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Endocrine
Published in: Endocrine 2/2015

01-11-2015 | Review

Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis

Authors: Patricia Seoane-Collazo, Johan Fernø, Francisco Gonzalez, Carlos Diéguez, Rosaura Leis, Rubén Nogueiras, Miguel López

Published in: Endocrine | Issue 2/2015

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Abstract

Regulation of energy homeostasis is tightly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS). Several key areas such as the hypothalamus and brainstem receive and integrate signals conveying energy status from the periphery, such as leptin, thyroid hormones, and insulin, ultimately leading to modulation of food intake, energy expenditure (EE), and peripheral metabolism. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the response to such signals, innervating peripheral metabolic tissues, including brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT), liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. The ANS consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (SNS and PSNS). The SNS regulates BAT thermogenesis and EE, controlled by central areas such as the preoptic area (POA) and the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei (VMH, DMH, and ARC). The SNS also regulates lipid metabolism in WAT, controlled by the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), VMH, and ARC. Control of hepatic glucose production and pancreatic insulin secretion also involves the LHA, VMH, and ARC as well as the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), via splanchnic sympathetic and the vagal parasympathetic nerves. Muscle glucose uptake is also controlled by the SNS via hypothalamic nuclei such as the VMH. There is recent evidence of novel pathways connecting the CNS and ANS. These include the hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase–SNS–BAT axis which has been demonstrated to be a key modulator of thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the role of the ANS in the modulation of energy balance.
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Metadata
Title
Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis
Authors
Patricia Seoane-Collazo
Johan Fernø
Francisco Gonzalez
Carlos Diéguez
Rosaura Leis
Rubén Nogueiras
Miguel López
Publication date
01-11-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Endocrine / Issue 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0658-y

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