Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports 1/2010

01-02-2010

Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Aging

Author: Raymond L. Ownby

Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Cognitive aging describes the changes in mental abilities that occur with increasing age. Although experts disagree on the core underlying processes involved, one factor that links many factors associated with cognitive aging is neuroinflammation. Markers of inflammation are associated directly with deficits in cognitive function and with diseases that are risk factors for cognitive decline. Neuroinflammation is also associated with depression and may account for the complex interaction of depression and cognition in older adults. Interventions that reduce inflammation may improve cognition. Understanding how neuroinflammation affects cognition may provide directions for useful interventions to prevent or treat cognitive decline in older adults.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Park DC: The basic mechanisms accounting for age-related decline in cognitive function. In Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Edited by Park D, Schwarz N. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 2000:3–21. Park DC: The basic mechanisms accounting for age-related decline in cognitive function. In Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Edited by Park D, Schwarz N. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 2000:3–21.
2.
go back to reference Cattell RB: Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: a critical experiment. J Educ Psychol 1963, 54:1–22.CrossRef Cattell RB: Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: a critical experiment. J Educ Psychol 1963, 54:1–22.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference •• Grady CL: Cognitive neuroscience of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1124:127–144. Grady provides an excellent review of the current status of research on cognitive aging.CrossRefPubMed •• Grady CL: Cognitive neuroscience of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1124:127–144. Grady provides an excellent review of the current status of research on cognitive aging.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Salthouse TA, Pink JE: Why is working memory related to fluid intelligence? Psychon Bull Rev 2008, 15:364–371.CrossRefPubMed Salthouse TA, Pink JE: Why is working memory related to fluid intelligence? Psychon Bull Rev 2008, 15:364–371.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference •• Lindenberger U, Ghisletta P: Cognitive and sensory declines in old age: gauging the evidence for a common cause. Psychol Aging 2009, 24:1–16. This article provides a useful review of current thinking about possible links between changes in both mental and sensory status with increasing age.CrossRefPubMed •• Lindenberger U, Ghisletta P: Cognitive and sensory declines in old age: gauging the evidence for a common cause. Psychol Aging 2009, 24:1–16. This article provides a useful review of current thinking about possible links between changes in both mental and sensory status with increasing age.CrossRefPubMed
6.
7.
go back to reference Yirmiya R, Pollak Y, Morag M, et al.: Illness, cytokines, and depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000, 917:478–487.PubMedCrossRef Yirmiya R, Pollak Y, Morag M, et al.: Illness, cytokines, and depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000, 917:478–487.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Krabbe KS, Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, et al.: Low-dose endotoxemia and human neuropsychological functions. Brain Behav Immun 2005, 19:453–460.CrossRefPubMed Krabbe KS, Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, et al.: Low-dose endotoxemia and human neuropsychological functions. Brain Behav Immun 2005, 19:453–460.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Capuron L, Ravaud A, Miller AH, Dantzer R: Baseline mood and psychosocial characteristics of patients developing depressive symptoms during interleukin-2 and/or interferon-alpha cancer therapy. Brain Behav Immun 2004, 18:205–213.CrossRefPubMed Capuron L, Ravaud A, Miller AH, Dantzer R: Baseline mood and psychosocial characteristics of patients developing depressive symptoms during interleukin-2 and/or interferon-alpha cancer therapy. Brain Behav Immun 2004, 18:205–213.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, et al.: Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:445–452.CrossRefPubMed Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, et al.: Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:445–452.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Lau DC, Dhillon B, Yan H, et al.: Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005, 288:H2031–H2041.CrossRefPubMed Lau DC, Dhillon B, Yan H, et al.: Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005, 288:H2031–H2041.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Gomez CR, Boehmer ED, Kovacs EJ: The aging innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 2005, 17:457–462.CrossRefPubMed Gomez CR, Boehmer ED, Kovacs EJ: The aging innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 2005, 17:457–462.CrossRefPubMed
13.
14.
go back to reference Arimoto T, Choi DY, Lu X, et al.: Interleukin-10 protects against inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28:894–906.CrossRef Arimoto T, Choi DY, Lu X, et al.: Interleukin-10 protects against inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28:894–906.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chang CH, et al.: Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2005, 4:371–380.CrossRefPubMed Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chang CH, et al.: Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2005, 4:371–380.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference •• Gimeno D, Kivimaki M, Brunner EJ, et al.: Associations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cognitive symptoms of depression: 12-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med 2009, 39:413–423. This article definitively links CRP and IL-6 with depression in a well-known longitudinal study.CrossRefPubMed •• Gimeno D, Kivimaki M, Brunner EJ, et al.: Associations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cognitive symptoms of depression: 12-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med 2009, 39:413–423. This article definitively links CRP and IL-6 with depression in a well-known longitudinal study.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Stampfer MJ: Cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease: common links. J Intern Med 2006, 260:211–223.CrossRefPubMed Stampfer MJ: Cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease: common links. J Intern Med 2006, 260:211–223.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Helzner EP, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N, et al.: Contribution of vascular risk factors to the progression in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:343–348.CrossRefPubMed Helzner EP, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N, et al.: Contribution of vascular risk factors to the progression in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:343–348.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Li G, Cherrier MM, Tsuang DW, et al.: Salivary cortisol and memory function in human aging. Neurobiol Aging 2006, 27:1705–1714.CrossRefPubMed Li G, Cherrier MM, Tsuang DW, et al.: Salivary cortisol and memory function in human aging. Neurobiol Aging 2006, 27:1705–1714.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Lupien SJ, Lepage M: Stress, memory, and the hippocampus: can’t live with it, can’t live without it. Behav Brain Res 2001, 127:137–158.CrossRefPubMed Lupien SJ, Lepage M: Stress, memory, and the hippocampus: can’t live with it, can’t live without it. Behav Brain Res 2001, 127:137–158.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Goshen I, Yirmiya R: Interleukin-1 (IL-1): a central regulator of stress responses. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009, 30:30–45.CrossRefPubMed Goshen I, Yirmiya R: Interleukin-1 (IL-1): a central regulator of stress responses. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009, 30:30–45.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al.: Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001, 56:M146–M156.PubMed Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al.: Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001, 56:M146–M156.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, et al.: Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007, 62:731–737.PubMed Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, et al.: Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007, 62:731–737.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Barzilay JI, Blaum C, Moore T, et al.: Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:635–641.CrossRefPubMed Barzilay JI, Blaum C, Moore T, et al.: Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:635–641.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Buchman AS, Schneider JA, Leurgans S, Bennett DA: Physical frailty in older persons is associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 2008, 71:499–504.CrossRefPubMed Buchman AS, Schneider JA, Leurgans S, Bennett DA: Physical frailty in older persons is associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 2008, 71:499–504.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Hunter RL, Cheng B, Choi DY, et al.: Intrastriatal lipopolysaccharide injection induces parkinsonism in C57/B6 mice. J Neurosci Res 2009, 87:1913–1921.CrossRefPubMed Hunter RL, Cheng B, Choi DY, et al.: Intrastriatal lipopolysaccharide injection induces parkinsonism in C57/B6 mice. J Neurosci Res 2009, 87:1913–1921.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Long-Smith CM, Sullivan AM, Nolan YM: The influence of microglia on the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2009 Aug 15 (Epub ahead of print). Long-Smith CM, Sullivan AM, Nolan YM: The influence of microglia on the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2009 Aug 15 (Epub ahead of print).
28.
go back to reference Backman L, Nyberg L, Lindenberger U, et al.: The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition: current status and future prospects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006, 30:791–807.CrossRefPubMed Backman L, Nyberg L, Lindenberger U, et al.: The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition: current status and future prospects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006, 30:791–807.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y: Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008, 9:204–218.CrossRefPubMed Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y: Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008, 9:204–218.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Sweat V, Starr V, Bruehl H, et al.: C-reactive protein is linked to lower cognitive performance in overweight and obese women. Inflammation 2008, 31:198–207.CrossRefPubMed Sweat V, Starr V, Bruehl H, et al.: C-reactive protein is linked to lower cognitive performance in overweight and obese women. Inflammation 2008, 31:198–207.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Penninx BW, Nicklas BJ, Newman AB, et al.: Metabolic syndrome and physical decline in older persons: results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009, 64:96–102.PubMed Penninx BW, Nicklas BJ, Newman AB, et al.: Metabolic syndrome and physical decline in older persons: results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009, 64:96–102.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Vogelzangs N, Beekman AT, Dik MG, et al.: Late-life depression, cortisol, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009, 17:716–721.CrossRefPubMed Vogelzangs N, Beekman AT, Dik MG, et al.: Late-life depression, cortisol, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009, 17:716–721.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Yaffe K, Weston AL, Blackwell T, Krueger KA: The metabolic syndrome and development of cognitive impairment among older women. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:324–328.CrossRefPubMed Yaffe K, Weston AL, Blackwell T, Krueger KA: The metabolic syndrome and development of cognitive impairment among older women. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:324–328.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Craft S: The role of metabolic disorders in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: two roads converged. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:300–305.CrossRefPubMed Craft S: The role of metabolic disorders in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: two roads converged. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:300–305.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Roriz-Filho S, Sa-Roriz TM, Rosset I, et al.: (Pre)diabetes, brain aging, and cognition. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1792:432–443. Roriz-Filho S, Sa-Roriz TM, Rosset I, et al.: (Pre)diabetes, brain aging, and cognition. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1792:432–443.
36.
go back to reference Dik MG, Jonker C, Comijs HC, et al.: Contribution of metabolic syndrome components to cognition in older individuals. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:2655–2660.CrossRefPubMed Dik MG, Jonker C, Comijs HC, et al.: Contribution of metabolic syndrome components to cognition in older individuals. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:2655–2660.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Segura B, Jurado MA, Freixenet N, et al.: Mental slowness and executive dysfunctions in patients with metabolic syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2009, 462:49–53.CrossRefPubMed Segura B, Jurado MA, Freixenet N, et al.: Mental slowness and executive dysfunctions in patients with metabolic syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2009, 462:49–53.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Capuron L, Su S, Miller AH, et al.: Depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome: is inflammation the underlying link? Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:896–900.CrossRefPubMed Capuron L, Su S, Miller AH, et al.: Depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome: is inflammation the underlying link? Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:896–900.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Ladwig KH, Marten-Mittag B, Lowel H, et al.: C-reactive protein, depressed mood, and the prediction of coronary heart disease in initially healthy men: results from the MONICA-KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998. Eur Heart J 2005, 26:2537–2542.CrossRefPubMed Ladwig KH, Marten-Mittag B, Lowel H, et al.: C-reactive protein, depressed mood, and the prediction of coronary heart disease in initially healthy men: results from the MONICA-KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998. Eur Heart J 2005, 26:2537–2542.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Martinowich K, Manji H, Lu B: New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nat Neurosci 2007, 10:1089–1093.CrossRefPubMed Martinowich K, Manji H, Lu B: New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nat Neurosci 2007, 10:1089–1093.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Arentoft A, Sweat V, Starr V, et al.: Plasma BDNF is reduced among middle-aged and elderly women with impaired insulin function: evidence of a compensatory mechanism. Brain Cogn 2009, 71:147–152.CrossRefPubMed Arentoft A, Sweat V, Starr V, et al.: Plasma BDNF is reduced among middle-aged and elderly women with impaired insulin function: evidence of a compensatory mechanism. Brain Cogn 2009, 71:147–152.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Li G, Peskind ER, Millard SP, et al.: Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive function in non-demented subjects. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5424.CrossRefPubMed Li G, Peskind ER, Millard SP, et al.: Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive function in non-demented subjects. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5424.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Gomez-Pinilla F, Vaynman S, Ying Z: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions as a metabotrophin to mediate the effects of exercise on cognition. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 28:2278–2287.CrossRefPubMed Gomez-Pinilla F, Vaynman S, Ying Z: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions as a metabotrophin to mediate the effects of exercise on cognition. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 28:2278–2287.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Venneri A, Lane R: Effects of cholinesterase inhibition on brain white matter volume in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport 2009, 20:285–288.CrossRefPubMed Venneri A, Lane R: Effects of cholinesterase inhibition on brain white matter volume in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport 2009, 20:285–288.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Tracey KJ: Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:289–296.CrossRefPubMed Tracey KJ: Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:289–296.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference ADAPT Research Group: Naproxen and celecoxib do not prevent AD in early results from a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2007, 68:1800–1808.CrossRefPubMed ADAPT Research Group: Naproxen and celecoxib do not prevent AD in early results from a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2007, 68:1800–1808.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Vlad SC, Miller DR, Kowall NW, Felson DT: Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2008, 70:1672–1677.CrossRefPubMed Vlad SC, Miller DR, Kowall NW, Felson DT: Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2008, 70:1672–1677.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Szekely CA, Breitner JC, Fitzpatrick AL, et al.: NSAID use and dementia risk in the Cardiovascular Health Study: role of APOE and NSAID type. Neurology 2008, 70:17–24.CrossRefPubMed Szekely CA, Breitner JC, Fitzpatrick AL, et al.: NSAID use and dementia risk in the Cardiovascular Health Study: role of APOE and NSAID type. Neurology 2008, 70:17–24.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; Nutrition Committee: Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:e20–e30. (Published erratum appears in Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:e31.)CrossRefPubMed Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; Nutrition Committee: Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:e20–e30. (Published erratum appears in Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:e31.)CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al.: Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003, 60:940–946.CrossRefPubMed Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al.: Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003, 60:940–946.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Fotuhi M, Mohassel P, Yaffe K: Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: a complex association. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2009, 5:140–152.CrossRefPubMed Fotuhi M, Mohassel P, Yaffe K: Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: a complex association. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2009, 5:140–152.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, et al.: Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD Study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1402–1408.CrossRefPubMed Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, et al.: Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD Study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1402–1408.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Wolozin B, Wang SW, Li NC, et al.: Simvastatin is associated with a reduced incidence of dementia and Parkinson’s disease. BMC Med 2007, 5:20.CrossRefPubMed Wolozin B, Wang SW, Li NC, et al.: Simvastatin is associated with a reduced incidence of dementia and Parkinson’s disease. BMC Med 2007, 5:20.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Li G, Larson EB, Sonnen JA, et al.: Statin therapy is associated with reduced neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2007, 69:878–885.CrossRefPubMed Li G, Larson EB, Sonnen JA, et al.: Statin therapy is associated with reduced neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2007, 69:878–885.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Solomon A, Kareholt I, Ngandu T, et al.: Serum total cholesterol, statins and cognition in non-demented elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2009, 30:1006–1009.CrossRefPubMed Solomon A, Kareholt I, Ngandu T, et al.: Serum total cholesterol, statins and cognition in non-demented elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2009, 30:1006–1009.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Petersen AM, Pedersen BK: The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005, 98:1154–1162.CrossRefPubMed Petersen AM, Pedersen BK: The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005, 98:1154–1162.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Ownby RL, Loewenstein DA, Kumar M: Anti-inflammatory effects mediate the relation between physical activity and mood in older adults. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology. San Francisco, CA; August 2009. Ownby RL, Loewenstein DA, Kumar M: Anti-inflammatory effects mediate the relation between physical activity and mood in older adults. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology. San Francisco, CA; August 2009.
58.
go back to reference •• Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA: Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:464–472. This is an excellent review of the possible links between exercise and cognitive function by way of inflammatory processes.CrossRefPubMed •• Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA: Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:464–472. This is an excellent review of the possible links between exercise and cognitive function by way of inflammatory processes.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Colcombe S, Kramer AF: Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci 2003, 14:125–130.CrossRefPubMed Colcombe S, Kramer AF: Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci 2003, 14:125–130.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, et al.: Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA 2006, 296:2805–2814.CrossRefPubMed Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, et al.: Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA 2006, 296:2805–2814.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference •• Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J, Perrig WJ: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:6829–6833. This article reports the exciting finding that training in one cognitive domain may have positive effects in another.CrossRefPubMed •• Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J, Perrig WJ: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:6829–6833. This article reports the exciting finding that training in one cognitive domain may have positive effects in another.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference •• McNab F, Varrone A, Farde L, et al.: Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training. Science 2009, 323:800–802. This study shows that working memory training may have effects on D 1 -receptor density in areas relevant to working memory function, providing a possible mechanism for the observation by Jaeggi et al. [61••] that working memory training may improve other aspects of cognitive function.CrossRefPubMed •• McNab F, Varrone A, Farde L, et al.: Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training. Science 2009, 323:800–802. This study shows that working memory training may have effects on D 1 -receptor density in areas relevant to working memory function, providing a possible mechanism for the observation by Jaeggi et al. [61••] that working memory training may improve other aspects of cognitive function.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM, Hutchison S, et al.: Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults. Psychol Aging 2008, 23:743–753.CrossRefPubMed Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM, Hutchison S, et al.: Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults. Psychol Aging 2008, 23:743–753.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Aging
Author
Raymond L. Ownby
Publication date
01-02-2010
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Issue 1/2010
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Electronic ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-009-0082-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Current Psychiatry Reports 1/2010 Go to the issue