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Open Access 01-06-2021 | COVID-19 Vaccination | Tropical, Travel and Emerging Infections (L Chen and A Boggild, Section Editors)

Status Report on COVID-19 Vaccines Development

Authors: Arun Kumar, William E. Dowling, Raúl Gómez Román, Amol Chaudhari, Celine Gurry, Tung Thanh Le, Stig Tollefson, Carolyn E Clark, Valentina Bernasconi, Paul A Kristiansen

Published in: Current Infectious Disease Reports | Issue 6/2021

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected lives of billions of individuals, globally. There is an urgent need to develop interventions including vaccines to control the ongoing pandemic.

Recent Findings

Development of tools for fast-tracked testing including small and large animal models for vaccine efficacy analysis, assays for immunogenicity assessment, critical reagents, international biological standards, and data sharing allowed accelerated development of vaccines. More than 300 vaccines are under development and 9 of them are approved for emergency use in various countries, with impressive efficacy ranging from 50 to 95%. Recently, several new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and are circulating globally, and preliminary findings imply that some of them may escape immune responses against previous variants and diminish efficacy of current vaccines. Most of these variants acquired new mutations in their surface protein (Spike) which is the antigen in most of the approved/under development vaccines.

Summary

In this review, we summarize novel and traditional approaches for COVID-19 vaccine development including inactivated, attenuated, nucleic acid, vector and protein based. Critical assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by vaccines has shown comparative immunogenicity profiles of various vaccines in clinical phases. Recent reports confirmed that some currently available vaccines provide partial to complete protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. If more mutated variants emerge, current vaccines might need to be updated accordingly either by developing vaccines matching the circulating strain or designing multivalent vaccines to extend the breadth.

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Title: Status Report on COVID-19 Vaccines Development
Authors: Arun Kumar
William E. Dowling
Raúl Gómez Román
Amol Chaudhari
Celine Gurry
Tung Thanh Le
Stig Tollefson
Carolyn E Clark
Valentina Bernasconi
Paul A Kristiansen
Publication date: 01-06-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccination
SARS-CoV-2
Published in: Current Infectious Disease Reports / Issue 6/2021
Print ISSN: 1523-3847
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3146
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-021-00752-3

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At a glance: The STEP trials