Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7/2013

01-07-2013 | Epilepsy (CW Bazil, Section Editor)

Seizure-Related Injuries, Drowning and Vehicular Crashes – A Critical Review of the Literature

Authors: Michael Tan, Wendyl D’Souza

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 7/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Injury is common in patients with epilepsy, can have serious consequences (fractures, burns), and can sometimes even be fatal (drowning, vehicular crashes). Seizure-related injuries, drowning, and vehicular crashes have been investigated across differing populations using various methodologies hindering consistent estimates with respect to its frequency, magnitude, and potential risk factors. Knowledge is further complicated by the low incidence of injury outcomes, the not insignificant background frequency of injury in the general population, and the emphasis on seizure-related explanatory mechanisms. Although not without its own complexity, privacy preserving data linkage is an emerging powerful technique that is being increasingly used in epilepsy and other chronic conditions to answer important questions, especially when measuring low incidence health outcomes prospectively, such as injury. This review examines the frequency of overall and specific seizure-related injures, describes the known risk factors and finally suggests future directions for research that may improve our understanding in the area.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Beghi E, Cornaggia CM. Group RE-1: morbidity and accidents in patients with epilepsy: results of a European cohort study. Epilepsia. 2002;43(9):1076–83.PubMedCrossRef Beghi E, Cornaggia CM. Group RE-1: morbidity and accidents in patients with epilepsy: results of a European cohort study. Epilepsia. 2002;43(9):1076–83.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Kirsch R, Wirrell E. Do cognitively normal children with epilepsy have a higher rate of injury than their nonepileptic peers? J Child Neurol. 2001;16(2):100–4.PubMed Kirsch R, Wirrell E. Do cognitively normal children with epilepsy have a higher rate of injury than their nonepileptic peers? J Child Neurol. 2001;16(2):100–4.PubMed
3.
go back to reference • Kwon C-S, Liu M, Quan H, et al. The incidence of injuries in persons with and without epilepsy—a population-based study. Epilepsia. 2010;51(11):2247–53. Large sample size with validated ICD coding.PubMedCrossRef • Kwon C-S, Liu M, Quan H, et al. The incidence of injuries in persons with and without epilepsy—a population-based study. Epilepsia. 2010;51(11):2247–53. Large sample size with validated ICD coding.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Téllez-Zenteno JF, Hunter G, Wiebe S. Injuries in people with self-reported epilepsy: a population-based study. Epilepsia. 2008;49(6):954–61.PubMedCrossRef Téllez-Zenteno JF, Hunter G, Wiebe S. Injuries in people with self-reported epilepsy: a population-based study. Epilepsia. 2008;49(6):954–61.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference England MJ, Liverman CT, Schultz AM, Strawbridge LM. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Public Health Dimensions of the Epilepsies: epilepsy across the spectrum: promoting health and understanding. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012. England MJ, Liverman CT, Schultz AM, Strawbridge LM. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Public Health Dimensions of the Epilepsies: epilepsy across the spectrum: promoting health and understanding. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012.
6.
go back to reference Appleton RE. Mersey Region Paediatric Epilepsy Interest Group: seizure-related injuries in children with newly diagnosed and untreated epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43(7):764–7.PubMedCrossRef Appleton RE. Mersey Region Paediatric Epilepsy Interest Group: seizure-related injuries in children with newly diagnosed and untreated epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43(7):764–7.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Davidson DLW, MacDonald S. The costs of trauma caused by seizures: can they be reduced? Seizure. 2002;11(5):344–7.PubMedCrossRef Davidson DLW, MacDonald S. The costs of trauma caused by seizures: can they be reduced? Seizure. 2002;11(5):344–7.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Fallon Jr WF, Robertson LM, Alexander RH. Seizure disorders and trauma. South Med J. 1989;82(9):1093–5.PubMedCrossRef Fallon Jr WF, Robertson LM, Alexander RH. Seizure disorders and trauma. South Med J. 1989;82(9):1093–5.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Neufeld MY, Vishne T, Chistik V, Korczyn AD. Life-long history of injuries related to seizures. Epilepsy Res. 1999;34(2–3):123–7.PubMedCrossRef Neufeld MY, Vishne T, Chistik V, Korczyn AD. Life-long history of injuries related to seizures. Epilepsy Res. 1999;34(2–3):123–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sapna CS, Sheeba SL, John J, Thomas SV. Accidents and injuries in people with epilepsy attending a tertiary care center in India. Epileptic Disord. 2008;10(4):276–81.PubMed Sapna CS, Sheeba SL, John J, Thomas SV. Accidents and injuries in people with epilepsy attending a tertiary care center in India. Epileptic Disord. 2008;10(4):276–81.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Tiamkao S, Amornsin O, Pongchaiyakul C, et al. Seizure-related injuries in northeast Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89(5):608–13.PubMed Tiamkao S, Amornsin O, Pongchaiyakul C, et al. Seizure-related injuries in northeast Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89(5):608–13.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Ting YW, Kwong KL. Seizure-related injuries in newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;42(6):417–21.PubMedCrossRef Ting YW, Kwong KL. Seizure-related injuries in newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;42(6):417–21.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Unsworth C. Living with epilepsy: safety during home, leisure and work activities. Aust Occup Ther J. 1999;46(3):89–98.CrossRef Unsworth C. Living with epilepsy: safety during home, leisure and work activities. Aust Occup Ther J. 1999;46(3):89–98.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Buck D, Baker GA, Jacoby A, Smith DF, Chadwick DW. Patients’ experiences of injury as a result of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1997;38(4):439–44.PubMedCrossRef Buck D, Baker GA, Jacoby A, Smith DF, Chadwick DW. Patients’ experiences of injury as a result of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1997;38(4):439–44.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Deekollu D, Besag FMC, Aylett SE. Seizure-related injuries in a group of young people with epilepsy wearing protective helmets: incidence, types and circumstances. Seizure. 2005;14(5):347–53.PubMedCrossRef Deekollu D, Besag FMC, Aylett SE. Seizure-related injuries in a group of young people with epilepsy wearing protective helmets: incidence, types and circumstances. Seizure. 2005;14(5):347–53.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Nakken KO, Lossius R. Seizure-related injuries in multihandicapped patients with therapy-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993;34(5):836–40.PubMedCrossRef Nakken KO, Lossius R. Seizure-related injuries in multihandicapped patients with therapy-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993;34(5):836–40.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Lawn ND, Bamlet WR, Radhakrishnan K, O’Brien PC, So EL. Injuries due to seizures in persons with epilepsy: a population-based study. Neurology. 2004;63(9):1565–70.PubMedCrossRef Lawn ND, Bamlet WR, Radhakrishnan K, O’Brien PC, So EL. Injuries due to seizures in persons with epilepsy: a population-based study. Neurology. 2004;63(9):1565–70.PubMedCrossRef
18.
19.
go back to reference Asadi-Pooya AA, Nikseresht A, Yaghoubi E, Nei M. Physical injuries in patients with epilepsy and their associated risk factors. Seizure. 2012;21(3):165–8.PubMedCrossRef Asadi-Pooya AA, Nikseresht A, Yaghoubi E, Nei M. Physical injuries in patients with epilepsy and their associated risk factors. Seizure. 2012;21(3):165–8.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Tiamkao S, Shorvon SD. Seizure-related injury in an adult tertiary epilepsy clinic. Hong Kong Med J. 2006;12(4):260–3.PubMed Tiamkao S, Shorvon SD. Seizure-related injury in an adult tertiary epilepsy clinic. Hong Kong Med J. 2006;12(4):260–3.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Jetté N, Reid AY, Quan H, Hill MD, Wiebe S. How accurate is ICD coding for epilepsy? Epilepsia. 2010;51(1):62–9.PubMedCrossRef Jetté N, Reid AY, Quan H, Hill MD, Wiebe S. How accurate is ICD coding for epilepsy? Epilepsia. 2010;51(1):62–9.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Olsen J, Sidenius P. Validation of epilepsy diagnoses in the Danish National Hospital Register. Epilepsy Res. 2007;75(2–3):162–70.PubMedCrossRef Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Olsen J, Sidenius P. Validation of epilepsy diagnoses in the Danish National Hospital Register. Epilepsy Res. 2007;75(2–3):162–70.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference • Petty SJ, Hill KD, Haber NE, et al. Balance impairment in chronic antiepileptic drug users: a twin and sibling study. Epilepsia. 2010;51(2):280–8. Postulates an alternative hypothesis to injury etiology.PubMedCrossRef • Petty SJ, Hill KD, Haber NE, et al. Balance impairment in chronic antiepileptic drug users: a twin and sibling study. Epilepsia. 2010;51(2):280–8. Postulates an alternative hypothesis to injury etiology.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Friedman DE, Tobias RS, Akman CI, Smith EO, Levin HS. Recurrent seizure-related injuries in people with epilepsy at a tertiary epilepsy center: a 2-year longitudinal study. Epilepsy Behav Elsevier Inc. 2010;19(3):400–4.CrossRef Friedman DE, Tobias RS, Akman CI, Smith EO, Levin HS. Recurrent seizure-related injuries in people with epilepsy at a tertiary epilepsy center: a 2-year longitudinal study. Epilepsy Behav Elsevier Inc. 2010;19(3):400–4.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Buffo TH, Guerreiro MM, Tai P, Montenegro MA. Seizure related accidents and injuries in childhood. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008;66(3A):458–61.PubMedCrossRef Buffo TH, Guerreiro MM, Tai P, Montenegro MA. Seizure related accidents and injuries in childhood. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008;66(3A):458–61.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference •• Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, et al. Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52 Suppl 7:2–26. Guidelines for establishing epidemiological studies in epilepsy.PubMedCrossRef •• Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, et al. Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52 Suppl 7:2–26. Guidelines for establishing epidemiological studies in epilepsy.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bradley CJ, Penberthy L, Devers KJ, Holden DJ. Health services research and data linkages: issues, methods, and directions for the future. Health Serv Res. 2010;45(5 Pt 2):1468–88.PubMedCrossRef Bradley CJ, Penberthy L, Devers KJ, Holden DJ. Health services research and data linkages: issues, methods, and directions for the future. Health Serv Res. 2010;45(5 Pt 2):1468–88.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference • Beauchamp A, Tonkin AM, Kelsall H, et al. Validation of de-identified record linkage to ascertain hospital admissions in a cohort study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:42. Describes methods for privacy preserving data linkages.PubMedCrossRef • Beauchamp A, Tonkin AM, Kelsall H, et al. Validation of de-identified record linkage to ascertain hospital admissions in a cohort study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:42. Describes methods for privacy preserving data linkages.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Nicholas JM, Ridsdale L, Richardson MP, Ashworth M, Gulliford MC. Trends in antiepileptic drug utilisation in UK primary care 1993-2008: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Seizure. 2012;21(6):466–70.PubMedCrossRef Nicholas JM, Ridsdale L, Richardson MP, Ashworth M, Gulliford MC. Trends in antiepileptic drug utilisation in UK primary care 1993-2008: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Seizure. 2012;21(6):466–70.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Wotton CJ, Goldacre MJ. Coexistence of schizophrenia and epilepsy: record-linkage studies. Epilepsia. 2012;53(4):e71–4.PubMedCrossRef Wotton CJ, Goldacre MJ. Coexistence of schizophrenia and epilepsy: record-linkage studies. Epilepsia. 2012;53(4):e71–4.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Khan T, Akhtar W, Wotton CJ, et al. Epilepsy and the subsequent risk of cerebral tumour: record linkage retrospective cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2011;82(9):1041–5.PubMedCrossRef Khan T, Akhtar W, Wotton CJ, et al. Epilepsy and the subsequent risk of cerebral tumour: record linkage retrospective cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2011;82(9):1041–5.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference •• Kwon C, Liu M, Quan H, et al. Motor vehicle accidents, suicides, and assaults in epilepsy: a population-based study. Neurology. 2011;76(9):801–6. Cohort controlled study with large sample size based on data linkage.PubMedCrossRef •• Kwon C, Liu M, Quan H, et al. Motor vehicle accidents, suicides, and assaults in epilepsy: a population-based study. Neurology. 2011;76(9):801–6. Cohort controlled study with large sample size based on data linkage.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Mortensen PB, Sidenius P, Agerbo E. Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(8):693–8.PubMedCrossRef Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Mortensen PB, Sidenius P, Agerbo E. Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(8):693–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Christensen J, Pedersen MG, Pedersen CB, et al. Long-term risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1105–10.PubMedCrossRef Christensen J, Pedersen MG, Pedersen CB, et al. Long-term risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1105–10.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Baker GA, Smith DF, Dewey M, et al. The development of a seizure severity scale as an outcome measure in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1991;8(3):245–51.PubMedCrossRef Baker GA, Smith DF, Dewey M, et al. The development of a seizure severity scale as an outcome measure in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1991;8(3):245–51.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Sherrard J, Tonge BJ, Ozanne-Smith J. Injury risk in young people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46(Pt 1):6–16.PubMedCrossRef Sherrard J, Tonge BJ, Ozanne-Smith J. Injury risk in young people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46(Pt 1):6–16.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Friedman DE, Gilliam FG. Seizure-related injuries are underreported in pharmacoresistant localization-related epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51(1):43–7.PubMedCrossRef Friedman DE, Gilliam FG. Seizure-related injuries are underreported in pharmacoresistant localization-related epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51(1):43–7.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Wirrell EC, Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Dooley JM, Gordon KE. Accidental injury is a serious risk in children with typical absence epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(9):929–32.PubMedCrossRef Wirrell EC, Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Dooley JM, Gordon KE. Accidental injury is a serious risk in children with typical absence epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(9):929–32.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Allorto NL, Oosthuizen GV, Clarke DL, Muckart DJ. The spectrum and outcome of burns at a regional hospital in South Africa. Burns. 2009;35(7):1004–8.PubMedCrossRef Allorto NL, Oosthuizen GV, Clarke DL, Muckart DJ. The spectrum and outcome of burns at a regional hospital in South Africa. Burns. 2009;35(7):1004–8.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Hampton KK, Peatfield RC, Pullar T, et al. Burns because of epilepsy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988;296(6637):1659–60.CrossRef Hampton KK, Peatfield RC, Pullar T, et al. Burns because of epilepsy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988;296(6637):1659–60.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Rimmer RB, Bay RCR, Foster KN, et al. Thermal injury in patients with seizure disorders: an opportunity for prevention. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28(2):318–23.PubMedCrossRef Rimmer RB, Bay RCR, Foster KN, et al. Thermal injury in patients with seizure disorders: an opportunity for prevention. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28(2):318–23.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Spitz MC, Towbin JA, Shantz D, Adler LE. Risk factors for burns as a consequence of seizures in persons with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1994;35(4):764–7.PubMedCrossRef Spitz MC, Towbin JA, Shantz D, Adler LE. Risk factors for burns as a consequence of seizures in persons with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1994;35(4):764–7.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Kinton L, Duncan JS. Frequency, causes, and consequences of burns in patients with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1998;65(3):404–5.PubMedCrossRef Kinton L, Duncan JS. Frequency, causes, and consequences of burns in patients with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1998;65(3):404–5.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Ansari Z, Brown K, Carson N. Association of epilepsy and burns - a case control study. Aust Fam Phys. 2008;37(7):584–9. Ansari Z, Brown K, Carson N. Association of epilepsy and burns - a case control study. Aust Fam Phys. 2008;37(7):584–9.
45.
go back to reference Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J, et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: the “Utstein style. Resuscitation. 2003;59(1):45–57.PubMedCrossRef Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J, et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: the “Utstein style. Resuscitation. 2003;59(1):45–57.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference • Mu J, Liu L, Zhang Q, et al. Causes of death among people with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China: a prospective study. Neurology. 2011;77(2):132–7. Most recent study to report on drowning in epilepsy with sufficient sample size.PubMedCrossRef • Mu J, Liu L, Zhang Q, et al. Causes of death among people with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China: a prospective study. Neurology. 2011;77(2):132–7. Most recent study to report on drowning in epilepsy with sufficient sample size.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Budnick LD, Ross DA. Bathtub-related drownings in the United States, 1979-81. Am J Public Health. 1985;75(6):630–3.PubMedCrossRef Budnick LD, Ross DA. Bathtub-related drownings in the United States, 1979-81. Am J Public Health. 1985;75(6):630–3.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Diekema DS, Quan L, Holt VL. Epilepsy as a risk factor for submersion injury in children. Pediatrics. 1993;91(3):612–6.PubMed Diekema DS, Quan L, Holt VL. Epilepsy as a risk factor for submersion injury in children. Pediatrics. 1993;91(3):612–6.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Kemp AM, Sibert JR. Epilepsy in children and the risk of drowning. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68(5):684–5.PubMedCrossRef Kemp AM, Sibert JR. Epilepsy in children and the risk of drowning. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68(5):684–5.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Orlowski JP, Rothner D, Lueders H. Submersion accidents in children with epilepsy. Am J Dis Child. 1982;136(9):777–80.PubMed Orlowski JP, Rothner D, Lueders H. Submersion accidents in children with epilepsy. Am J Dis Child. 1982;136(9):777–80.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Osamura T, Fushiki S, Yoshioka H, Yamanaka T, Mizuta R. An autopsy case of bathtub drowning in epilepsy. Brain Dev. 1997;19(7):499–501.PubMedCrossRef Osamura T, Fushiki S, Yoshioka H, Yamanaka T, Mizuta R. An autopsy case of bathtub drowning in epilepsy. Brain Dev. 1997;19(7):499–501.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Ryan CA, Dowling G. Drowning deaths in people with epilepsy. Can Med Assoc J. 1993;148(5):781–4. Ryan CA, Dowling G. Drowning deaths in people with epilepsy. Can Med Assoc J. 1993;148(5):781–4.
53.
go back to reference Smith NM, Byard RW, Bourne AJ. Death during immersion in water in childhood. Am J Foren Med Pathol. 1991;12(3):219–21.CrossRef Smith NM, Byard RW, Bourne AJ. Death during immersion in water in childhood. Am J Foren Med Pathol. 1991;12(3):219–21.CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Quan L, Gore EJ, Wentz K, Allen J, Novack AH. Ten-year study of pediatric drownings and near-drownings in King County, Washington: lessons in injury prevention. Pediatrics. 1989;83(6):1035–40.PubMed Quan L, Gore EJ, Wentz K, Allen J, Novack AH. Ten-year study of pediatric drownings and near-drownings in King County, Washington: lessons in injury prevention. Pediatrics. 1989;83(6):1035–40.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Wakamoto H, Nagao H, Hayashi M, Morimoto T. Long-term medical, educational, and social prognoses of childhood-onset epilepsy: a population-based study in a rural district of Japan. Brain Dev. 2000;22(4):246–55.PubMedCrossRef Wakamoto H, Nagao H, Hayashi M, Morimoto T. Long-term medical, educational, and social prognoses of childhood-onset epilepsy: a population-based study in a rural district of Japan. Brain Dev. 2000;22(4):246–55.PubMedCrossRef
56.
57.
go back to reference Bell GS, Gaitatzis A, Bell CL, Johnson AL, Sander JW. Drowning in people with epilepsy: how great is the risk? Neurology. 2008;71(8):578–82.PubMedCrossRef Bell GS, Gaitatzis A, Bell CL, Johnson AL, Sander JW. Drowning in people with epilepsy: how great is the risk? Neurology. 2008;71(8):578–82.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Besag FM. Lesson of the week: tonic seizures are a particular risk factor for drowning in people with epilepsy. BMJ. 2001;322(7292):975–6.PubMedCrossRef Besag FM. Lesson of the week: tonic seizures are a particular risk factor for drowning in people with epilepsy. BMJ. 2001;322(7292):975–6.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Mateen FJ, Shinohara RT, Alam N, Black RE, Streatfield PK. Injury deaths among people with epilepsy in rural Bangladesh: a retrospective population-based study. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;23(3):291–3.PubMedCrossRef Mateen FJ, Shinohara RT, Alam N, Black RE, Streatfield PK. Injury deaths among people with epilepsy in rural Bangladesh: a retrospective population-based study. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;23(3):291–3.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Annegers JF, Melton III LJ, Sun CA, Hauser WA. Risk of age-related fractures in patients with unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia. 1989;30(3):348–55.PubMedCrossRef Annegers JF, Melton III LJ, Sun CA, Hauser WA. Risk of age-related fractures in patients with unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia. 1989;30(3):348–55.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Vestergaard P, Tigaran S, Rejnmark L, et al. Fracture risk is increased in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;99(5):269–75.PubMedCrossRef Vestergaard P, Tigaran S, Rejnmark L, et al. Fracture risk is increased in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;99(5):269–75.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Persson HBI, Alberts KA, Farahmand BY, Tomson T. Risk of extremity fractures in adult outpatients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43(7):768–72.PubMedCrossRef Persson HBI, Alberts KA, Farahmand BY, Tomson T. Risk of extremity fractures in adult outpatients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43(7):768–72.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk associated with use of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2004;45(11):1330–7.PubMedCrossRef Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk associated with use of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2004;45(11):1330–7.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Souverein PC, Webb DJ, Petri H, et al. Incidence of fractures among epilepsy patients: a population-based retrospective cohort study in the General Practice Research Database. Epilepsia. 2005;46(2):304–10.PubMedCrossRef Souverein PC, Webb DJ, Petri H, et al. Incidence of fractures among epilepsy patients: a population-based retrospective cohort study in the General Practice Research Database. Epilepsia. 2005;46(2):304–10.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Desai KB, Ribbans WJ, Taylor GJ. Incidence of five common fracture types in an institutional epileptic population. Injury. 1996;27(2):97–100.PubMedCrossRef Desai KB, Ribbans WJ, Taylor GJ. Incidence of five common fracture types in an institutional epileptic population. Injury. 1996;27(2):97–100.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Nilsson OS, Lindholm TS, Elmstedt E. Fracture incidence and bone disease in epileptics receiving long-term anticonvulsant drug treatment. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1986;105(4):146–9.PubMedCrossRef Nilsson OS, Lindholm TS, Elmstedt E. Fracture incidence and bone disease in epileptics receiving long-term anticonvulsant drug treatment. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1986;105(4):146–9.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Ryder KM, Williams J, Womack C, et al. Appendicular fractures: a significant problem among institutionalized adults with developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard. 2003;108(5):340–6.PubMedCrossRef Ryder KM, Williams J, Womack C, et al. Appendicular fractures: a significant problem among institutionalized adults with developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard. 2003;108(5):340–6.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Vestergaard P. Epilepsy, osteoporosis and fracture risk‒a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;112(5):277–86.PubMedCrossRef Vestergaard P. Epilepsy, osteoporosis and fracture risk‒a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;112(5):277–86.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Tsiropoulos I, Andersen M, Nymark T, et al. Exposure to antiepileptic drugs and the risk of hip fracture: a case-control study. Epilepsia. 2008;49(12):2092–9.PubMedCrossRef Tsiropoulos I, Andersen M, Nymark T, et al. Exposure to antiepileptic drugs and the risk of hip fracture: a case-control study. Epilepsia. 2008;49(12):2092–9.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Souverein PC, Webb DJ, Weil JG, van Staa TP, Egberts ACG. Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of fractures: case-control study among patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2006;66(9):1318–24.PubMedCrossRef Souverein PC, Webb DJ, Weil JG, van Staa TP, Egberts ACG. Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of fractures: case-control study among patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2006;66(9):1318–24.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference • Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O’Brien TJ, et al. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2012;79(2):145–51. Most recent fracture study in epilepsy confirming the effect of AEDs.PubMedCrossRef • Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O’Brien TJ, et al. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2012;79(2):145–51. Most recent fracture study in epilepsy confirming the effect of AEDs.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Sheth RD, Binkley N, Hermann BP. Progressive bone deficit in epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;70(3):170–6.PubMedCrossRef Sheth RD, Binkley N, Hermann BP. Progressive bone deficit in epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;70(3):170–6.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Beran RG, Ainley LAE, Beran ME. Opinions, attitudes and practices of Australian neurologists with regard to epilepsy and driving. Intern Med J. 2007;37(4):251–7.PubMedCrossRef Beran RG, Ainley LAE, Beran ME. Opinions, attitudes and practices of Australian neurologists with regard to epilepsy and driving. Intern Med J. 2007;37(4):251–7.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Waller JA. Chronic medical conditions and traffic safety: review of the California experience. N Engl J Med. 1965;273(26):1413–20.PubMedCrossRef Waller JA. Chronic medical conditions and traffic safety: review of the California experience. N Engl J Med. 1965;273(26):1413–20.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Hansotia P, Broste SK. The effect of epilepsy or diabetes mellitus on the risk of automobile accidents. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(1):22–6.PubMedCrossRef Hansotia P, Broste SK. The effect of epilepsy or diabetes mellitus on the risk of automobile accidents. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(1):22–6.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Taylor J, Chadwick D, Johnson T. Risk of accidents in drivers with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1996;60(6):621–7.PubMedCrossRef Taylor J, Chadwick D, Johnson T. Risk of accidents in drivers with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1996;60(6):621–7.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Lings S. Increased driving accident frequency in Danish patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57(3):435–9.PubMedCrossRef Lings S. Increased driving accident frequency in Danish patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57(3):435–9.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Validity in epidemiologic studies. Modern epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. p. 129–47. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Validity in epidemiologic studies. Modern epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. p. 129–47.
80.
go back to reference Diller E, Cook L, Leonard D, et al. Evaluating drivers licensed with medical conditions in Utah, 1992-1996. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration - NHTSA Technical Report, 1992–1996 Washington, DC. 1999. p. 1–116. Diller E, Cook L, Leonard D, et al. Evaluating drivers licensed with medical conditions in Utah, 1992-1996. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration - NHTSA Technical Report, 1992–1996 Washington, DC. 1999. p. 1–116.
81.
go back to reference Vernon DD, Diller EM, Cook LJ, et al. Evaluating the crash and citation rates of Utah drivers licensed with medical conditions, 1992-1996. Accid Anal Prev. 2002;34(2):237–46.PubMedCrossRef Vernon DD, Diller EM, Cook LJ, et al. Evaluating the crash and citation rates of Utah drivers licensed with medical conditions, 1992-1996. Accid Anal Prev. 2002;34(2):237–46.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Sillanpaa M, Shinnar S. Obtaining a driver’s license and seizure relapse in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy. Neurology. 2005;64(4):680–6.PubMedCrossRef Sillanpaa M, Shinnar S. Obtaining a driver’s license and seizure relapse in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy. Neurology. 2005;64(4):680–6.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Polychronopoulos P, Argyriou AA, Huliara V, et al. Factors associated with poor compliance of patients with epilepsy driving restrictions. Neurology. 2006;67(5):869–71.PubMedCrossRef Polychronopoulos P, Argyriou AA, Huliara V, et al. Factors associated with poor compliance of patients with epilepsy driving restrictions. Neurology. 2006;67(5):869–71.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Tiamkao S, Sawanyawisuth K, Towanabut S, Visudhipun P. Thai QOL Epilepsy Investigators: seizure attacks while driving: quality of life in persons with epilepsy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009;36(4):475–9.PubMed Tiamkao S, Sawanyawisuth K, Towanabut S, Visudhipun P. Thai QOL Epilepsy Investigators: seizure attacks while driving: quality of life in persons with epilepsy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009;36(4):475–9.PubMed
85.
go back to reference No YJ, Lee S-J, Park H-K, Lee S-A. Factors contributing to driving by people with uncontrolled seizures. Seizure. 2011;20(6):491–3.PubMedCrossRef No YJ, Lee S-J, Park H-K, Lee S-A. Factors contributing to driving by people with uncontrolled seizures. Seizure. 2011;20(6):491–3.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Stanaway L, Johnson RH, Lambie DG. Epilepsy and driving. N Z Med J. 1983;96(735):525–8.PubMed Stanaway L, Johnson RH, Lambie DG. Epilepsy and driving. N Z Med J. 1983;96(735):525–8.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Berg AT, Vickrey BG, Sperling MR, et al. Driving in adults with refractory localization-related epilepsy. Multi-Center Study of Epilepsy Surgery. Neurology. 2000;54(3):625–30.PubMedCrossRef Berg AT, Vickrey BG, Sperling MR, et al. Driving in adults with refractory localization-related epilepsy. Multi-Center Study of Epilepsy Surgery. Neurology. 2000;54(3):625–30.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Hasegawa S, Kumagai K, Kaji S. Epilepsy and driving: a survey of automobile accidents atrributed to seizure. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;45(2):327–31.PubMed Hasegawa S, Kumagai K, Kaji S. Epilepsy and driving: a survey of automobile accidents atrributed to seizure. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;45(2):327–31.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Bicalho MAH, Sukys-Claudino L, Guarnieri R, Lin K, Walz R. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of Brazilian patients with epilepsy who drive and their association with traffic accidents. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;24(2):216–20.PubMedCrossRef Bicalho MAH, Sukys-Claudino L, Guarnieri R, Lin K, Walz R. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of Brazilian patients with epilepsy who drive and their association with traffic accidents. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;24(2):216–20.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference McLachlan RS, Starreveld E, Lee MA. Impact of mandatory physician reporting on accident risk in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(8):1500–5.PubMedCrossRef McLachlan RS, Starreveld E, Lee MA. Impact of mandatory physician reporting on accident risk in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(8):1500–5.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Webster NJ, Crawford P, Thomas FM. Who’s behind the wheel? Driving with medically intractable epilepsy. Am J Health Behav. 2011;35(4):485–95.PubMedCrossRef Webster NJ, Crawford P, Thomas FM. Who’s behind the wheel? Driving with medically intractable epilepsy. Am J Health Behav. 2011;35(4):485–95.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Hovinga CA, Asato MR, Manjunath R, et al. Association of nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and seizures, quality of life, and productivity: survey of patients with epilepsy and physicians. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(2):316–22.PubMedCrossRef Hovinga CA, Asato MR, Manjunath R, et al. Association of nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and seizures, quality of life, and productivity: survey of patients with epilepsy and physicians. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(2):316–22.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Faught E, Duh MS, Weiner JR, Guérin A, Cunnington MC. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM Study. Neurology. 2008;71(20):1572–8.PubMedCrossRef Faught E, Duh MS, Weiner JR, Guérin A, Cunnington MC. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM Study. Neurology. 2008;71(20):1572–8.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Sheth SG, Krauss G, Krumholz A, Li G. Mortality in epilepsy: driving fatalities vs other causes of death in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;63(6):1002–7.PubMedCrossRef Sheth SG, Krauss G, Krumholz A, Li G. Mortality in epilepsy: driving fatalities vs other causes of death in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;63(6):1002–7.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Bell GS, Gaitatzis A, Johnson AL, Sander JW. Predictive value of death certification in the case ascertainment of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2004;75(12):1756–8.PubMedCrossRef Bell GS, Gaitatzis A, Johnson AL, Sander JW. Predictive value of death certification in the case ascertainment of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2004;75(12):1756–8.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Hitiris N, Mohanraj R, Norrie J, Brodie MJ. Mortality in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(3):363–76.PubMedCrossRef Hitiris N, Mohanraj R, Norrie J, Brodie MJ. Mortality in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(3):363–76.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Goldacre MJ, Duncan M, Griffith M, Turner MR. Trends in death certification for multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy in English populations 1979-2006. J Neurol. 2010;257(5):706–15.PubMedCrossRef Goldacre MJ, Duncan M, Griffith M, Turner MR. Trends in death certification for multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy in English populations 1979-2006. J Neurol. 2010;257(5):706–15.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Krauss GL, Krumholz A, Carter RC, Li G, Kaplan P. Risk factors for seizure-related motor vehicle crashes in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 1999;52(7):1324–9.PubMedCrossRef Krauss GL, Krumholz A, Carter RC, Li G, Kaplan P. Risk factors for seizure-related motor vehicle crashes in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 1999;52(7):1324–9.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Hansotia PP, Broste SKS. Epilepsy and traffic safety. Epilepsia. 1992;34(5):852–8.CrossRef Hansotia PP, Broste SKS. Epilepsy and traffic safety. Epilepsia. 1992;34(5):852–8.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Seizure-Related Injuries, Drowning and Vehicular Crashes – A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors
Michael Tan
Wendyl D’Souza
Publication date
01-07-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 7/2013
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0361-4

Other articles of this Issue 7/2013

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7/2013 Go to the issue

Critical Care (SA Mayer, Section Editor)

Status Epilepticus: An Update

Movement Disorders (SA Factor, Section Editor)

Vesicular Integrity in Parkinson’s Disease