypes of pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma predict chemotherapy treatment outcome. Clin Cancer Res 24:33-42CrossRef Derks JL, Leblay N, Thunnissen E, van Suylen RJ, den Bakker M, Groen HJM, Smit EF, Damhuis R, van den Broek EC, Charbrier A, Foll M, McKay JD, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Speel EM, Dingemans AC, Group P (2018) Molecular subtypes of pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma predict chemotherapy treatment outcome. Clin Cancer Res 24:33-42CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Quinn AM, Chaturvedi A, Nonaka D (2017) High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung with carcinoid morphology: a study of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 41:263-270PubMedCrossRef Quinn AM, Chaturvedi A, Nonaka D (2017) High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung with carcinoid morphology: a study of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 41:263-270PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Inafuku K, Yokose T, Ito H, Eriguchi D, Samejima J, Nagashima T, Nakayama H, Suzuki M, Yamada K, Masuda M (2019) Two cases of lung neuroendocrine carcinoma with carcinoid morphology. Diagn Pathol 14:104PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Inafuku K, Yokose T, Ito H, Eriguchi D, Samejima J, Nagashima T, Nakayama H, Suzuki M, Yamada K, Masuda M (2019) Two cases of lung neuroendocrine carcinoma with carcinoid morphology. Diagn Pathol 14:104PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Cros J, Théou-Anton N, Gounant V, Nicolle R, Reyes C, Humez S, Hescot S, Thomas de Montpréville V, Guyétant S, Scoazec JY, Guyard A, de Mestier L, Brosseau S, Mordant P, Castier Y, Gentien D, Ruszniewski P, Zalcman G, Couvelard A, Cazes A (2020) Specific genomic alterations in high grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours with carcinoid morphology. Neuroendocrinology (Online ahead of print) PMID: 32015233 Cros J, Théou-Anton N, Gounant V, Nicolle R, Reyes C, Humez S, Hescot S, Thomas de Montpréville V, Guyétant S, Scoazec JY, Guyard A, de Mestier L, Brosseau S, Mordant P, Castier Y, Gentien D, Ruszniewski P, Zalcman G, Couvelard A, Cazes A (2020) Specific genomic alterations in high grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours with carcinoid morphology. Neuroendocrinology (Online ahead of print) PMID: 32015233
57.
go back to reference Kasajima A, Konukiewitz B, Oka N, Suzuki H, Sakurada A, Okada Y, Kameya T, Ishikawa Y, Sasano H, Weichert W, Klöppel G (2019) Clinicopathological profiling of lung carcinoids with a Ki67 index >20%. Neuroendocrinology 108:109-120PubMedCrossRef Kasajima A, Konukiewitz B, Oka N, Suzuki H, Sakurada A, Okada Y, Kameya T, Ishikawa Y, Sasano H, Weichert W, Klöppel G (2019) Clinicopathological profiling of lung carcinoids with a Ki67 index >20%. Neuroendocrinology 108:109-120PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Rubino M, Scoazec JY, Pisa E, Faron M, Spaggiari L, Hadoux J, Spada F, Planchard D, Cella CA, Leboulleux S, De Marinis F, Ducreux M, Lamartina L, Baudin E, Fazio N (2020) Lung carcinoids with high proliferative activity: further support for the identification of a new tumor category in the classification of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms. Lung Cancer 148:149-158PubMedCrossRef Rubino M, Scoazec JY, Pisa E, Faron M, Spaggiari L, Hadoux J, Spada F, Planchard D, Cella CA, Leboulleux S, De Marinis F, Ducreux M, Lamartina L, Baudin E, Fazio N (2020) Lung carcinoids with high proliferative activity: further support for the identification of a new tumor category in the classification of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms. Lung Cancer 148:149-158PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Ströbel P, Zettl A, Shilo K, Chuang WY, Nicholson AG, Matsuno Y, Gal A, Laeng RH, Engel P, Capella C, Marino M, Chan JK, Rosenwald A, Travis W, Franks TJ, Ellenberger D, Schaefer IM, Marx A (2014) Tumor genetics and survival of thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a multi-institutional clinicopathologic study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 53:738-49PubMedCrossRef Ströbel P, Zettl A, Shilo K, Chuang WY, Nicholson AG, Matsuno Y, Gal A, Laeng RH, Engel P, Capella C, Marino M, Chan JK, Rosenwald A, Travis W, Franks TJ, Ellenberger D, Schaefer IM, Marx A (2014) Tumor genetics and survival of thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a multi-institutional clinicopathologic study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 53:738-49PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Li Y, Peng Y, Jiang X, Cheng Y, Zhou W, Su T, Xie J, Zhong X, Song D, Wu L, Fan L, Li M, Hong J, Wang W, Ning G, Cao Y (2017) Whole exome sequencing of thymic neuroendocrine tumor with ectopic ACTH syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 176:187-194PubMedCrossRef Li Y, Peng Y, Jiang X, Cheng Y, Zhou W, Su T, Xie J, Zhong X, Song D, Wu L, Fan L, Li M, Hong J, Wang W, Ning G, Cao Y (2017) Whole exome sequencing of thymic neuroendocrine tumor with ectopic ACTH syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 176:187-194PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Yu-fang Bi, Rui-xin Liu, Lei Ye, Hai Fang, Xiao-ying Li, Wei-qing Wang, Ji Zhang, Kan-Kan Wang, Lei Jiang, Ting-wei Su, Zhong-yuan Chen, Guang Ning (2009) Gene expression profiles of thymic neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) with ectopic ACTH syndrome reveal novel molecular mechanism. Endocr Relat Cancer 16:1273-82PubMedCrossRef Yu-fang Bi, Rui-xin Liu, Lei Ye, Hai Fang, Xiao-ying Li, Wei-qing Wang, Ji Zhang, Kan-Kan Wang, Lei Jiang, Ting-wei Su, Zhong-yuan Chen, Guang Ning (2009) Gene expression profiles of thymic neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) with ectopic ACTH syndrome reveal novel molecular mechanism. Endocr Relat Cancer 16:1273-82PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Jia R, Sulentic P, Xu JM, Grossman AB (2017) thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: biological behaviour and therapy. Neuroendocrinology 105:105-114PubMedCrossRef Jia R, Sulentic P, Xu JM, Grossman AB (2017) thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: biological behaviour and therapy. Neuroendocrinology 105:105-114PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Sikora KO, Fassan M, Barbi S, Corbo V, Mastracci L, Rusev B, Grillo F, Vicentini C, Ferrara R, Pilotto S, Davini F, Pelosi G, Lawlor RT, Chilosi M, Tortora G, Bria E, Fontanini G, Volante M, Scarpa A (2017) Lung neuroendocrine tumours: deep sequencing of the four World Health Organization histotypes reveals chromatin-remodelling genes as major players and a prognostic role for TERT, RB1, MEN1 and KMT2D. J Pathol 241:488-500PubMedCrossRef Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Sikora KO, Fassan M, Barbi S, Corbo V, Mastracci L, Rusev B, Grillo F, Vicentini C, Ferrara R, Pilotto S, Davini F, Pelosi G, Lawlor RT, Chilosi M, Tortora G, Bria E, Fontanini G, Volante M, Scarpa A (2017) Lung neuroendocrine tumours: deep sequencing of the four World Health Organization histotypes reveals chromatin-remodelling genes as major players and a prognostic role for TERT, RB1, MEN1 and KMT2D. J Pathol 241:488-500PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Meder L, Konig K, Ozretic L et al (2016) NOTCH, ASCL1, p53 and RB alterations define an alternative pathway driving neuroendocrine and small cell lung carcinomas. Int J Cancer 138:927-938PubMedCrossRef Meder L, Konig K, Ozretic L et al (2016) NOTCH, ASCL1, p53 and RB alterations define an alternative pathway driving neuroendocrine and small cell lung carcinomas. Int J Cancer 138:927-938PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Fernandez-Cuesta L, Foll M (2019) Molecular studies of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms uncover new concepts and entities. Transl Lung Cancer Res 8(Suppl 4):S430-S434PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fernandez-Cuesta L, Foll M (2019) Molecular studies of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms uncover new concepts and entities. Transl Lung Cancer Res 8(Suppl 4):S430-S434PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT, et al (2010) Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edition. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 13-14 Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT, et al (2010) Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edition. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 13-14
67.
go back to reference Sorbye H, Welin S, Langer SW, et al (2013) Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann Oncol 24:152–60PubMedCrossRef Sorbye H, Welin S, Langer SW, et al (2013) Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann Oncol 24:152–60PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Velayoudom-Cephise FL, Duvillard P, Foucan L, et al (2013) Are G3 ENETS neuroendocrine neoplasms heterogeneous? Endocr Relat Cancer 20:649–657PubMedCrossRef Velayoudom-Cephise FL, Duvillard P, Foucan L, et al (2013) Are G3 ENETS neuroendocrine neoplasms heterogeneous? Endocr Relat Cancer 20:649–657PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Basturk O, Yang Z, Tang LH, et al (2015) The high-grade (WHO G3) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor category is morphologically and biologically heterogeneous and includes both well differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 39:683-390PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Basturk O, Yang Z, Tang LH, et al (2015) The high-grade (WHO G3) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor category is morphologically and biologically heterogeneous and includes both well differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 39:683-390PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Milione M, Maisonneuve P, Spada F, et al (2017) The clinicopathologic heterogeneity of grade 3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: morphological differentiation and proliferation identify different prognostic categories. Neuroendocrinology 104:85-93PubMedCrossRef Milione M, Maisonneuve P, Spada F, et al (2017) The clinicopathologic heterogeneity of grade 3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: morphological differentiation and proliferation identify different prognostic categories. Neuroendocrinology 104:85-93PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Klöppel G, Couvelard A, Hruban RH, Klimstra DS, Komminoth P, Osamura RY, Perren A, Rindi G (2017) Neoplasms of the neuroendocrine pancreas: introduction. In: WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs. Lyon, IARC, pp. 211-221 Klöppel G, Couvelard A, Hruban RH, Klimstra DS, Komminoth P, Osamura RY, Perren A, Rindi G (2017) Neoplasms of the neuroendocrine pancreas: introduction. In: WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs. Lyon, IARC, pp. 211-221
72.
go back to reference Heetfeld M, Chougnet CN, Olsen IH, et al (2015) Characteristics and treatment of patients with G3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 22:657-664PubMedCrossRef Heetfeld M, Chougnet CN, Olsen IH, et al (2015) Characteristics and treatment of patients with G3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 22:657-664PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Tang LH, Basturk O, Sue JJ, Klimstra DS (2016) A Practical Approach to the Classification of WHO Grade 3 (G3) Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WD-NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PD-NEC) of the pancreas. Am J Surg Pathol 40:1192-1202PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tang LH, Basturk O, Sue JJ, Klimstra DS (2016) A Practical Approach to the Classification of WHO Grade 3 (G3) Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WD-NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PD-NEC) of the pancreas. Am J Surg Pathol 40:1192-1202PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Puccini A, Poorman K, Salem ME, et al (2020) Comprehensive genomic profiling of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). Clin Cancer Res 26:5943-5951PubMedCrossRef Puccini A, Poorman K, Salem ME, et al (2020) Comprehensive genomic profiling of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). Clin Cancer Res 26:5943-5951PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Szybowska M, Mete O, Weber E, Silver J, Kim RH (2019) Neuroendocrine neoplasms associated with germline pathogenic variants in the homologous recombination pathway. Endocr Pathol 30:237-245PubMedCrossRef Szybowska M, Mete O, Weber E, Silver J, Kim RH (2019) Neuroendocrine neoplasms associated with germline pathogenic variants in the homologous recombination pathway. Endocr Pathol 30:237-245PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Jiao Y, Shi C, Edil BH, de Wilde RF, et al (2011) DAXX/ATRX, MEN1, and mTOR pathway genes are frequently altered in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Science 331:1199-1203PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jiao Y, Shi C, Edil BH, de Wilde RF, et al (2011) DAXX/ATRX, MEN1, and mTOR pathway genes are frequently altered in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Science 331:1199-1203PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Scarpa A, Chang DK, Nones K, et al (2017) Whole-genome landscape of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Nature 543:65-71PubMedCrossRef Scarpa A, Chang DK, Nones K, et al (2017) Whole-genome landscape of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Nature 543:65-71PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Corbo V, Dalai I, Scardoni M, Barbi S, Beghelli S, Bersani S, Albarello L, Doglioni C, Schott C, Capelli P, Chilosi M, Boninsegna L, Becker KF, Falconi M, Scarpa A (2010) MEN1 in pancreatic endocrine tumors: analysis of gene and protein status in 169 sporadic neoplasms reveals alterations in the vast majority of cases. Endocr Relat Cancer 17:771-783PubMedCrossRef Corbo V, Dalai I, Scardoni M, Barbi S, Beghelli S, Bersani S, Albarello L, Doglioni C, Schott C, Capelli P, Chilosi M, Boninsegna L, Becker KF, Falconi M, Scarpa A (2010) MEN1 in pancreatic endocrine tumors: analysis of gene and protein status in 169 sporadic neoplasms reveals alterations in the vast majority of cases. Endocr Relat Cancer 17:771-783PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Hessman O, Lindberg D, Einarsson A, Lillhager P, Carling T, Grimelius L, Eriksson B, Akerström G, Westin G, Skogseid B (1999) Genetic alterations on 3p, 11q13, and 18q in nonfamilial and MEN 1-associated pancreatic endocrine tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:258-264PubMedCrossRef Hessman O, Lindberg D, Einarsson A, Lillhager P, Carling T, Grimelius L, Eriksson B, Akerström G, Westin G, Skogseid B (1999) Genetic alterations on 3p, 11q13, and 18q in nonfamilial and MEN 1-associated pancreatic endocrine tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:258-264PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Marinoni I, Kurrer AS, Vassella E, Dettmer M, Rudolph T, Banz V, Hunger F, Pasquinelli S, Speel EJ, Perren A (2014) Loss of DAXX and ATRX are associated with chromosome instability and reduced survival of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Gastroenterology 146:453-460PubMedCrossRef Marinoni I, Kurrer AS, Vassella E, Dettmer M, Rudolph T, Banz V, Hunger F, Pasquinelli S, Speel EJ, Perren A (2014) Loss of DAXX and ATRX are associated with chromosome instability and reduced survival of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Gastroenterology 146:453-460PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Kim JY, Brosnan-Cashman JA, An S, Kim SJ, Song KB, Kim MS, Kim MJ, Hwang DW, Meeker AK, Yu E, Kim SC, Hruban RH, Heaphy CM, Hong SM (2017) Alternative lengthening of telomeres in primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is associated with aggressive clinical behavior and poor survival. Clin Cancer Res 23:1598-1606PubMedCrossRef Kim JY, Brosnan-Cashman JA, An S, Kim SJ, Song KB, Kim MS, Kim MJ, Hwang DW, Meeker AK, Yu E, Kim SC, Hruban RH, Heaphy CM, Hong SM (2017) Alternative lengthening of telomeres in primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is associated with aggressive clinical behavior and poor survival. Clin Cancer Res 23:1598-1606PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Singhi AD, Liu TC, Roncaioli JL, Cao D, Zeh HJ, Zureikat AH, Tsung A, Marsh JW, Lee KK, Hogg ME, Bahary N, Brand RE, McGrath KM, Slivka A, Cressman KL, Fuhrer K, O'Sullivan RJ (2017) Alternative lengthening of telomeres and loss of DAXX/ATRX expression predicts metastatic disease and poor survival in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 23:600-609PubMedCrossRef Singhi AD, Liu TC, Roncaioli JL, Cao D, Zeh HJ, Zureikat AH, Tsung A, Marsh JW, Lee KK, Hogg ME, Bahary N, Brand RE, McGrath KM, Slivka A, Cressman KL, Fuhrer K, O'Sullivan RJ (2017) Alternative lengthening of telomeres and loss of DAXX/ATRX expression predicts metastatic disease and poor survival in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 23:600-609PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference de Wilde RF, Heaphy CM, Maitra A, Meeker AK, Edil BH, Wolfgang CL, Ellison TA, Schulick RD, Molenaar IQ, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Borel Rinkes IH, Offerhaus GJ, Hruban RH, Matsukuma KE (2012) Loss of ATRX or DAXX expression and concomitant acquisition of the alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype are late events in a small subset of MEN-1 syndrome pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 25:1033-1039PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef de Wilde RF, Heaphy CM, Maitra A, Meeker AK, Edil BH, Wolfgang CL, Ellison TA, Schulick RD, Molenaar IQ, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Borel Rinkes IH, Offerhaus GJ, Hruban RH, Matsukuma KE (2012) Loss of ATRX or DAXX expression and concomitant acquisition of the alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype are late events in a small subset of MEN-1 syndrome pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 25:1033-1039PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Chan CS, Laddha SV, Lewis PW, Koletsky MS, Robzyk K, Da Silva E, Torres PJ, Untch BR, Li J, Bose P, Chan TA, Klimstra DS, Allis CD, Tang LH (2018). ATRX, DAXX or MEN1 mutant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a distinct alpha-cell signature subgroup. Nat Commun 9(1):4158PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chan CS, Laddha SV, Lewis PW, Koletsky MS, Robzyk K, Da Silva E, Torres PJ, Untch BR, Li J, Bose P, Chan TA, Klimstra DS, Allis CD, Tang LH (2018). ATRX, DAXX or MEN1 mutant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a distinct alpha-cell signature subgroup. Nat Commun 9(1):4158PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Hong X, Qiao S, Li F, Wang W, Jiang R, Wu H, Chen H, Liu L, Peng J, Wang J, Jia C, Liang X, Dai H, Jiang J, Zhang T, Liao Q, Dai M, Cong L, Han X, Guo D, Liang Z, Li D, Zheng Z, Ye C, Li S, Zhao Y, Wu K, Wu W (2020) Whole-genome sequencing reveals distinct genetic bases for insulinomas and non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: leading to a new classification system. Gut 69(5):877-887PubMedCrossRef Hong X, Qiao S, Li F, Wang W, Jiang R, Wu H, Chen H, Liu L, Peng J, Wang J, Jia C, Liang X, Dai H, Jiang J, Zhang T, Liao Q, Dai M, Cong L, Han X, Guo D, Liang Z, Li D, Zheng Z, Ye C, Li S, Zhao Y, Wu K, Wu W (2020) Whole-genome sequencing reveals distinct genetic bases for insulinomas and non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: leading to a new classification system. Gut 69(5):877-887PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Yachida S, Vakiani E, White CM, Zhong Y, Saunders T, Morgan R, de Wilde RF, Maitra A, Hicks J, Demarzo AM, Shi C, Sharma R, Laheru D, Edil BH, Wolfgang CL, Schulick RD, Hruban RH, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA (2012) Small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas are genetically similar and distinct from well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 36:173-184PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yachida S, Vakiani E, White CM, Zhong Y, Saunders T, Morgan R, de Wilde RF, Maitra A, Hicks J, Demarzo AM, Shi C, Sharma R, Laheru D, Edil BH, Wolfgang CL, Schulick RD, Hruban RH, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA (2012) Small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas are genetically similar and distinct from well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 36:173-184PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Vijayvergia N, Boland PM, Handorf E, Gustafson KS, Gong Y, Cooper HS, Sheriff F, Astsaturov I, Cohen SJ, Engstrom PF (2016) Molecular profiling of neuroendocrine malignancies to identify prognostic and therapeutic markers: a Fox Chase Cancer Center Pilot Study. Br J Cancer 115:564-570PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vijayvergia N, Boland PM, Handorf E, Gustafson KS, Gong Y, Cooper HS, Sheriff F, Astsaturov I, Cohen SJ, Engstrom PF (2016) Molecular profiling of neuroendocrine malignancies to identify prognostic and therapeutic markers: a Fox Chase Cancer Center Pilot Study. Br J Cancer 115:564-570PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Glenn ST, Jones CA, Sexton S, LeVea CM, Caraker SM, Hajduczok G, Gross KW (2014) Conditional deletion of p53 and Rb in the renin-expressing compartment of the pancreas leads to a highly penetrant metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Oncogene 33:5706-5715PubMedCrossRef Glenn ST, Jones CA, Sexton S, LeVea CM, Caraker SM, Hajduczok G, Gross KW (2014) Conditional deletion of p53 and Rb in the renin-expressing compartment of the pancreas leads to a highly penetrant metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Oncogene 33:5706-5715PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Konukiewitz B, Jesinghaus M, Steiger K, Schlitter AM, Kasajima A, Sipos B, Zamboni G, Weichert W, Pfarr N, Klöppel G (2018) Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas reveal a closer relationship to ductal adenocarcinomas than to neuroendocrine tumors G3. Hum Pathol 77:70-79PubMedCrossRef Konukiewitz B, Jesinghaus M, Steiger K, Schlitter AM, Kasajima A, Sipos B, Zamboni G, Weichert W, Pfarr N, Klöppel G (2018) Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas reveal a closer relationship to ductal adenocarcinomas than to neuroendocrine tumors G3. Hum Pathol 77:70-79PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Kimura T, Miyamoto H, Fukuya A, Kitamura S, Okamoto K, Kimura M, Muguruma N, Ikemoto T, Shimada M, Yoneda A, Bando Y, Takishita M, Takayama T (2016) Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas with similar genetic alterations to invasive ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin J Gastroenterol 9:261-265PubMedCrossRef Kimura T, Miyamoto H, Fukuya A, Kitamura S, Okamoto K, Kimura M, Muguruma N, Ikemoto T, Shimada M, Yoneda A, Bando Y, Takishita M, Takayama T (2016) Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas with similar genetic alterations to invasive ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin J Gastroenterol 9:261-265PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Venizelos, H. Elvebakken, A. Perren, G. Hjortland, A. Sundlov, J. B. Svensson, I Lothe, S. Detlefsen, H. Garresori, C. Kersten, S. Knappskog, H. Sorbye (2020) Mutational landscape of 109 high-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms G3. Neuroendocrinology 17th ENETS conference Abstract Venizelos, H. Elvebakken, A. Perren, G. Hjortland, A. Sundlov, J. B. Svensson, I Lothe, S. Detlefsen, H. Garresori, C. Kersten, S. Knappskog, H. Sorbye (2020) Mutational landscape of 109 high-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms G3. Neuroendocrinology 17th ENETS conference Abstract
94.
go back to reference Gao HL, Wang WQ, Yu XJ, et al. (2020) Molecular drivers and cells of origin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Exp Hematol Oncol 9:28PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gao HL, Wang WQ, Yu XJ, et al. (2020) Molecular drivers and cells of origin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Exp Hematol Oncol 9:28PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
go back to reference La Rosa S, Inzani F, Vanoli A, Klersy C, Dainese L, Rindi G, Capella C, Bordi C, Solcia E (2011) Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum Pathol 42:1373-1384PubMedCrossRef La Rosa S, Inzani F, Vanoli A, Klersy C, Dainese L, Rindi G, Capella C, Bordi C, Solcia E (2011) Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum Pathol 42:1373-1384PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference La Rosa S, Rindi G, Solcia E, tang LH (2019) Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. In: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board editors. Digestive system tumours, 5th edn, vol 1. Lyon, IARC, pp. 104-109 La Rosa S, Rindi G, Solcia E, tang LH (2019) Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. In: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board editors. Digestive system tumours, 5th edn, vol 1. Lyon, IARC, pp. 104-109
97.
go back to reference Trinh VQ, Shi C, Ma C (2020). Gastric neuroendocrine tumours from long-term proton pump inhibitor users are indolent tumours with good prognosis. Histopathology 77:865-876PubMedCrossRef Trinh VQ, Shi C, Ma C (2020). Gastric neuroendocrine tumours from long-term proton pump inhibitor users are indolent tumours with good prognosis. Histopathology 77:865-876PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference La Rosa S, Solcia E (2020) New insights into the classification of gastric neuroendocrine tumours, expanding the spectrum of ECL-cell tumours related to hypergastrinaemia. Histopathology 77:862-864PubMedCrossRef La Rosa S, Solcia E (2020) New insights into the classification of gastric neuroendocrine tumours, expanding the spectrum of ECL-cell tumours related to hypergastrinaemia. Histopathology 77:862-864PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Lee HE, Mounajjed T, Erickson LA, Wu TT (2016) Sporadic gastric well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors have a higher Ki-67 proliferative index. Endocr Pathol 27:259-267PubMedCrossRef Lee HE, Mounajjed T, Erickson LA, Wu TT (2016) Sporadic gastric well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors have a higher Ki-67 proliferative index. Endocr Pathol 27:259-267PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference D'adda T, Pizzi S, Azzoni C, Bottarelli L, Crafa P, Pasquali C, Davoli C, Corleto VD, Delle Fave G, Bordi C (2002) Different patterns of 11q allelic losses in digestive endocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 33:322-329CrossRef D'adda T, Pizzi S, Azzoni C, Bottarelli L, Crafa P, Pasquali C, Davoli C, Corleto VD, Delle Fave G, Bordi C (2002) Different patterns of 11q allelic losses in digestive endocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 33:322-329CrossRef
101.
go back to reference Furlan D, Cerutti R, Uccella S, La Rosa S, Rigoli E, Genasetti A, Capella C (2004) Different molecular profiles characterize well-differentiated endocrine tumors and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas of the gastroenteropancreatic tract. Clin Cancer Res 10:947-957PubMedCrossRef Furlan D, Cerutti R, Uccella S, La Rosa S, Rigoli E, Genasetti A, Capella C (2004) Different molecular profiles characterize well-differentiated endocrine tumors and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas of the gastroenteropancreatic tract. Clin Cancer Res 10:947-957PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Guadagno E, Luglio G, Iacobelli A, Borrelli G, Castaldi A, De Rosa G, Del Basso De Caro M (2018) A case of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm with mixed grade: a distinct type of "high"-grade well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm. Endocr Pathol 29:289-293PubMedCrossRef Guadagno E, Luglio G, Iacobelli A, Borrelli G, Castaldi A, De Rosa G, Del Basso De Caro M (2018) A case of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm with mixed grade: a distinct type of "high"-grade well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm. Endocr Pathol 29:289-293PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Sundaresan S, Kang AJ, Hayes MM, Choi EK, Merchant JL (2017) Deletion of Men1 and somatostatin induces hypergastrinemia and gastric carcinoids. Gut 66:1012-1021PubMedCrossRef Sundaresan S, Kang AJ, Hayes MM, Choi EK, Merchant JL (2017) Deletion of Men1 and somatostatin induces hypergastrinemia and gastric carcinoids. Gut 66:1012-1021PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Koh J, Nam SK, Kwak Y, Kim G, Kim KK, Lee BC, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Park KU, Kim WH, Lee HS (2020) Comprehensive genetic features of gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas and pure neuroendocrine carcinomas. J Pathol 28:e5556 Koh J, Nam SK, Kwak Y, Kim G, Kim KK, Lee BC, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Park KU, Kim WH, Lee HS (2020) Comprehensive genetic features of gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas and pure neuroendocrine carcinomas. J Pathol 28:e5556
105.
go back to reference Makuuchi R, Terashima M, Kusuhara M, Nakajima T, Serizawa M, Hatakeyama K, Ohshima K, Urakami K, Yamaguchi K (2017) Comprehensive analysis of gene mutation and expression profiles in neuroendocrine carcinomas of the stomach. Biomed Res 38:19-27PubMedCrossRef Makuuchi R, Terashima M, Kusuhara M, Nakajima T, Serizawa M, Hatakeyama K, Ohshima K, Urakami K, Yamaguchi K (2017) Comprehensive analysis of gene mutation and expression profiles in neuroendocrine carcinomas of the stomach. Biomed Res 38:19-27PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Furlan D, Cerutti R, Genasetti A, Pelosi G, Uccella S, La Rosa S, Capella C (2003) Microallelotyping defines the monoclonal or the polyclonal origin of mixed and collision endocrine-exocrine tumors of the gut. Lab Invest 83:963-971PubMedCrossRef Furlan D, Cerutti R, Genasetti A, Pelosi G, Uccella S, La Rosa S, Capella C (2003) Microallelotyping defines the monoclonal or the polyclonal origin of mixed and collision endocrine-exocrine tumors of the gut. Lab Invest 83:963-971PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference La Rosa S, Uccella S, Rindi G (2021) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gut. In: Asa SL, La Rosa S, Mete O (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 207-244CrossRef La Rosa S, Uccella S, Rindi G (2021) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gut. In: Asa SL, La Rosa S, Mete O (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 207-244CrossRef
108.
go back to reference Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E (2017) Four neuroendocrine tumor types and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the duodenum: analysis of 203 cases. Neuroendocrinology 104:112-125PubMedCrossRef Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E (2017) Four neuroendocrine tumor types and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the duodenum: analysis of 203 cases. Neuroendocrinology 104:112-125PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Capuano F, Grami O, Pugliese L, Paulli M, Pietrabissa A, Solcia E, Vanoli A (2018) Grade 3 neuroendocrine tumor (G3 NET) in a background of multiple serotonin cell neoplasms of the ileum associated with carcinoid syndrome and aggressive behavior. Endocr Pathol 29:369-373PubMedCrossRef Capuano F, Grami O, Pugliese L, Paulli M, Pietrabissa A, Solcia E, Vanoli A (2018) Grade 3 neuroendocrine tumor (G3 NET) in a background of multiple serotonin cell neoplasms of the ileum associated with carcinoid syndrome and aggressive behavior. Endocr Pathol 29:369-373PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Anlauf M, Perren A, Henopp T, Rudolf T, Garbrecht N, Schmitt A, Raffel A, Gimm O, Weihe E, Knoefel WT, Dralle H, Heitz PU, Komminoth P, Klöppel G (2007) Allelic deletion of the MEN1 gene in duodenal gastrin and somatostatin cell neoplasms and their precursor lesions. Gut 56(5):637-44PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Anlauf M, Perren A, Henopp T, Rudolf T, Garbrecht N, Schmitt A, Raffel A, Gimm O, Weihe E, Knoefel WT, Dralle H, Heitz PU, Komminoth P, Klöppel G (2007) Allelic deletion of the MEN1 gene in duodenal gastrin and somatostatin cell neoplasms and their precursor lesions. Gut 56(5):637-44PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Uccella S, La Rosa S (2020) Looking into digestive mixed neuroendocrine - nonneuroendocrine neoplasms: subtypes, prognosis, and predictive factors. Histopathology 77:700-717PubMedCrossRef Uccella S, La Rosa S (2020) Looking into digestive mixed neuroendocrine - nonneuroendocrine neoplasms: subtypes, prognosis, and predictive factors. Histopathology 77:700-717PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Wang ZJ, An K, Li R, Shen W, Bao MD, Tao JH, Chen JN, Mei SW, Shen HY, Ma YB, Zhao FQ, Wei FZ, Liu Q (2019) Analysis of 72 patients with colorectal high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms from three Chinese hospitals. World J Gastroenterol 25:5197-5209PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang ZJ, An K, Li R, Shen W, Bao MD, Tao JH, Chen JN, Mei SW, Shen HY, Ma YB, Zhao FQ, Wei FZ, Liu Q (2019) Analysis of 72 patients with colorectal high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms from three Chinese hospitals. World J Gastroenterol 25:5197-5209PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Couvelard A, Perren A, Sipos B (2019) Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms. In: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board editors. Digestive system tumours, 5th edn, vol 1. Lyon, IARC, pp. 152–155 Couvelard A, Perren A, Sipos B (2019) Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms. In: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board editors. Digestive system tumours, 5th edn, vol 1. Lyon, IARC, pp. 152–155
114.
go back to reference Park HY, Kwon MJ, Kang HS, Kim YJ, Kim NY, Kim MJ, Min KW, Choi KC, Nam ES, Cho SJ, Park HR, Min SK, Seo J, Choe JY, Lee HK (2019) Targeted next-generation sequencing of well-differentiated rectal, gastric, and appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors to identify potential targets. Hum Pathol 87:83-94PubMedCrossRef Park HY, Kwon MJ, Kang HS, Kim YJ, Kim NY, Kim MJ, Min KW, Choi KC, Nam ES, Cho SJ, Park HR, Min SK, Seo J, Choe JY, Lee HK (2019) Targeted next-generation sequencing of well-differentiated rectal, gastric, and appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors to identify potential targets. Hum Pathol 87:83-94PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Takizawa N, Ohishi Y, Hirahashi M, Takahashi S, Nakamura K, Tanaka M, Oki E, Takayanagi R, Oda Y (2015) Molecular characteristics of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma; similarities with adenocarcinoma rather than neuroendocrine tumor. Hum Pathol 46:1890-1900PubMedCrossRef Takizawa N, Ohishi Y, Hirahashi M, Takahashi S, Nakamura K, Tanaka M, Oki E, Takayanagi R, Oda Y (2015) Molecular characteristics of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma; similarities with adenocarcinoma rather than neuroendocrine tumor. Hum Pathol 46:1890-1900PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Mitsuhashi K, Yamamoto I, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Ito M, Igarashi H, Ishigami K, Sukawa Y, Tachibana M, Takahashi H, Tokino T, Maruyama R, Suzuki H, et al (2015) Analysis of the molecular features of rectal carcinoid tumors to identify new biomarkers that predict biological malignancy. Oncotarget 6:22114-22125PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mitsuhashi K, Yamamoto I, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Ito M, Igarashi H, Ishigami K, Sukawa Y, Tachibana M, Takahashi H, Tokino T, Maruyama R, Suzuki H, et al (2015) Analysis of the molecular features of rectal carcinoid tumors to identify new biomarkers that predict biological malignancy. Oncotarget 6:22114-22125PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Jesinghaus M, Konukiewitz B, Keller G, Kloor M, Steiger K, Reiche M, Penzel R, Endris V, Arsenic R, Hermann G, Stenzinger A, Weichert W, Pfarr N, Klöppel G (2017) Colorectal mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas are genetically closely related to colorectal adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 30:610-619PubMedCrossRef Jesinghaus M, Konukiewitz B, Keller G, Kloor M, Steiger K, Reiche M, Penzel R, Endris V, Arsenic R, Hermann G, Stenzinger A, Weichert W, Pfarr N, Klöppel G (2017) Colorectal mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas are genetically closely related to colorectal adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 30:610-619PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Woischke C, Schaaf CW, Yang HM, Vieth M, Veits L, Geddert H, Märkl B, Stömmer P, Schaeffer DF, Frölich M, Blum H, Vosberg S, Greif PA, Jung A, Kirchner T, Horst D (2017) In-depth mutational analyses of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas with adenoma or adenocarcinoma components. Mod Pathol 30:95-103PubMedCrossRef Woischke C, Schaaf CW, Yang HM, Vieth M, Veits L, Geddert H, Märkl B, Stömmer P, Schaeffer DF, Frölich M, Blum H, Vosberg S, Greif PA, Jung A, Kirchner T, Horst D (2017) In-depth mutational analyses of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas with adenoma or adenocarcinoma components. Mod Pathol 30:95-103PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Furlan D, Sahnane N, Mazzoni M, Pastorino R, Carnevali I, Stefanoli M, Ferretti A, Chiaravalli AM, La Rosa S, Capella C (2013) Diagnostic utility of MS-MLPA in DNA methylation profiling of adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon-rectum. Virchows Arch 462:47-56PubMedCrossRef Furlan D, Sahnane N, Mazzoni M, Pastorino R, Carnevali I, Stefanoli M, Ferretti A, Chiaravalli AM, La Rosa S, Capella C (2013) Diagnostic utility of MS-MLPA in DNA methylation profiling of adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon-rectum. Virchows Arch 462:47-56PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Sahnane N, Furlan D, Monti M, Romualdi C, Vanoli A, Vicari E, Solcia E, Capella C, Sessa F, La Rosa S (2015) Microsatellite unstable gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas: a new clinicopathologic entity. Endocr Relat Cancer 22:35-45PubMedCrossRef Sahnane N, Furlan D, Monti M, Romualdi C, Vanoli A, Vicari E, Solcia E, Capella C, Sessa F, La Rosa S (2015) Microsatellite unstable gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas: a new clinicopathologic entity. Endocr Relat Cancer 22:35-45PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Chen MH, Chen J (2020) Genetic characteristics of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma: more similar to colorectal adenocarcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer 9:S1533–0028(20)30125–0 Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Chen MH, Chen J (2020) Genetic characteristics of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma: more similar to colorectal adenocarcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer 9:S1533–0028(20)30125–0
122.
go back to reference Vortmeyer AO, Lubensky IA, Merino MJ, Wang CY, Pham T, Furth EE, Zhuang Z (1997) Concordance of genetic alterations in poorly differentiated colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas and associated adenocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1448-1453PubMedCrossRef Vortmeyer AO, Lubensky IA, Merino MJ, Wang CY, Pham T, Furth EE, Zhuang Z (1997) Concordance of genetic alterations in poorly differentiated colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas and associated adenocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1448-1453PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Shamir ER, Devine WP, Pekmezci M, Umetsu SE, Krings G, Federman S, Cho SJ, Saunders TA, Jen KY, Bergsland E, Jones K, Kim GE, Kakar S, Chiu CY, Joseph NM (2019) Identification of high-risk human papillomavirus and Rb/E2F pathway genomic alterations in mutually exclusive subsets of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma. Mod Pathol 32:290-305PubMedCrossRef Shamir ER, Devine WP, Pekmezci M, Umetsu SE, Krings G, Federman S, Cho SJ, Saunders TA, Jen KY, Bergsland E, Jones K, Kim GE, Kakar S, Chiu CY, Joseph NM (2019) Identification of high-risk human papillomavirus and Rb/E2F pathway genomic alterations in mutually exclusive subsets of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma. Mod Pathol 32:290-305PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Luchini C, Pelosi G, Scarpa A, Mattiolo P, Marchiori D, Maragliano D, Sessa F, Uccella S (2020) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the biliary tree, liver and pancreas. Pathologica in press. Luchini C, Pelosi G, Scarpa A, Mattiolo P, Marchiori D, Maragliano D, Sessa F, Uccella S (2020) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the biliary tree, liver and pancreas. Pathologica in press.
125.
go back to reference Lee SM, Sung CO (2020) Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gallbladder: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 34 resected cases. Am J Surg Pathol 44:1308-1321PubMedCrossRef Lee SM, Sung CO (2020) Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gallbladder: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 34 resected cases. Am J Surg Pathol 44:1308-1321PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Sciarra A, Missiaglia E, Trimech M, Melloul E, Brouland JP, Sempoux C, La Rosa S (2020) Gallbladder mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) arising in intracholecystic papillary neoplasm: clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of a case and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 31:84-93PubMedCrossRef Sciarra A, Missiaglia E, Trimech M, Melloul E, Brouland JP, Sempoux C, La Rosa S (2020) Gallbladder mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) arising in intracholecystic papillary neoplasm: clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of a case and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 31:84-93PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Li M, Liu F, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wu W, Wang XA, Zhao S, Liu S, Liang H, Zhang F, Ma Q, Xiang S, Li H, Jiang L, Hu Y, Gong W, Zhang Y, Ma T, Zhang K, Liu Y, Liu Y (2017) Whole-genome sequencing reveals the mutational landscape of metastatic small-cell gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma (GB-SCNEC). Cancer Lett 391:20-27PubMedCrossRef Li M, Liu F, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wu W, Wang XA, Zhao S, Liu S, Liang H, Zhang F, Ma Q, Xiang S, Li H, Jiang L, Hu Y, Gong W, Zhang Y, Ma T, Zhang K, Liu Y, Liu Y (2017) Whole-genome sequencing reveals the mutational landscape of metastatic small-cell gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma (GB-SCNEC). Cancer Lett 391:20-27PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Rasmussen JØ, von Holstein SL, Prause JU, Vainer B, Hansen AB, Fehr A, Stenman G, Heegaard S (2014) Genetic analysis of an orbital metastasis from a primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Oncol Rep 32:1447-1450PubMedCrossRef Rasmussen JØ, von Holstein SL, Prause JU, Vainer B, Hansen AB, Fehr A, Stenman G, Heegaard S (2014) Genetic analysis of an orbital metastasis from a primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Oncol Rep 32:1447-1450PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference Shastri A, Msaouel P, Montagna C, White S, Delio M, Patel K, Alexis K, Strakhan M, Elrafei TN, Reed LJ (2016) Primary hepatic small cell carcinoma: two case reports, molecular characterization and pooled analysis of known clinical data. Anticancer Res 36:271-277PubMed Shastri A, Msaouel P, Montagna C, White S, Delio M, Patel K, Alexis K, Strakhan M, Elrafei TN, Reed LJ (2016) Primary hepatic small cell carcinoma: two case reports, molecular characterization and pooled analysis of known clinical data. Anticancer Res 36:271-277PubMed
130.
go back to reference Pastrián LG, Ruz-Caracuel I, Gonzalez RS (2019) Giant primary neuroendocrine neoplasms of the liver: report of 2 cases with molecular characterization. Int J Surg Pathol 27893–899 Pastrián LG, Ruz-Caracuel I, Gonzalez RS (2019) Giant primary neuroendocrine neoplasms of the liver: report of 2 cases with molecular characterization. Int J Surg Pathol 27893–899
131.
go back to reference Uccella S, La Rosa S (2021) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract, ear, and salivary glands. In: Asa SL, La Rosa S, Mete O (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 97-118CrossRef Uccella S, La Rosa S (2021) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract, ear, and salivary glands. In: Asa SL, La Rosa S, Mete O (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 97-118CrossRef
132.
go back to reference Uccella S, Mathias-Guiu X, La Rosa S (2021) Genitourinary neuroendocrine neoplasms. In: Asa SL, La Rosa, Mete O (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 301-333 Uccella S, Mathias-Guiu X, La Rosa S (2021) Genitourinary neuroendocrine neoplasms. In: Asa SL, La Rosa, Mete O (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 301-333
133.
go back to reference Bussolati G, Badve S (2012) Carcinomas with neuroendocrine features. In Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Tan PH, van de Vijver MJ (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the breast. IARC Press, Lyon. Bussolati G, Badve S (2012) Carcinomas with neuroendocrine features. In Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Tan PH, van de Vijver MJ (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the breast. IARC Press, Lyon.
134.
go back to reference Rindi G, Klimstra DS, Abedi-Ardekani B, et al (2018) A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms: an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) expert consensus proposal. Mod Pathol 31:1770‐1786PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rindi G, Klimstra DS, Abedi-Ardekani B, et al (2018) A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms: an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) expert consensus proposal. Mod Pathol 31:1770‐1786PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Rakha EA, Reis-Filho JS, Sasano H, Wu Y (2019) Neuroendocrine tumor. In: WHO classification of tumours editorial board. Breast tumours. WHO classification of tumours series, 5th ed. IARC, Lyon, pp 156-158 Rakha EA, Reis-Filho JS, Sasano H, Wu Y (2019) Neuroendocrine tumor. In: WHO classification of tumours editorial board. Breast tumours. WHO classification of tumours series, 5th ed. IARC, Lyon, pp 156-158
136.
go back to reference Uccella S, Finzi G, Sessa F, La Rosa S (2020) On the endless dilemma of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast: a journey through concepts and entities. Endocr Pathol 31:321-329PubMedCrossRef Uccella S, Finzi G, Sessa F, La Rosa S (2020) On the endless dilemma of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast: a journey through concepts and entities. Endocr Pathol 31:321-329PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference McCullar B, Pandey M, Yaghmour G, Hare F, Patel K, Stein K, Feldman R, Chandler JC, Martin MG (2016) Genomic landscape of small cell carcinoma of the breast contrasted to small cell carcinoma of the lung. Breast Cancer Res Treat 158:195‐202PubMedCrossRef McCullar B, Pandey M, Yaghmour G, Hare F, Patel K, Stein K, Feldman R, Chandler JC, Martin MG (2016) Genomic landscape of small cell carcinoma of the breast contrasted to small cell carcinoma of the lung. Breast Cancer Res Treat 158:195‐202PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Kervarrec T, Samimi M, Guyétant S, Sarma B, Chéret J, Blanchard E, Berthon P, Schrama D, Houben R, Touzé A (2019) Histogenesis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review. Front Oncol 10;9:451CrossRef Kervarrec T, Samimi M, Guyétant S, Sarma B, Chéret J, Blanchard E, Berthon P, Schrama D, Houben R, Touzé A (2019) Histogenesis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review. Front Oncol 10;9:451CrossRef
139.
140.
go back to reference Harms PW, Vats P, Verhaegen ME, Robinson DR, Wu YM, Dhanasekaran SM, Palanisamy N, Siddiqui J, Cao X, Su F, Wang R. The distinctive mutational spectra of polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2015;75(18):3720–7PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Harms PW, Vats P, Verhaegen ME, Robinson DR, Wu YM, Dhanasekaran SM, Palanisamy N, Siddiqui J, Cao X, Su F, Wang R. The distinctive mutational spectra of polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2015;75(18):3720–7PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
141.
go back to reference González-Vela MDC, Curiel-Olmo S, Derdak S, Beltran S, Santibañez M, Martínez N, et al. (2017) Shared oncogenic pathways implicated in both viruspositive and uv-induced Merkel cell carcinomas. J Invest Dermatol 137:197–206PubMedCrossRef González-Vela MDC, Curiel-Olmo S, Derdak S, Beltran S, Santibañez M, Martínez N, et al. (2017) Shared oncogenic pathways implicated in both viruspositive and uv-induced Merkel cell carcinomas. J Invest Dermatol 137:197–206PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Asioli S. (2021) Skin Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. In: Asa S.L., La Rosa S., Mete O. (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 335-356CrossRef Asioli S. (2021) Skin Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. In: Asa S.L., La Rosa S., Mete O. (eds) The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer, Cham, pp 335-356CrossRef
143.
go back to reference Knepper TC, Montesion M, Russell JS, Sokol ES, Frampton GM, Miller VA, Albacker LA, McLeod HL, Eroglu Z, Khushalani NI, Sondak VK, Messina JL, Schell MJ, DeCaprio JA, Tsai KY, Brohl AS (2019) The Genomic Landscape of Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Clinicogenomic Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 25(19):5961-5971PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Knepper TC, Montesion M, Russell JS, Sokol ES, Frampton GM, Miller VA, Albacker LA, McLeod HL, Eroglu Z, Khushalani NI, Sondak VK, Messina JL, Schell MJ, DeCaprio JA, Tsai KY, Brohl AS (2019) The Genomic Landscape of Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Clinicogenomic Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 25(19):5961-5971PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Uccella S, Ottini G, Facco C, Maragliano R, Asioli S, Sessa F, La Rosa S (2017) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the head and neck and olfactory neuroblastoma. Diagnosis and classification. Pathologica 109:14-30PubMed Uccella S, Ottini G, Facco C, Maragliano R, Asioli S, Sessa F, La Rosa S (2017) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the head and neck and olfactory neuroblastoma. Diagnosis and classification. Pathologica 109:14-30PubMed
145.
go back to reference Ferlito A, Strojan P, Lewis JS Jr, Perez-Ordoñez B, Rinaldo A (2014) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the head and neck: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 271:2093-2095PubMedCrossRef Ferlito A, Strojan P, Lewis JS Jr, Perez-Ordoñez B, Rinaldo A (2014) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the head and neck: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 271:2093-2095PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Lewis JS Jr, Spence DC, Chiosea S, Barnes EL Jr, Brandwein-Gensler M, El-Mofty SK (2010) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx: definition of an entity. Head Neck Pathol 4:198-207PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lewis JS Jr, Spence DC, Chiosea S, Barnes EL Jr, Brandwein-Gensler M, El-Mofty SK (2010) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx: definition of an entity. Head Neck Pathol 4:198-207PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
147.
go back to reference Goyal B, Duncavage EJ, Martinez D, Lewis JS Jr, Chernock RD (2014) Next-generation sequencing of salivary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas identifies alterations in RB1 and the mTOR pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 97:572-578PubMedCrossRef Goyal B, Duncavage EJ, Martinez D, Lewis JS Jr, Chernock RD (2014) Next-generation sequencing of salivary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas identifies alterations in RB1 and the mTOR pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 97:572-578PubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Alos L, Hakim S, Larque AB, de la Oliva J, Rodriguez-Carunchio L, Caballero M, Nadal A, Marti C, Guimera N, Fernandez-Figueras MT, Quint W, Ordi J (2016) p16 overexpression in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the head and neck: potential diagnostic pitfall with HPV-related carcinomas. Virchows Arch 469:277-284PubMedCrossRef Alos L, Hakim S, Larque AB, de la Oliva J, Rodriguez-Carunchio L, Caballero M, Nadal A, Marti C, Guimera N, Fernandez-Figueras MT, Quint W, Ordi J (2016) p16 overexpression in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the head and neck: potential diagnostic pitfall with HPV-related carcinomas. Virchows Arch 469:277-284PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference La Rosa S, Furlan D, Franzi F, Battaglia P, Frattini M, Zanellato E, Marando A, Sahnane N, Turri-Zanoni M, Castelnuovo P, Capella C (2013) Mixed exocrine-neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity: clinico-pathologic and molecular study of a case and review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol 7:76-84PubMedCrossRef La Rosa S, Furlan D, Franzi F, Battaglia P, Frattini M, Zanellato E, Marando A, Sahnane N, Turri-Zanoni M, Castelnuovo P, Capella C (2013) Mixed exocrine-neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity: clinico-pathologic and molecular study of a case and review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol 7:76-84PubMedCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Agaimy A, Jain D, Uddin N, Rooper LM, Bishop JA (2020) SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma: a series of 10 cases expanding the genetic spectrum of swi/snf-driven sinonasal malignancies. Am J Surg Pathol 44:703-710PubMedCrossRef Agaimy A, Jain D, Uddin N, Rooper LM, Bishop JA (2020) SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma: a series of 10 cases expanding the genetic spectrum of swi/snf-driven sinonasal malignancies. Am J Surg Pathol 44:703-710PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Dogan S, Vasudevaraja V, Xu B, Serrano J, Ptashkin RN, Jung HJ, Chiang S, Jungbluth AA, Cohen MA, Ganly I, Berger MF, Momeni Boroujeni A, Ghossein RA, Ladanyi M, Chute DJ, Snuderl M (2019) DNA methylation-based classification of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Mod Pathol 32:1447-1459PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dogan S, Vasudevaraja V, Xu B, Serrano J, Ptashkin RN, Jung HJ, Chiang S, Jungbluth AA, Cohen MA, Ganly I, Berger MF, Momeni Boroujeni A, Ghossein RA, Ladanyi M, Chute DJ, Snuderl M (2019) DNA methylation-based classification of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Mod Pathol 32:1447-1459PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Dogan S, Cotzia P, Ptashkin RN, Nanjangud GJ, Xu B, Momeni Boroujeni A, Cohen MA, Pfister DG, Prasad ML, Antonescu CR, Chen Y, Gounder MM (2020) Genetic basis of SMARCB1 protein loss in 22 sinonasal carcinomas. Hum Pathol 104:105-116PubMedCrossRef Dogan S, Cotzia P, Ptashkin RN, Nanjangud GJ, Xu B, Momeni Boroujeni A, Cohen MA, Pfister DG, Prasad ML, Antonescu CR, Chen Y, Gounder MM (2020) Genetic basis of SMARCB1 protein loss in 22 sinonasal carcinomas. Hum Pathol 104:105-116PubMedCrossRef
153.
go back to reference Riobello C, López-Hernández A, Cabal VN, García-Marín R, Suárez-Fernández L, Sánchez-Fernández P, Vivanco B, Blanco V, López F, Franchi A, Llorente JL, Hermsen MA (2020) IDH2 mutation analysis in undifferentiated and poorly differentiated sinonasal carcinomas for diagnosis and clinical management. Am J Surg Pathol 44:396-405PubMedCrossRef Riobello C, López-Hernández A, Cabal VN, García-Marín R, Suárez-Fernández L, Sánchez-Fernández P, Vivanco B, Blanco V, López F, Franchi A, Llorente JL, Hermsen MA (2020) IDH2 mutation analysis in undifferentiated and poorly differentiated sinonasal carcinomas for diagnosis and clinical management. Am J Surg Pathol 44:396-405PubMedCrossRef
154.
go back to reference La Rosa S, Bernasconi B, Micello D, Finzi G, Capella C (2009) Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney: morphological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic study of a case and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 20:24-34PubMedCrossRef La Rosa S, Bernasconi B, Micello D, Finzi G, Capella C (2009) Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney: morphological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic study of a case and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 20:24-34PubMedCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Chang MT, Penson A, Desai NB, Socci ND, Shen R, Seshan VE, Kundra R, Abeshouse A, Viale A, Cha EK, Hao X, Reuter VE, Rudin CM, Bochner BH, Rosenberg JE, Bajorin DF, Schultz N, Berger MF, Iyer G, Solit DB, Al-Ahmadie HA, Taylor BS (2018) Small-Cell Carcinomas of the Bladder and Lung Are Characterized by a Convergent but Distinct Pathogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 24(8):1965-1973PubMedCrossRef Chang MT, Penson A, Desai NB, Socci ND, Shen R, Seshan VE, Kundra R, Abeshouse A, Viale A, Cha EK, Hao X, Reuter VE, Rudin CM, Bochner BH, Rosenberg JE, Bajorin DF, Schultz N, Berger MF, Iyer G, Solit DB, Al-Ahmadie HA, Taylor BS (2018) Small-Cell Carcinomas of the Bladder and Lung Are Characterized by a Convergent but Distinct Pathogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 24(8):1965-1973PubMedCrossRef
156.
go back to reference Priemer DS, Wang M, Zhang S, Lopez-Beltran A, Kouba E, Montironi R, Davidson DD, MacLennan GT, Wang L, Osunkoya AO, Deng Y, Emerson RE, Cheng L (2018) Small-cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder and prostate: TERT promoter mutation status differentiates sites of malignancy and provides evidence of common clonality between small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus 4:880-888PubMedCrossRef Priemer DS, Wang M, Zhang S, Lopez-Beltran A, Kouba E, Montironi R, Davidson DD, MacLennan GT, Wang L, Osunkoya AO, Deng Y, Emerson RE, Cheng L (2018) Small-cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder and prostate: TERT promoter mutation status differentiates sites of malignancy and provides evidence of common clonality between small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus 4:880-888PubMedCrossRef
157.
go back to reference Williamson SR, Zhang S, Yao JL, Huang J, Lopez-Beltran A, Shen S, Osunkoya AO, MacLennan GT, Montironi R, Cheng L (2011) ERG-TMPRSS2 rearrangement is shared by concurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma and prostatic small cell carcinoma and absent in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: evidence supporting monoclonal origin. Mod Pathol 24:1120-1127PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Williamson SR, Zhang S, Yao JL, Huang J, Lopez-Beltran A, Shen S, Osunkoya AO, MacLennan GT, Montironi R, Cheng L (2011) ERG-TMPRSS2 rearrangement is shared by concurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma and prostatic small cell carcinoma and absent in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: evidence supporting monoclonal origin. Mod Pathol 24:1120-1127PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
158.
go back to reference Wu Y, Gao Y, Dou X, Yue J (2020) Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine transformation and BRCA 1 germ-line mutation: a case report and literature review. Onco Targets Ther 13:8049-8054PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wu Y, Gao Y, Dou X, Yue J (2020) Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine transformation and BRCA 1 germ-line mutation: a case report and literature review. Onco Targets Ther 13:8049-8054PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
159.
go back to reference Kosaka T, Hongo H, Aimono E, Matsumoto K, Hayashida T, Mikami S, Nishihara H, Oya M (2019) A first Japanese case of neuroendocrine prostate cancer accompanied by lung and brain metastasis with somatic and germline BRCA2 mutation. Pathol Int 69:715-720PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kosaka T, Hongo H, Aimono E, Matsumoto K, Hayashida T, Mikami S, Nishihara H, Oya M (2019) A first Japanese case of neuroendocrine prostate cancer accompanied by lung and brain metastasis with somatic and germline BRCA2 mutation. Pathol Int 69:715-720PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Castle PE, Pierz A, Stoler MH (2018) A systematic review and meta-analysis on the attribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in neuroendocrine cancers of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 148:422-429PubMedCrossRef Castle PE, Pierz A, Stoler MH (2018) A systematic review and meta-analysis on the attribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in neuroendocrine cancers of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 148:422-429PubMedCrossRef
161.
go back to reference Xing D, Zheng G, Schoolmeester JK, Li Z, Pallavajjala A, Haley L, Conner MG, Vang R, Hung CF, Wu TC, Ronnett BM (2018) Next-generation sequencing reveals recurrent somatic mutations in small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Am J Surg Pathol 42:750-760PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Xing D, Zheng G, Schoolmeester JK, Li Z, Pallavajjala A, Haley L, Conner MG, Vang R, Hung CF, Wu TC, Ronnett BM (2018) Next-generation sequencing reveals recurrent somatic mutations in small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Am J Surg Pathol 42:750-760PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
162.
163.
go back to reference Hillman RT, Cardnell R, Fujimoto J, Lee WC, Zhang J, Byers LA, Ramalingam P, Leitao M, Swisher E, Futreal PA, Frumovitz M (2020) Comparative genomics of high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. PLoS One 15:e0234505PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hillman RT, Cardnell R, Fujimoto J, Lee WC, Zhang J, Byers LA, Ramalingam P, Leitao M, Swisher E, Futreal PA, Frumovitz M (2020) Comparative genomics of high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. PLoS One 15:e0234505PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
164.
go back to reference Howitt BE, Dong F, Vivero M, Shah V, Lindeman N, Schoolmeester JK, Baltay M, MacConaill L, Sholl LM, Nucci MR, McCluggage WG (2020) Molecular characterization of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the endometrium: representation in all 4 TCGA groups. Am J Surg Pathol 44:1541-1548PubMedCrossRef Howitt BE, Dong F, Vivero M, Shah V, Lindeman N, Schoolmeester JK, Baltay M, MacConaill L, Sholl LM, Nucci MR, McCluggage WG (2020) Molecular characterization of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the endometrium: representation in all 4 TCGA groups. Am J Surg Pathol 44:1541-1548PubMedCrossRef
165.
go back to reference Capella C, Heitz PU, Höfler H, Solcia E, Klöppel G (1994) Revised classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, pancreas and gut. Digestion 55(Suppl 3):11-23PubMedCrossRef Capella C, Heitz PU, Höfler H, Solcia E, Klöppel G (1994) Revised classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, pancreas and gut. Digestion 55(Suppl 3):11-23PubMedCrossRef
166.
go back to reference Pellat A, Coriat R (2020) Well differentiated grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive tract: a narrative review. J Clin Med 9:1677PubMedCentralCrossRef Pellat A, Coriat R (2020) Well differentiated grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive tract: a narrative review. J Clin Med 9:1677PubMedCentralCrossRef
167.
go back to reference Tan HL, Sood A, Rahimi HA, Wang W, Gupta N, Hicks J, Mosier S, Gocke CD, Epstein JI, Netto GJ, Liu W, Isaacs WB, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL (2014) Rb loss is characteristic of prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 20:890-903PubMedCrossRef Tan HL, Sood A, Rahimi HA, Wang W, Gupta N, Hicks J, Mosier S, Gocke CD, Epstein JI, Netto GJ, Liu W, Isaacs WB, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL (2014) Rb loss is characteristic of prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 20:890-903PubMedCrossRef
168.
go back to reference Morgan S, Slodkowska E, Parra-Herran C, Mirkovic J (2019) PD-L1, RB1 and mismatch repair protein immunohistochemical expression in neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell type, of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 74:997-1004PubMedCrossRef Morgan S, Slodkowska E, Parra-Herran C, Mirkovic J (2019) PD-L1, RB1 and mismatch repair protein immunohistochemical expression in neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell type, of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 74:997-1004PubMedCrossRef
169.
go back to reference Yemelyanova A, Vang R, Kshirsagar M, Lu D, Marks MA, Shih IeM, Kurman RJ (2011) Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis. Mod Pathol 24:1248-1253PubMedCrossRef Yemelyanova A, Vang R, Kshirsagar M, Lu D, Marks MA, Shih IeM, Kurman RJ (2011) Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis. Mod Pathol 24:1248-1253PubMedCrossRef
170.
go back to reference Hechtman JF, Klimstra DS, Nanjangud G, Frosina D, Shia J, Jungbluth AA (2019) Performance of DAXX immunohistochemistry as a screen for DAXX mutations in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas 48:396-399PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hechtman JF, Klimstra DS, Nanjangud G, Frosina D, Shia J, Jungbluth AA (2019) Performance of DAXX immunohistochemistry as a screen for DAXX mutations in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas 48:396-399PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
171.
go back to reference Samdani RT, Wasylishen AR, Halperin DM, Dasari A, Yao JC, Rashid A, Estrella JS (2019) loss of menin expression by immunohistochemistry in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: comparison between primary and metastatic tumors. Pancreas 48:510-513PubMedCrossRef Samdani RT, Wasylishen AR, Halperin DM, Dasari A, Yao JC, Rashid A, Estrella JS (2019) loss of menin expression by immunohistochemistry in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: comparison between primary and metastatic tumors. Pancreas 48:510-513PubMedCrossRef
172.
go back to reference Cives M, Pelle' E, Strosberg J (2020) Emerging treatment options for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Med 9:E3655PubMedCrossRef Cives M, Pelle' E, Strosberg J (2020) Emerging treatment options for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Med 9:E3655PubMedCrossRef
173.
go back to reference Vijayvergia N, Dasari A (2020) Targeted therapies in the management of well-differentiated digestive and lung neuroendocrine neoplasms. Curr Treat Options Oncol 21:96PubMedCrossRef Vijayvergia N, Dasari A (2020) Targeted therapies in the management of well-differentiated digestive and lung neuroendocrine neoplasms. Curr Treat Options Oncol 21:96PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Genomics of High-Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor with High-Grade Features (G3 NET) and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) of Various Anatomic Sites
Authors
Silvia Uccella
Stefano La Rosa
Jasna Metovic
Deborah Marchiori
Jean-Yves Scoazec
Marco Volante
Ozgur Mete
Mauro Papotti
Publication date
01-03-2021
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Endocrine Pathology / Issue 1/2021
Print ISSN: 1046-3976
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0097
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-020-09660-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Endocrine Pathology 1/2021 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine