Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ASCO Annual Meeting 2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Keep up to date with all the top stories and latest evidence with our hub page, including official congress videos and expert takeaways.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Endocrine
Published in: Endocrine 2/2018

01-02-2018 | Review

Irisin in metabolic diseases

Authors: Stergios A. Polyzos, Athanasios D. Anastasilakis, Zoe A. Efstathiadou, Polyzois Makras, Nikolaos Perakakis, Jannis Kountouras, Christos S. Mantzoros

Published in: Endocrine | Issue 2/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

Irisin is a myokine/adipokine induced by the exercise in mice and humans, which is proposed to induce “browning” of white adipose tissue, its primary target, thus increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Since its identification, irisin has been linked to favorable effects on metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and metabolic bone diseases. Generally, despite the promising profile of irisin in rodents, its effects on human are less recognized.

Review

Most, but not all studies show a positive association between irisin and indices of adiposity. In T2DM, NAFLD, and CVD, most observational studies reported lower irisin levels in patients than controls. Regarding metabolic bone diseases, irisin is positively associated with bone mineral density and strength in athletes, and inversely associated with osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. In PCOS, data remain largely conflicting. Irisin does not seem to be further reduced when two metabolic diseases, e.g., T2DM and NAFLD, or obesity and NAFLD exist though more data are needed. Furthermore, it seems that diverse confounders may have affected the results of different clinical studies.

Conclusion

Irisin remains an appealing molecule from a pathophysiological point of view and an appealing therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, albeit much research is still needed.
Literature
1.
S.A. Polyzos, J. Kountouras, K. Shields, C.S. Mantzoros, Irisin: a renaissance in metabolism? Metabolism 62, 1037–1044 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
2.
P. Bostrom, J. Wu, M.P. Jedrychowski, A. Korde, L. Ye, J.C. Lo, K.A. Rasbach, E.A. Bostrom, J.H. Choi, J.Z. Long, S. Kajimura, M.C. Zingaretti, B.F. Vind, H. Tu, S. Cinti, K. Hojlund, S.P. Gygi, B.M. Spiegelman, A PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature 481, 463–468 (2012)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
A. Roca-Rivada, C. Castelao, L.L. Senin, M.O. Landrove, J. Baltar, A. Belen Crujeiras, L.M. Seoane, F.F. Casanueva, M. Pardo, FNDC5/irisin is not only a myokine but also an adipokine. PLoS ONE 8, e60563 (2013)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
5.
M.M. Reza, N. Subramaniyam, C.M. Sim, X. Ge, D. Sathiakumar, C. McFarlane, M. Sharma, R. Kambadur, Irisin is a pro-myogenic factor that induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and rescues denervation-induced atrophy. Nat. Commun. 8, 1104 (2017)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
N. Perakakis, G.A. Triantafyllou, J.M. Fernandez-Real, J.Y. Huh, K.H. Park, J. Seufert, C.S. Mantzoros, Physiology and role of irisin in glucose homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 13, 324–337 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
7.
J.I. Castillo-Quan, From white to brown fat through the PGC-1alpha-dependent myokine irisin: implications for diabetes and obesity. Dis. Model Mech. 5, 293–295 (2012)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
P. Puigserver, Z. Wu, C.W. Park, R. Graves, M. Wright, B.M. Spiegelman, A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell 92, 829–839 (1998)PubMedCrossRef
9.
E. Albrecht, F. Norheim, B. Thiede, T. Holen, T. Ohashi, L. Schering, S. Lee, J. Brenmoehl, S. Thomas, C.A. Drevon, H.P. Erickson, S. Maak, Irisin—a myth rather than an exercise-inducible myokine. Sci. Rep. 5, 8889 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
11.
S.A. Polyzos, H. Mathew, C.S. Mantzoros, Irisin: a true, circulating hormone. Metabolism 64, 1611–1618 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
12.
S.A. Polyzos, C.S. Mantzoros, An update on the validity of irisin assays and the link between irisin and hepatic metabolism. Metabolism 64, 937–942 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
13.
J.Y. Huh, G. Panagiotou, V. Mougios, M. Brinkoetter, M.T. Vamvini, B.E. Schneider, C.S. Mantzoros, FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism 61, 1725–1738 (2012)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
T. Kurdiova, M. Balaz, M. Vician, D. Maderova, M. Vlcek, L. Valkovic, M. Srbecky, R. Imrich, O. Kyselovicova, V. Belan, I. Jelok, C. Wolfrum, I. Klimes, M. Krssak, E. Zemkova, D. Gasperikova, J. Ukropec, B. Ukropcova, Effects of obesity, diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies. J. Physiol. 592, 1091–1107 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
J.M. Moreno-Navarrete, F. Ortega, M. Serrano, E. Guerra, G. Pardo, F. Tinahones, W. Ricart, J.M. Fernandez-Real, Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, E769–E778 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
16.
J. Zhang, P. Valverde, X. Zhu, D. Murray, Y. Wu, L. Yu, H. Jiang, M.M. Dard, J. Huang, Z. Xu, Q. Tu, J. Chen, Exercise-induced irisin in bone and systemic irisin administration reveal new regulatory mechanisms of bone metabolism. Bone Res. 5, 16056 (2017)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Y. Zhang, R. Li, Y. Meng, S. Li, W. Donelan, Y. Zhao, L. Qi, M. Zhang, X. Wang, T. Cui, L.J. Yang, D. Tang, Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK MAP kinase signaling. Diabetes 63, 514–525 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
18.
S. Gao, F. Li, H. Li, Y. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Effects and molecular mechanism of GST-Irisin on lipolysis and autocrine function in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PLoS ONE 11, e0147480 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
X.Q. Xiong, D. Chen, H.J. Sun, L. Ding, J.J. Wang, Q. Chen, Y.H. Li, Y.B. Zhou, Y. Han, F. Zhang, X.Y. Gao, Y.M. Kang, G.Q. Zhu, FNDC5 overexpression and irisin ameliorate glucose/lipid metabolic derangements and enhance lipolysis in obesity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1852, 1867–1875 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
20.
Z.D. Butt, J.D. Hackett, H. Volkoff, Irisin in goldfish (Carassius auratus): effects of irisin injections on feeding behavior and expression of appetite regulators, uncoupling proteins and lipoprotein lipase, and fasting-induced changes in FNDC5 expression. Peptides 90, 27–36 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
21.
22.
M. Schlogl, P. Piaggi, S.B. Votruba, M. Walter, J. Krakoff, M.S. Thearle, Increased 24-hour ad libitum food intake is associated with lower plasma irisin concentrations the following morning in adult humans. Appetite 90, 154–159 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
J.Y. Huh, F. Dincer, E. Mesfum, C.S. Mantzoros, Irisin stimulates muscle growth-related genes and regulates adipocyte differentiation and metabolism in humans. Int. J. Obes. 38, 1538–1544 (2014)CrossRef
24.
S. Raschke, M. Elsen, H. Gassenhuber, M. Sommerfeld, U. Schwahn, B. Brockmann, R. Jung, U. Wisloff, A.E. Tjonna, T. Raastad, J. Hallen, F. Norheim, C.A. Drevon, T. Romacho, K. Eckardt, J. Eckel, Evidence against a beneficial effect of irisin in humans. PLoS ONE 8, e73680 (2013)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
C. Zhang, Z. Ding, G. Lv, J. Li, P. Zhou, J. Zhang, Lower irisin level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study and meta-analysis. J. Diabetes 8, 56–62 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
26.
P. Lee, J.D. Linderman, S. Smith, R.J. Brychta, J. Wang, C. Idelson, R.M. Perron, C.D. Werner, G.Q. Phan, U.S. Kammula, E. Kebebew, K. Pacak, K.Y. Chen, F.S. Celi, Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. Cell Metab. 19, 302–309 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
27.
A.B. Crujeiras, M. Pardo, R.R. Arturo, S. Navas-Carretero, M.A. Zulet, J.A. Martinez, F.F. Casanueva, Longitudinal variation of circulating irisin after an energy restriction-induced weight loss and following weight regain in obese men and women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26, 198–207 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
28.
C. Gutierrez-Repiso, S. Garcia-Serrano, F. Rodriguez-Pacheco, E. Garcia-Escobar, J.J. Haro-Mora, J. Garcia-Arnes, S. Valdes, M. Gonzalo, F. Soriguer, F.J. Moreno-Ruiz, A. Rodriguez-Canete, A. Martinez-Ferriz, J.S. Santoyo, V. Perez-Valero, E. Garcia-Fuentes, FNDC5 could be regulated by leptin in adipose tissue. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 44, 918–925 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
29.
A.E. Huerta, P.L. Prieto-Hontoria, M. Fernandez-Galilea, N. Sainz, M. Cuervo, J.A. Martinez, M.J. Moreno-Aliaga, Circulating irisin and glucose metabolism in overweight/obese women: effects of alpha-lipoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. J. Physiol. Biochem. 71, 547–558 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
30.
D. Loffler, U. Muller, K. Scheuermann, D. Friebe, J. Gesing, J. Bielitz, S. Erbs, K. Landgraf, I.V. Wagner, W. Kiess, A. Korner, Serum irisin levels are regulated by acute strenuous exercise. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100, 1289–1299 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
31.
M. Pardo, A.B. Crujeiras, M. Amil, Z. Aguera, S. Jimenez-Murcia, R. Banos, C. Botella, R. de la Torre, X. Estivill, A.B. Fagundo, J.M. Fernandez-Real, J.C. Fernandez-Garcia, G. Fruhbeck, J. Gomez-Ambrosi, R. Rodriguez, F.J. Tinahones, F. Fernandez-Aranda, F.F. Casanueva, Association of irisin with fat mass, resting energy expenditure, and daily activity in conditions of extreme body mass index. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 857270 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
A. Stengel, T. Hofmann, M. Goebel-Stengel, U. Elbelt, P. Kobelt, B.F. Klapp, Circulating levels of irisin in patients with anorexia nervosa and different stages of obesity—correlation with body mass index. Peptides 39, 125–130 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
33.
A.B. Crujeiras, M.A. Zulet, P. Lopez-Legarrea, R. de la Iglesia, M. Pardo, M.C. Carreira, J.A. Martinez, F.F. Casanueva, Association between circulating irisin levels and the promotion of insulin resistance during the weight maintenance period after a dietary weight-lowering program in obese patients. Metabolism 63, 520–531 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
34.
J. Huang, S. Wang, F. Xu, D. Wang, H. Yin, Q. Lai, J. Liao, X. Hou, M. Hu, Exercise training with dietary restriction enhances circulating irisin level associated with increasing endothelial progenitor cell number in obese adults: an intervention study. PeerJ 5, e3669 (2017)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
B. Palacios-Gonzalez, F. Vadillo-Ortega, E. Polo-Oteyza, T. Sanchez, M. Ancira-Moreno, S. Romero-Hidalgo, N. Meraz, B. Antuna-Puente, Irisin levels before and after physical activity among school-age children with different BMI: a direct relation with leptin. Obesity 23, 729–732 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
36.
E. Nigro, O. Scudiero, M. Ludovica Monaco, R. Polito, P. Schettino, A. Grandone, L. Perrone, E. Miraglia Del Giudice, A. Daniele, Adiponectin profile and Irisin expression in Italian obese children: association with insulin-resistance. Cytokine 94, 8–13 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
37.
A. Gavrieli, G. Panagiotou, C.S. Mantzoros, Leptin administration in physiological or pharmacological doses does not alter circulating irisin levels in humans. Int. J. Obes. 40, 1461–1463 (2016)CrossRef
38.
L. Mo, J. Shen, Q. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Kuang, S. Pu, S. Cheng, M. Zou, W. Jiang, C. Jiang, A. Qu, J. He, Irisin is regulated by CAR in liver and is a mediator of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Mol. Endocrinol. 30, 533–542 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
T.Y. Liu, C.X. Shi, R. Gao, H.J. Sun, X.Q. Xiong, L. Ding, Q. Chen, Y.H. Li, J.J. Wang, Y.M. Kang, G.Q. Zhu, Irisin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic mice and hepatocytes. Clin. Sci. 129, 839–850 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
40.
A. Natalicchio, N. Marrano, G. Biondi, R. Spagnuolo, R. Labarbuta, I. Porreca, A. Cignarelli, M. Bugliani, P. Marchetti, S. Perrini, L. Laviola, F. Giorgino, The myokine irisin is released in response to saturated fatty acids and promotes pancreatic beta-cell survival and insulin secretion. Diabetes 66, 2849–2856 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
41.
J.J. Liu, M.D. Wong, W.C. Toy, C.S. Tan, S. Liu, X.W. Ng, S. Tavintharan, C.F. Sum, S.C. Lim, Lower circulating irisin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Complicat. 27, 365–369 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
42.
M. Yang, P. Chen, H. Jin, X. Xie, T. Gao, L. Yang, X. Yu, Circulating levels of irisin in middle-aged first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus—correlation with pancreatic beta-cell function. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 6, 133 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
S. Qiu, X. Cai, H. Yin, M. Zugel, Z. Sun, J.M. Steinacker, U. Schumann, Association between circulating irisin and insulin resistance in non-diabetic adults: a meta-analysis. Metabolism 65, 825–834 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
44.
N.M. Al-Daghri, K.M. Alkharfy, S. Rahman, O.E. Amer, B. Vinodson, S. Sabico, M.K. Piya, A.L. Harte, P.G. McTernan, M.S. Alokail, G.P. Chrousos, Irisin as a predictor of glucose metabolism in children: sexually dimorphic effects. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 44, 119–124 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
45.
G. Sesti, F. Andreozzi, T.V. Fiorentino, G.C. Mannino, A. Sciacqua, M.A. Marini, F. Perticone, High circulating irisin levels are associated with insulin resistance and vascular atherosclerosis in a cohort of nondiabetic adult subjects. Acta. Diabetol. 51, 705–713 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
46.
J.H. Huh, S.V. Ahn, J.H. Choi, S.B. Koh, C.H. Chung, High serum irisin level as an independent predictor of diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal population-based study. Medicine 95, e3742 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
I. Ates, M.F. Arikan, K. Erdogan, M. Kaplan, M. Yuksel, C. Topcuoglu, N. Yilmaz, S. Guler, Factors associated with increased irisin levels in the type 1 diabetes mellitus. Endocr. Regul. 51, 1–7 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
48.
D. Espes, J. Lau, P.O. Carlsson, Increased levels of irisin in people with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 32, 1172–1176 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
49.
Y. Assyov, A. Gateva, A. Tsakova, Z. Kamenov, Irisin in the glucose continuum. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 124, 22–27 (2016)PubMed
50.
A. Shoukry, S.M. Shalaby, S. El-Arabi Bdeer, A.A. Mahmoud, M.M. Mousa, A. Khalifa, Circulating serum irisin levels in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. IUBMB Life 68, 544–556 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
51.
W. Hu, R. Wang, J. Li, J. Zhang, W. Wang, Association of irisin concentrations with the presence of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 53, 67–74 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
52.
E.G. Khidr, S.S. Ali, M.M. Elshafey, O.A. Fawzy, Association of irisin and FNDC5 rs16835198 G>T gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. An Egyptian pilot study. Gene 626, 26–31 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
53.
Z. Li, G. Wang, Y.J. Zhu, C.G. Li, Y.Z. Tang, Z.H. Jiang, M. Yang, C.L. Ni, L.M. Chen, W.Y. Niu, The relationship between circulating irisin levels and tissues AGE accumulation in type 2 diabetes patients. Biosci. Rep. 37, (2017)
54.
X.L. Du, W.X. Jiang, Z.T. Lv, Lower circulating irisin level in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm. Metab. Res. 48, 644–652 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
55.
B. Garcia-Fontana, R. Reyes-Garcia, S. Morales-Santana, V. Avila-Rubio, A. Munoz-Garach, P. Rozas-Moreno, M. Munoz-Torres, Relationship between myostatin and irisin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a compensatory mechanism to an unfavourable metabolic state? Endocrine 52, 54–62 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
56.
N.M. Al-Daghri, A.K. Mohammed, O.S. Al-Attas, O.E. Amer, M. Clerici, A. Alenad, M.S. Alokail, SNPs in FNDC5 (irisin) are associated with obesity and modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in Saudi subjects. Lipids Health Dis. 15, 54 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
A. Akour, V. Kasabri, N. Boulatova, Y. Bustanji, R. Naffa, D. Hyasat, N. Khawaja, H. Bustanji, A. Zayed, M. Momani, Levels of metabolic markers in drug-naive prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol. 54, 163–170 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
58.
I.D. Duran, N.E. Gulcelik, M. Unal, C. Topcuoglu, S. Sezer, M.M. Tuna, D. Berker, S. Guler, Irisin levels in the progression of diabetes in sedentary women. Clin. Biochem. 48, 1268–1272 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
59.
Y.K. Choi, M.K. Kim, K.H. Bae, H.A. Seo, J.Y. Jeong, W.K. Lee, J.G. Kim, I.K. Lee, K.G. Park, Serum irisin levels in new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin. Pract. 100, 96–101 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
60.
J.J. Liu, S. Liu, M.D. Wong, C.S. Tan, S. Tavintharan, C.F. Sum, S.C. Lim, Relationship between circulating irisin, renal function and body composition in type 2 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complicat. 28, 208–213 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
61.
C. Wang, L. Wang, J. Liu, J. Song, Y. Sun, P. Lin, K. Liang, F. Liu, T. He, Z. Sun, X. Hou, L. Chen, Irisin modulates the association of interleukin-17A with the presence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 53, 459–464 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
62.
H.H. Wang, X.W. Zhang, W.K. Chen, Q.X. Huang, Q.Q. Chen, Relationship between serum irisin levels and urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complicat. 29, 384–389 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
63.
L. Xiang, G. Xiang, L. Yue, J. Zhang, L. Zhao, Circulating irisin levels are positively associated with endothelium-dependent vasodilation in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients without clinical angiopathy. Atherosclerosis 235, 328–333 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
64.
M. Zhang, P. Chen, S. Chen, Q. Sun, Q.C. Zeng, J.Y. Chen, Y.X. Liu, X.H. Cao, M. Ren, J.K. Wang, The association of new inflammatory markers with type 2 diabetes mellitus and macrovascular complications: a preliminary study. Eur. Rev. Med Pharmacol. Sci. 18, 1567–1572 (2014)PubMed
65.
66.
D.J. Li, F. Huang, W.J. Lu, G.J. Jiang, Y.P. Deng, F.M. Shen, Metformin promotes irisin release from murine skeletal muscle independently of AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Acta Physiol. 213, 711–721 (2015)CrossRef
67.
H. Duan, B. Ma, X. Ma, H. Wang, Z. Ni, B. Wang, X. Li, P. Jiang, M. Umar, M. Li, Anti-diabetic activity of recombinant irisin in STZ-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 84, 457–463 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
68.
C. Xin, J. Liu, J. Zhang, D. Zhu, H. Wang, L. Xiong, Y. Lee, J. Ye, K. Lian, C. Xu, L. Zhang, Q. Wang, Y. Liu, L. Tao, Irisin improves fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization in type 2 diabetes by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Int. J. Obes. 40, 443–451 (2016)CrossRef
69.
Z. Yang, X. Chen, Y. Chen, Q. Zhao, Decreased irisin secretion contributes to muscle insulin resistance in high-fat diet mice. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 8, 6490–6497 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentral
70.
D. Zhu, H. Wang, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, C. Xin, F. Zhang, Y. Lee, L. Zhang, K. Lian, W. Yan, X. Ma, Y. Liu, L. Tao, Irisin improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes through reducing oxidative/nitrative stresses. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 87, 138–147 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
71.
S. Liu, F. Du, X. Li, M. Wang, R. Duan, J. Zhang, Y. Wu, Q. Zhang, Effects and underlying mechanisms of irisin on the proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells. PLoS ONE 12, e0175498 (2017)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Y. Pang, H. Zhu, J. Xu, L. Yang, L. Liu, J. Li, Beta-arrestin-2 is involved in irisin induced glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes via p38 MAPK signaling. Exp. Cell Res. 360, 199–204 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
73.
O. Erol, N. Erkal, H.Y. Ellidag, B.S. Isenlik, O. Aydin, A.U. Derbent, N. Yilmaz, Irisin as an early marker for predicting gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 3590–3595 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
74.
T. Ebert, H. Stepan, S. Schrey, S. Kralisch, J. Hindricks, L. Hopf, M. Platz, U. Lossner, B. Jessnitzer, S. Drewlo, M. Bluher, M. Stumvoll, M. Fasshauer, Serum levels of irisin in gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and after delivery. Cytokine 65, 153–158 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
75.
M.K. Piya, A.L. Harte, K. Sivakumar, G. Tripathi, P.D. Voyias, S. James, S. Sabico, N.M. Al-Daghri, P. Saravanan, T.M. Barber, S. Kumar, M. Vatish, P.G. McTernan, The identification of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid: influence of adiposity, metabolic markers, and gestational diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 306, E512–E518 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
76.
M. Kuzmicki, B. Telejko, D. Lipinska, J. Pliszka, M. Szamatowicz, J. Wilk, M. Zbucka-Kretowska, P. Laudanski, A. Kretowski, M. Gorska, J. Szamatowicz, Serum irisin concentration in women with gestational diabetes. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 30, 636–639 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
77.
U.M. Ural, S.B. Sahin, Y.B. Tekin, M.C. Cure, H. Sezgin, Alteration of maternal serum irisin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Ginekol. Pol. 87, 395–398 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
78.
N. Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek, B. Telejko, M. Kuzmicki, A. Sobota, D. Lipinska, J. Pliszka, B. Raczkowska, P. Kuc, R. Urban, J. Szamatowicz, A. Kretowski, P. Laudanski, M. Gorska, Increased maternal and cord blood betatrophin in gestational diabetes. PLoS ONE 10, e0131171 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
M.A. Yuksel, M. Oncul, A. Tuten, M. Imamoglu, A.S. Acikgoz, M. Kucur, R. Madazli, Maternal serum and fetal cord blood irisin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin. Pract. 104, 171–175 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
80.
L. Zhao, J. Li, Z.L. Li, J. Yang, M.L. Li, G.L. Wang, Circulating irisin is lower in gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr. J. 62, 921–926 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
81.
B. Usluogullari, C.A. Usluogullari, F. Balkan, M. Orkmez, Role of serum levels of irisin and oxidative stress markers in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 33, 405–407 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
82.
M. Hernandez-Trejo, G. Garcia-Rivas, A. Torres-Quintanilla, E. Laresgoiti-Servitje, Relationship between irisin concentration and serum cytokines in mother and newborn. PLoS ONE 11, e0165229 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
K.E. Joung, K.H. Park, A. Filippaios, F. Dincer, H. Christou, C.S. Mantzoros, Cord blood irisin levels are positively correlated with birth weight in newborn infants. Metabolism 64, 1507–1514 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
S. Aydin, T. Kuloglu, S. Aydin, M.N. Eren, A. Celik, M. Yilmaz, M. Kalayci, I. Sahin, O. Gungor, A. Gurel, M. Ogeturk, O. Dabak, Cardiac, skeletal muscle and serum irisin responses to with or without water exercise in young and old male rats: cardiac muscle produces more irisin than skeletal muscle. Peptides 52, 68–73 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
85.
S. Aydin, T. Kuloglu, S. Aydin, M. Kalayci, M. Yilmaz, T. Cakmak, S. Albayrak, S. Gungor, N. Colakoglu, I.H. Ozercan, A comprehensive immunohistochemical examination of the distribution of the fat-burning protein irisin in biological tissues. Peptides 61, 130–136 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
86.
J. Lv, Y. Pan, X. Li, D. Cheng, H. Ju, J. Tian, H. Shi, Y. Zhang, Study on the distribution and elimination of the new hormone irisin in vivo: new discoveries regarding irisin. Horm. Metab. Res. 47, 591–595 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
87.
M.J. Park, D.I. Kim, J.H. Choi, Y.R. Heo, S.H. Park, New role of irisin in hepatocytes: the protective effect of hepatic steatosis in vitro. Cell Signal. 27, 1831–1839 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
88.
Y. Nie, D. Liu, N-glycosylation is required for FDNC5 stabilization and irisin secretion. Biochem. J. 474, 3167–3177 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
89.
W.Y. So, P.S. Leung, Irisin ameliorates hepatic glucose/lipid metabolism and enhances cell survival in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 78, 237–247 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
90.
H. Tang, R. Yu, S. Liu, B. Huwatibieke, Z. Li, W. Zhang, Irisin inhibits hepatic cholesterol synthesis via AMPK-SREBP2 signaling. EBioMedicine 6, 139–148 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
S.A. Polyzos, J. Kountouras, C.S. Mantzoros, Leptin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review. Metabolism 64, 60–78 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
92.
S.A. Polyzos, J. Kountouras, C. Zavos, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the pathogenetic roles of insulin resistance and adipocytokines. Curr. Mol. Med. 9, 299–314 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
93.
S. Batirel, P. Bozaykut, E. Mutlu Altundag, N. Kartal Ozer, C.S. Mantzoros, The effect of irisin on antioxidant system in liver. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 75(Suppl 1), S16 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
94.
S. Aydin, M. Ogeturk, T. Kuloglu, A. Kavakli, S. Aydin, Effect of carnosine supplementation on apoptosis and irisin, total oxidant and antioxidants levels in the serum, liver and lung tissues in rats exposed to formaldehyde inhalation. Peptides 64, 14–23 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
95.
G. Shi, N. Tang, J. Qiu, D. Zhang, F. Huang, Y. Cheng, K. Ding, W. Li, P. Zhang, X. Tan, Irisin stimulates cell proliferation and invasion by targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 493, 585–591 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
96.
S.A. Polyzos, J. Kountouras, A.D. Anastasilakis, E.V. Geladari, C.S. Mantzoros, Irisin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 63, 207–217 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
97.
D. Kraus, Q. Yang, D. Kong, A.S. Banks, L. Zhang, J.T. Rodgers, E. Pirinen, T.C. Pulinilkunnil, F. Gong, Y.C. Wang, Y. Cen, A.A. Sauve, J.M. Asara, O.D. Peroni, B.P. Monia, S. Bhanot, L. Alhonen, P. Puigserver, B.B. Kahn, Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase knockdown protects against diet-induced obesity. Nature 508, 258–262 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
S. Petta, L. Valenti, G. Svegliati-Baroni, M. Ruscica, R.M. Pipitone, P. Dongiovanni, C. Rychlicki, N. Ferri, C. Camma, A.L. Fracanzani, I. Pierantonelli, V. Di Marco, M. Meroni, D. Giordano, S. Grimaudo, M. Maggioni, D. Cabibi, S. Fargion, A. Craxi, Fibronectin type iii domain-containing protein 5 rs3480 A>G polymorphism, irisin, and liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 102, 2660–2669 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
99.
100.
E.S. Choi, M.K. Kim, M.K. Song, J.M. Kim, E.S. Kim, W.J. Chung, K.S. Park, K.B. Cho, J.S. Hwang, B.K. Jang, Association between serum irisin levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in health screen examinees. PLoS ONE 9, e110680 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
H.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhang, Z.M. Ma, L.L. Pan, Z. Chen, H.W. Han, C.K. Han, X.J. Zhuang, Y. Lu, X.J. Li, S.Y. Yang, X.Y. Li, Irisin is inversely associated with intrahepatic triglyceride contents in obese adults. J. Hepatol. 59, 557–562 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
102.
A. Viitasalo, M. Atalay, J. Pihlajamaki, J. Jaaskelainen, A. Korkmaz, D. Kaminska, V. Lindi, T.A. Lakka, The 148M allele of the PNPLA3 gene is associated with plasma irisin levels in a population sample of Caucasian children: the PANIC study. Metabolism 64, 793–796 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
103.
G. Mintziori, S.A. Polyzos, Emerging and future therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 17, 1937–1946 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
104.
M. Moreno, J.M. Moreno-Navarrete, M. Serrano, F. Ortega, E. Delgado, C. Sanchez-Ragnarsson, S. Valdés, P. Botas, W. Ricart, J.M. Fernández-Real, Circulating irisin levels are positively associated with metabolic risk factors in sedentary subjects. PLoS ONE 10, e0124100 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
K.H. Park, L. Zaichenko, M. Brinkoetter, B. Thakkar, A. Sahin-Efe, K.E. Joung, M.A. Tsoukas, E.V. Geladari, J.Y. Huh, F. Dincer, C.R. Davis, J.A. Crowell, C.S. Mantzoros, Circulating irisin in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, 4899–4907 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
106.
S. Tang, R. Zhang, F. Jiang, J. Wang, M. Chen, D. Peng, J. Yan, S. Wang, Y. Bao, C. Hu, W. Jia, Circulating irisin levels are associated with lipid and uric acid metabolism in a Chinese population. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. (2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​1440-1681.​12439
107.
H.B. Jang, H.J. Kim, J.H. Kang, S.I. Park, K.H. Park, H.J. Lee, Association of circulating irisin levels with metabolic and metabolite profiles of Korean adolescents. Metabolism 73, 100–108 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
108.
G. Panagiotou, L. Mu, B. Na, K.J. Mukamal, C.S. Mantzoros, Circulating irisin, omentin-1, and lipoprotein subparticles in adults at higher cardiovascular risk. Metabolism 63, 1265–1271 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
S. Oelmann, M. Nauck, H. Völzke, M. Bahls, N. Friedrich, Circulating irisin concentrations are associated with a favourable lipid profile in the general population. PLoS ONE 11, e0154319 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
A.D. Anastasilakis, S.A. Polyzos, Z.G. Saridakis, G. Kynigopoulos, E.C. Skouvaklidou, D. Molyvas, M.F. Vasiloglou, A. Apostolou, T. Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi, A. Siopi, V. Mougios, P. Chatzistavridis, G. Panagiotou, A. Filippaios, S. Delaroudis, C.S. Mantzoros, Circulating irisin in healthy, young individuals: day-night rhythm, effects of food intake and exercise, and associations with gender, physical activity, diet and body composition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 3247–3255 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
111.
S. Mehrabian, E. Taheri, M. Karkhaneh, M. Qorbani, S. Hosseini, Association of circulating irisin levels with normal weight obesity, glycemic and lipid profile. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 15, 17 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
I. Gouni-Berthold, H.K. Berthold, J.Y. Huh, R. Berman, N. Spenrath, W. Krone, C.S. Mantzoros, Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on irisin in human subjects in vivo and in human skeletal muscle cells ex vivo. PLoS ONE 8, e72858 (2013)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
A.D. Anastasilakis, D. Koulaxis, N. Kefala, S.A. Polyzos, J. Upadhyay, E. Pagkalidou, F. Economou, C.D. Anastasilakis, C.S. Mantzoros, Circulating irisin levels are lower in patients with either stable coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI) versus healthy controls, whereas follistatin and activin A levels are higher and can discriminate MI from CAD with similar to CK-MB accuracy. Metabolism 73, 1–8 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
114.
T. Kuloglu, S. Aydin, M.N. Eren, M. Yilmaz, I. Sahin, M. Kalayci, E. Sarman, N. Kaya, O.F. Yilmaz, A. Turk, Y. Aydin, M.H. Yalcin, N. Uras, A. Gurel, S. Ilhan, E. Gul, S. Aydin, Irisin: a potentially candidate marker for myocardial infarction. Peptides 55, 85–91 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
115.
S. Aydin, S. Aydin, M.A. Kobat, M. Kalayci, M.N. Eren, M. Yilmaz, T. Kuloglu, E. Gul, O. Secen, O.D. Alatas, A. Baydas, Decreased saliva/serum irisin concentrations in the acute myocardial infarction promising for being a new candidate biomarker for diagnosis of this pathology. Peptides 56, 141–145 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
116.
117.
N. Hou, F. Han, X. Sun, The relationship between circulating irisin levels and endothelial function in lean and obese subjects. Clin. Endocrinol. 83, 339–343 (2015)CrossRef
118.
C. Xie, Y. Zhang, T.D. Tran, H. Wang, S. Li, E.V. George, H. Zhuang, P. Zhang, A. Kandel, Y. Lai, D. Tang, W.H. Reeves, H. Cheng, Y. Ding, L.J. Yang, Irisin controls growth, intracellular Ca2+signals, and mitochondrial thermogenesis in cardiomyoblasts. PLoS ONE 10, e0136816 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
H. Wang, Y.T. Zhao, S. Zhang, P.M. Dubielecka, J. Du, N. Yano, Y.E. Chin, S. Zhuang, G. Qin, T.C. Zhao, Irisin plays a pivotal role to protect the heart against ischemia and reperfusion injury. J. Cell Physiol. 232, 3775–3785 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
120.
Y. Zhang, H. Song, Y. Zhang, F. Wu, Q. Mu, M. Jiang, F. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Li, L. Shao, S. Li, L. Yang, M. Zhang, Q. Wu, D. Tang, Irisin inhibits atherosclerosis by promoting endothelial proliferation through microrna126-5p. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5, e004031 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
Y. Zhang, Q. Mu, Z. Zhou, H. Song, Y. Zhang, F. Wu, M. Jiang, F. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Li, L. Shao, X. Wang, S. Li, L. Yang, Q. Wu, M. Zhang, D. Tang, Protective effect of irisin on atherosclerosis via suppressing oxidized low density lipoprotein induced vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. PLoS ONE 11, e0158038 (2016)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
H. Song, J. Xu, N. Lv, Y. Zhang, F. Wu, H. Li, L. Shao, Q. Mu, F. Wang, D. Tang, X. Fang, Irisin reverses platelet derived growth factor-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype modulation through STAT3 signaling pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 479, 139–145 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
123.
F. Han, S. Zhang, N. Hou, D. Wang, X. Sun, Irisin improves endothelial function in obese mice through the AMPK-eNOS pathway. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 309, 1501–1508 (2015)CrossRef
124.
J. Lu, G. Xiang, M. Liu, W. Mei, L. Xiang, J. Dong, Irisin protects against endothelial injury and ameliorates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-Null diabetic mice. Atherosclerosis 243, 438–448 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
125.
M. Jiang, F. Wan, F. Wang, W. Qi, Irisin relaxes mouse mesenteric arteries through endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 468, 823–836 (2015)
126.
X. Liu, H. Mujahid, B. Rong, Q.H. Lu, W. Zhang, P. Li, N. Li, E.S. Liang, Q. Wang, D.Q. Tang, N.L. Li, X.P. Ji, Y.G. Chen, Y.X. Zhao, M.X. Zhang, Irisin inhibits high glucose-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and exerts a dose-dependent bidirectional effect on diabetic cardiomyopathy. J. Cell Mol. Med. (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​jcmm.​13360
127.
D.J. Li, Y.H. Li, H.B. Yuan, L.F. Qu, P. Wang, The novel exercise-induced hormone irisin protects against neuronal injury via activation of the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and contributes to the neuroprotection of physical exercise in cerebral ischemia. Metabolism 68, 31–42 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
128.
J. Peng, X. Deng, W. Huang, J.H. Yu, J.X. Wang, J.P. Wang, S.B. Yang, X. Liu, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, X.Y. Zhou, H. Yang, Y.Z. He, F.Y. Xu, Irisin protects against neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in part depends on the inhibition of ROS-NLRP3 inflammatory signaling pathway. Mol. Immunol. 91, 185–194 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
129.
S.A. Polyzos, D.G. Goulis, J. Kountouras, G. Mintziori, P. Chatzis, E. Papadakis, I. Katsikis, D. Panidis, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: assessment of non-invasive indices predicting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Hormones 13, 519–531 (2014)PubMed
130.
C.L. Chang, S.Y. Huang, Y.K. Soong, P.J. Cheng, C.J. Wang, I.T. Liang, Circulating irisin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide are associated with the development of polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, E2539–E2548 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
131.
M. Li, M. Yang, X. Zhou, X. Fang, W. Hu, W. Zhu, C. Wang, D. Liu, S. Li, H. Liu, G. Yang, L. Li, Elevated circulating levels of irisin and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100, 1485–1493 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
132.
M.S. Bostanci, N. Akdemir, B. Cinemre, A.S. Cevrioglu, S. Ozden, O. Unal, Serum irisin levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 19, 4462–4468 (2015)PubMed
133.
A. Adamska, M. Karczewska-Kupczewska, A. Lebkowska, R. Milewski, M. Gorska, E. Otziomek, A. Nikolajuk, S. Wolczynski, I. Kowalska, Serum irisin and its regulation by hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr. J. 63, 1107–1112 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
134.
K. Pukajlo, L. Laczmanski, K. Kolackov, J. Kuliczkowska-Plaksej, M. Bolanowski, A. Milewicz, J. Daroszewski, Irisin plasma concentration in PCOS and healthy subjects is related to body fat content and android fat distribution. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 31, 907–911 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
135.
S. Gao, Y. Cheng, L. Zhao, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, The relationships of irisin with bone mineral density and body composition in PCOS patients. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 32, 421–428 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
136.
R. Abali, I. Temel Yuksel, M.A. Yuksel, B. Bulut, M. Imamoglu, V. Emirdar, F. Unal, S. Guzel, C. Celik, Implications of circulating irisin and Fabp4 levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 36, 897–901 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
137.
H. Li, X. Xu, X. Wang, X. Liao, L. Li, G. Yang, L. Gao, Free androgen index and Irisin in polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 39, 549–556 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
138.
139.
G. Colaianni, C. Cuscito, T. Mongelli, P. Pignataro, C. Buccoliero, P. Liu, P. Lu, L. Sartini, M. Di Comite, G. Mori, A. Di Benedetto, G. Brunetti, T. Yuen, L. Sun, J.E. Reseland, S. Colucci, M.I. New, M. Zaidi, S. Cinti, M. Grano, The myokine irisin increases cortical bone mass. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 12157–12162 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
140.
A.D.G. Baxter-Jones, S.A. Kontulainen, R.A. Faulkner, D.A. Bailey, A longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual from adolescence to young adulthood. Bone 43, 1101–1107 (2008)PubMedCrossRef
141.
L. Giangregorio, R. El-Kotob, Exercise, muscle, and the applied load-bone strength balance. Osteoporos. Int. 28, 21–33 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
142.
S. Epstein, A.M. Inzerillo, J. Caminis, M. Zaidi, Disorders associated with acute rapid and severe bone loss. J. Bone Mineral. Res. 18, 2083–2094 (2003)CrossRef
143.
J.H. Keyak, A.K. Koyama, A. LeBlanc, Y. Lu, T.F. Lang, Reduction in proximal femoral strength due to long-duration spaceflight. Bone 44, 449–453 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
144.
B. Oppl, G. Michitsch, B. Misof, S. Kudlacek, J. Donis, K. Klaushofer, J. Zwerina, E. Zwettler, Low bone mineral density and fragility fractures in permanent vegetative state patients. J. Bone Mineral. Res. 29, 1096–1100 (2014)CrossRef
145.
G. Colaianni, S. Cinti, S. Colucci, M. Grano, Irisin and musculoskeletal health. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1402, 5–9 (2017)PubMedCrossRef
146.
G. Colaianni, C. Cuscito, T. Mongelli, A. Oranger, G. Mori, G. Brunetti, S. Colucci, S. Cinti, M. Grano, Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 902186 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
147.
X. Qiao, Y. Nie, Y. Ma, Y. Chen, R. Cheng, W. Yin, Y. Hu, W. Xu, L. Xu, Irisin promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via activating the MAP kinase signaling pathways. Sci. Rep. 6, 18732 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
148.
H. Kaji, Effects of myokines on bone. Bone Rep. 5, 826 (2016)
149.
G. Colaianni, M. Grano, Role of Irisin on the bone-muscle functional unit. Bone Rep. 4, 765 (2015)
150.
G. Colaianni, T. Mongelli, C. Cuscito, P. Pignataro, L. Lippo, G. Spiro, A. Notarnicola, I. Severi, G. Passeri, G. Mori, G. Brunetti, B. Moretti, U. Tarantino, S.C. Colucci, J.E. Reseland, R. Vettor, S. Cinti, M. Grano, Irisin prevents and restores bone loss and muscle atrophy in hind-limb suspended mice. Sci. Rep. 7, 2811 (2017)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
151.
T. Klangjareonchai, H. Nimitphong, S. Saetung, N. Bhirommuang, R. Samittarucksa, S. Chanprasertyothin, R. Sudatip, B. Ongphiphadhanakul, Circulating sclerostin and irisin are related and interact with gender to influence adiposity in adults with prediabetes. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 261545 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
152.
V. Singhal, E.A. Lawson, K.E. Ackerman, P.K. Fazeli, H. Clarke, H. Lee, K. Eddy, D.A. Marengi, N.P. Derrico, M.L. Bouxsein, M. Misra, Irisin levels are lower in young amenorrheic athletes compared with eumenorrheic athletes and non-athletes and are associated with bone density and strength estimates. PLoS ONE 9, e100218 (2014)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
153.
A.D. Anastasilakis, S.A. Polyzos, P. Makras, A. Gkiomisi, I. Bisbinas, A. Katsarou, A. Filippaios, C.S. Mantzoros, Circulating irisin is associated with osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with low bone mass but is not affected by either teriparatide or denosumab treatment for 3 months. Osteoporos. Int. 25, 1633–1642 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
154.
A. Palermo, R. Strollo, E. Maddaloni, D. Tuccinardi, L. D’Onofrio, S.I. Briganti, G. Defeudis, M.De Pascalis, M.C. Lazzaro, G. Colleluori, S. Manfrini, P. Pozzilli, N. Napoli, Irisin is associated with osteoporotic fractures independently of bone mineral density, body composition or daily physical activity. Clin. Endocrinol. 82, 615–619 (2015)CrossRef
155.
156.
S.A. Polyzos, J. Kountouras, C.S. Mantzoros, Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 65, 1062–1079 (2016)PubMedCrossRef
157.
M.A. Schumacher, N. Chinnam, T. Ohashi, R.S. Shah, H.P. Erickson, The structure of irisin reveals a novel intersubunit beta-sheet fibronectin type III (FNIII) dimer: implications for receptor activation. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 33738–33744 (2013)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
158.
M. Gry, R. Rimini, S. Stromberg, A. Asplund, F. Ponten, M. Uhlen, P. Nilsson, Correlations between RNA and protein expression profiles in 23 human cell lines. BMC Genom. 10, 365 (2009)CrossRef
159.
T. Maier, M. Guell, L. Serrano, Correlation of mRNA and protein in complex biological samples. FEBS Lett. 583, 3966–3973 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
160.
M.P. Jedrychowski, C.D. Wrann, J.A. Paulo, K.K. Gerber, J. Szpyt, M.M. Robinson, K.S. Nair, S.P. Gygi, B.M. Spiegelman, Detection and quantitation of circulating human irisin by tandem mass spectrometry. Cell Metab. 22, 734–740 (2015)PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Irisin in metabolic diseases
Authors
Stergios A. Polyzos
Athanasios D. Anastasilakis
Zoe A. Efstathiadou
Polyzois Makras
Nikolaos Perakakis
Jannis Kountouras
Christos S. Mantzoros
Publication date
01-02-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Endocrine / Issue 2/2018
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-017-1476-1

Other articles of this Issue 2/2018

Endocrine 2/2018 Go to the issue

Letter to the Editor

Long lasting prophylaxis of iodine deficiency after a successful information campaign for iodized salt consumption

Endocrine Surgery

Parathyroid hormone in surgery-induced weight loss: no glucometabolic effects but potential adaptive response to skeletal loading

Original Article

Association between fibroblast growth factor 21 and bone mineral density in adults

Original Article

Effects of chronic endurance exercise training on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in elderly Japanese men

Original Article

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: experience in clinical practice

Research Letter

Pasireotide versus pituitary surgery: a retrospective analysis of 12 months of treatment in patients with Cushing’s disease
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits