Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports 1/2016

01-02-2016 | HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment (AL Landay, Section Editor)

Partners in Crime: The Role of CMV in Immune Dysregulation and Clinical Outcome During HIV Infection

Authors: Michael L. Freeman, Michael M. Lederman, Sara Gianella

Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

In the current era of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are living longer and healthier lives. Nevertheless, HIV-infected persons are at greater risk for age-related disorders, which have been linked to residual immune dysfunction and inflammation. HIV-infected individuals are almost universally co-infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and both viruses are associated with inflammation-related morbidities. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the relationship between CMV and aging-related morbidities emerging during chronic HIV infection is warranted. Here, we review the literature on how CMV co-infection affects HIV infection and host immunity and we discuss the gaps in our knowledge that need elucidation.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Palella Jr FJ, Baker RK, Moorman AC, et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:27–34.PubMedCrossRef Palella Jr FJ, Baker RK, Moorman AC, et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:27–34.PubMedCrossRef
2.
3.
4.
go back to reference Unemori P, Leslie KS, Hunt PW, et al. Immunosenescence is associated with presence of Kaposi’s sarcoma in antiretroviral treated HIV infection. AIDS. 2013;27:1735–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Unemori P, Leslie KS, Hunt PW, et al. Immunosenescence is associated with presence of Kaposi’s sarcoma in antiretroviral treated HIV infection. AIDS. 2013;27:1735–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Appay V, Fastenackels S, Katlama C, et al. Old age and anti-cytomegalovirus immunity are associated with altered T-cell reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2011;25:1813–22.PubMedCrossRef Appay V, Fastenackels S, Katlama C, et al. Old age and anti-cytomegalovirus immunity are associated with altered T-cell reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2011;25:1813–22.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Durier N, Ananworanich J, Apornpong T, et al. Cytomegalovirus viremia in Thai HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: prevalence and associated mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:147–55.PubMedCrossRef Durier N, Ananworanich J, Apornpong T, et al. Cytomegalovirus viremia in Thai HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: prevalence and associated mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:147–55.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Fishman JA. Overview: cytomegalovirus and the herpesviruses in transplantation. Am J Trans Off J Am Soc Trans Am Soc Trans Surg. 2013;13:1–8.CrossRef Fishman JA. Overview: cytomegalovirus and the herpesviruses in transplantation. Am J Trans Off J Am Soc Trans Am Soc Trans Surg. 2013;13:1–8.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Richman DD. Clinical Virology. ASM Press; 3 edition (January 1, 2009). 1408 pp. Richman DD. Clinical Virology. ASM Press; 3 edition (January 1, 2009). 1408 pp.
9.
go back to reference Gianella S, Massanella M, Wertheim JO, Smith DM. The sordid affair between human herpesvirus and human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(6):845–52. Gianella S, Massanella M, Wertheim JO, Smith DM. The sordid affair between human herpesvirus and human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(6):845–52.
10.
go back to reference Sinclair J, Sissons P. Latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol. 2006;87:1763–79.PubMedCrossRef Sinclair J, Sissons P. Latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol. 2006;87:1763–79.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Barnabas RV, Celum C. Infectious co-factors in HIV-1 transmission herpes simplex virus type-2 and HIV-1: new insights and interventions. Curr HIV Res. 2012;10:228–37.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Barnabas RV, Celum C. Infectious co-factors in HIV-1 transmission herpes simplex virus type-2 and HIV-1: new insights and interventions. Curr HIV Res. 2012;10:228–37.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Gianella S, Morris SR, Anderson C, et al. Herpesviruses and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations influence the virologic and immunologic milieu of the male genital tract. AIDS. 2013;27:39–47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gianella S, Morris SR, Anderson C, et al. Herpesviruses and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations influence the virologic and immunologic milieu of the male genital tract. AIDS. 2013;27:39–47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Lisco A, Munawwar A, Introini A, et al. Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokine network. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:97–105.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lisco A, Munawwar A, Introini A, et al. Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokine network. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:97–105.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Gianella S, Scheffler K, Mehta SR, et al. Seminal shedding of CMV and HIV transmission among men who have sex with Men. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2015;12:7585–92.CrossRef Gianella S, Scheffler K, Mehta SR, et al. Seminal shedding of CMV and HIV transmission among men who have sex with Men. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2015;12:7585–92.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Mitchell C, Hitti J, Paul K, et al. Cervicovaginal shedding of HIV type 1 is related to genital tract inflammation independent of changes in vaginal microbiota. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2011;27:35–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mitchell C, Hitti J, Paul K, et al. Cervicovaginal shedding of HIV type 1 is related to genital tract inflammation independent of changes in vaginal microbiota. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2011;27:35–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Schoenfisch AL, Dollard SC, Amin M, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding is highly correlated with markers of immunosuppression in CMV-seropositive women. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60:768–74.PubMedCrossRef Schoenfisch AL, Dollard SC, Amin M, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding is highly correlated with markers of immunosuppression in CMV-seropositive women. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60:768–74.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Mostad SB, Kreiss JK, Ryncarz AJ, et al. Cervical shedding of cytomegalovirus in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women. J Med Virol. 1999;59:469–73.PubMedCrossRef Mostad SB, Kreiss JK, Ryncarz AJ, et al. Cervical shedding of cytomegalovirus in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women. J Med Virol. 1999;59:469–73.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Casper C, Krantz EM, Corey L, et al. Valganciclovir for suppression of human herpesvirus-8 replication: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:23–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Casper C, Krantz EM, Corey L, et al. Valganciclovir for suppression of human herpesvirus-8 replication: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:23–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hunt PW, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Valganciclovir reduces T cell activation in HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4+ T cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:1474–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hunt PW, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Valganciclovir reduces T cell activation in HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4+ T cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:1474–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Gianella S, Anderson CM, Vargas MV, et al. CMV DNA in semen and blood is associated with higher levels of proviral HIV DNA. J Infect Dis. 2012;207:898–902.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gianella S, Anderson CM, Vargas MV, et al. CMV DNA in semen and blood is associated with higher levels of proviral HIV DNA. J Infect Dis. 2012;207:898–902.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Gianella S, Anderson C, Var SR, et al. Detectable CMVin PBMC Is Associated with Slower HIV DNA Decay during Suppressive ART. 22th Conference on Retroviruses and opportunistic infections (CROI). Seattle, 2015. Under Review. Gianella S, Anderson C, Var SR, et al. Detectable CMVin PBMC Is Associated with Slower HIV DNA Decay during Suppressive ART. 22th Conference on Retroviruses and opportunistic infections (CROI). Seattle, 2015. Under Review.
22.
go back to reference Reitter A, Buxmann H, Haberl AE, et al. Incidence of CMV co-infection in HIV-positive women and their neonates in a tertiary referral centre: a cohort study. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015. doi:10.1007/s00430-015-0427-9. Reitter A, Buxmann H, Haberl AE, et al. Incidence of CMV co-infection in HIV-positive women and their neonates in a tertiary referral centre: a cohort study. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015. doi:10.​1007/​s00430-015-0427-9.
23.
go back to reference Sylwester AW, Mitchell BL, Edgar JB, et al. Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects. J Exp Med. 2005;202:673–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sylwester AW, Mitchell BL, Edgar JB, et al. Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects. J Exp Med. 2005;202:673–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Li H, Margolick JB, Bream JH, et al. Heterogeneity of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to cytomegalovirus in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:400–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li H, Margolick JB, Bream JH, et al. Heterogeneity of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to cytomegalovirus in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:400–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Stone SF, Price P, Khan N, Moss PA, French MA. HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy have high frequencies of CD8 T cells specific for Immediate Early protein-1 of cytomegalovirus. AIDS. 2005;19:555–62.PubMedCrossRef Stone SF, Price P, Khan N, Moss PA, French MA. HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy have high frequencies of CD8 T cells specific for Immediate Early protein-1 of cytomegalovirus. AIDS. 2005;19:555–62.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8886.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8886.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.•
go back to reference Stern-Ginossar N, Weisburd B, Michalski A, et al. Decoding human cytomegalovirus. Science. 2012;338:1088–93. The results of this study revealed an unanticipated complexity to the HCMV coding capacity and illustrate the role of regulated changes in transcript start sites in generating this complexity. PubMedCrossRef Stern-Ginossar N, Weisburd B, Michalski A, et al. Decoding human cytomegalovirus. Science. 2012;338:1088–93. The results of this study revealed an unanticipated complexity to the HCMV coding capacity and illustrate the role of regulated changes in transcript start sites in generating this complexity. PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Soderberg-Naucler C. Treatment of cytomegalovirus infections beyond acute disease to improve human health. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2014;12:211–22.PubMedCrossRef Soderberg-Naucler C. Treatment of cytomegalovirus infections beyond acute disease to improve human health. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2014;12:211–22.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Margolis L. War and peace between microbes: HIV-1 interactions with coinfecting viruses. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;6:403–8.PubMedCrossRef Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Margolis L. War and peace between microbes: HIV-1 interactions with coinfecting viruses. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;6:403–8.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Almeida GD, Porada CD, St Jeor S, Ascensao JL. Human cytomegalovirus alters interleukin-6 production by endothelial cells. Blood. 1994;83:370–6.PubMed Almeida GD, Porada CD, St Jeor S, Ascensao JL. Human cytomegalovirus alters interleukin-6 production by endothelial cells. Blood. 1994;83:370–6.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Suni MA, Ghanekar SA, Houck DW, et al. CD4(+)CD8(dim) T lymphocytes exhibit enhanced cytokine expression, proliferation and cytotoxic activity in response to HCMV and HIV-1 antigens. Eur J Immunol. 2001;31:2512–20.PubMedCrossRef Suni MA, Ghanekar SA, Houck DW, et al. CD4(+)CD8(dim) T lymphocytes exhibit enhanced cytokine expression, proliferation and cytotoxic activity in response to HCMV and HIV-1 antigens. Eur J Immunol. 2001;31:2512–20.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Iwamoto GK, Monick MM, Clark BD, Auron PE, Stinski MF, Hunninghake GW. Modulation of interleukin 1 beta gene expression by the immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirus. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:1853–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Iwamoto GK, Monick MM, Clark BD, Auron PE, Stinski MF, Hunninghake GW. Modulation of interleukin 1 beta gene expression by the immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirus. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:1853–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Saghafian-Hedengren S, Sohlberg E, Theorell J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus coinfection in children boosts cytomegalovirus-induced differentiation of natural killer cells. J Virol. 2013;87:13446–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Saghafian-Hedengren S, Sohlberg E, Theorell J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus coinfection in children boosts cytomegalovirus-induced differentiation of natural killer cells. J Virol. 2013;87:13446–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Fawaz LM, Sharif-Askari E, Menezes J. Up-regulation of NK cytotoxic activity via IL-15 induction by different viruses: a comparative study. J Immunol. 1999;163:4473–80.PubMed Fawaz LM, Sharif-Askari E, Menezes J. Up-regulation of NK cytotoxic activity via IL-15 induction by different viruses: a comparative study. J Immunol. 1999;163:4473–80.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Overwijk WW, Schluns KS. Functions of gammaC cytokines in immune homeostasis: current and potential clinical applications. Clin Immunol. 2009;132:153–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Overwijk WW, Schluns KS. Functions of gammaC cytokines in immune homeostasis: current and potential clinical applications. Clin Immunol. 2009;132:153–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Chang WL, Baumgarth N, Yu D, Barry PA. Human cytomegalovirus-encoded interleukin-10 homolog inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and alters their functionality. J Virol. 2004;78:8720–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chang WL, Baumgarth N, Yu D, Barry PA. Human cytomegalovirus-encoded interleukin-10 homolog inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and alters their functionality. J Virol. 2004;78:8720–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Kotenko SV, Saccani S, Izotova LS, Mirochnitchenko OV, Pestka S. Human cytomegalovirus harbors its own unique IL-10 homolog (cmvIL-10). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:1695–700.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kotenko SV, Saccani S, Izotova LS, Mirochnitchenko OV, Pestka S. Human cytomegalovirus harbors its own unique IL-10 homolog (cmvIL-10). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:1695–700.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Soderberg-Naucler C. Human cytomegalovirus persists in its host and attacks and avoids elimination by the immune system. Crit Rev Immunol. 2006;26:231–64.PubMedCrossRef Soderberg-Naucler C. Human cytomegalovirus persists in its host and attacks and avoids elimination by the immune system. Crit Rev Immunol. 2006;26:231–64.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Powers C, DeFilippis V, Malouli D, Fruh K. Cytomegalovirus immune evasion. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;325:333–59.PubMed Powers C, DeFilippis V, Malouli D, Fruh K. Cytomegalovirus immune evasion. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;325:333–59.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Dan J, Massanella M, Spina C, et al. Effect of cytomegalovirus and HIV transcription on CD57 and PD-1 T cell expression during suppressive ART. JAIDS. 2016. In press. Dan J, Massanella M, Spina C, et al. Effect of cytomegalovirus and HIV transcription on CD57 and PD-1 T cell expression during suppressive ART. JAIDS. 2016. In press.
41.
go back to reference Johnson DC, Hegde NR. Inhibition of the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway by human cytomegalovirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002;269:101–15.PubMed Johnson DC, Hegde NR. Inhibition of the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway by human cytomegalovirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002;269:101–15.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Shive CL, Mudd JC, Funderburg NT, et al. Inflammatory cytokines drive CD4+ T-cell cycling and impaired responsiveness to interleukin 7: implications for immune failure in HIV disease. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:619–29.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shive CL, Mudd JC, Funderburg NT, et al. Inflammatory cytokines drive CD4+ T-cell cycling and impaired responsiveness to interleukin 7: implications for immune failure in HIV disease. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:619–29.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Biancotto A, Grivel JC, Iglehart SJ, et al. Abnormal activation and cytokine spectra in lymph nodes of people chronically infected with HIV-1. Blood. 2007;109:4272–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Biancotto A, Grivel JC, Iglehart SJ, et al. Abnormal activation and cytokine spectra in lymph nodes of people chronically infected with HIV-1. Blood. 2007;109:4272–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
45.
go back to reference Torti N, Walton SM, Brocker T, Rulicke T, Oxenius A. Non-hematopoietic cells in lymph nodes drive memory CD8 T cell inflation during murine cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002313.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Torti N, Walton SM, Brocker T, Rulicke T, Oxenius A. Non-hematopoietic cells in lymph nodes drive memory CD8 T cell inflation during murine cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002313.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Lang A, Brien JD, Nikolich-Zugich J. Inflation and long-term maintenance of CD8 T cells responding to a latent herpesvirus depend upon establishment of latency and presence of viral antigens. J Immunol. 2009;183:8077–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lang A, Brien JD, Nikolich-Zugich J. Inflation and long-term maintenance of CD8 T cells responding to a latent herpesvirus depend upon establishment of latency and presence of viral antigens. J Immunol. 2009;183:8077–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Remmerswaal EB, Klarenbeek PL, Alves NL, et al. Clonal evolution of CD8+ T cell responses against latent viruses: relationship among phenotype, localization, and function. J Virol. 2015;89:568–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Remmerswaal EB, Klarenbeek PL, Alves NL, et al. Clonal evolution of CD8+ T cell responses against latent viruses: relationship among phenotype, localization, and function. J Virol. 2015;89:568–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Fletcher JM, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Dunne PJ, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy carriers are continuously driven to replicative exhaustion. J Immunol. 2005;175:8218–25.PubMedCrossRef Fletcher JM, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Dunne PJ, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy carriers are continuously driven to replicative exhaustion. J Immunol. 2005;175:8218–25.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Almanzar G, Schwaiger S, Jenewein B, et al. Long-term cytomegalovirus infection leads to significant changes in the composition of the CD8+ T-cell repertoire, which may be the basis for an imbalance in the cytokine production profile in elderly persons. J Virol. 2005;79:3675–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Almanzar G, Schwaiger S, Jenewein B, et al. Long-term cytomegalovirus infection leads to significant changes in the composition of the CD8+ T-cell repertoire, which may be the basis for an imbalance in the cytokine production profile in elderly persons. J Virol. 2005;79:3675–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Cicin-Sain L, Brien JD, Uhrlaub JL, Drabig A, Marandu TF, Nikolich-Zugich J. Cytomegalovirus infection impairs immune responses and accentuates T-cell pool changes observed in mice with aging. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1002849.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cicin-Sain L, Brien JD, Uhrlaub JL, Drabig A, Marandu TF, Nikolich-Zugich J. Cytomegalovirus infection impairs immune responses and accentuates T-cell pool changes observed in mice with aging. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1002849.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Mekker A, Tchang VS, Haeberli L, Oxenius A, Trkola A, Karrer U. Immune senescence: relative contributions of age and cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1002850.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mekker A, Tchang VS, Haeberli L, Oxenius A, Trkola A, Karrer U. Immune senescence: relative contributions of age and cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1002850.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Smithey MJ, Li G, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Nikolich-Zugich J. Lifelong persistent viral infection alters the naive T cell pool, impairing CD8 T cell immunity in late life. J Immunol. 2012;189:5356–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Smithey MJ, Li G, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Nikolich-Zugich J. Lifelong persistent viral infection alters the naive T cell pool, impairing CD8 T cell immunity in late life. J Immunol. 2012;189:5356–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
go back to reference van Leeuwen EM, Koning JJ, Remmerswaal EB, van Baarle D, van Lier RA, ten Berge IJ. Differential usage of cellular niches by cytomegalovirus versus EBV- and influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 2006;177:4998–5005.PubMedCrossRef van Leeuwen EM, Koning JJ, Remmerswaal EB, van Baarle D, van Lier RA, ten Berge IJ. Differential usage of cellular niches by cytomegalovirus versus EBV- and influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 2006;177:4998–5005.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Remmerswaal EB, Havenith SH, Idu MM, et al. Human virus-specific effector-type T cells accumulate in blood but not in lymph nodes. Blood. 2012;119:1702–12.PubMedCrossRef Remmerswaal EB, Havenith SH, Idu MM, et al. Human virus-specific effector-type T cells accumulate in blood but not in lymph nodes. Blood. 2012;119:1702–12.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Arens R, Remmerswaal EB, Bosch JA, van Lier RA. 5(th) International Workshop on CMV and Immunosenescence—a shadow of cytomegalovirus infection on immunological memory. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45:954–7.PubMedCrossRef Arens R, Remmerswaal EB, Bosch JA, van Lier RA. 5(th) International Workshop on CMV and Immunosenescence—a shadow of cytomegalovirus infection on immunological memory. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45:954–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Sauce D, Larsen M, Fastenackels S, et al. Evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:3070–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sauce D, Larsen M, Fastenackels S, et al. Evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:3070–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Harris JM, Hazenberg MD, Poulin JF, et al. Multiparameter evaluation of human thymic function: interpretations and caveats. Clin Immunol. 2005;115:138–46.PubMedCrossRef Harris JM, Hazenberg MD, Poulin JF, et al. Multiparameter evaluation of human thymic function: interpretations and caveats. Clin Immunol. 2005;115:138–46.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Lichtner M, Cicconi P, Vita S, et al. Cytomegalovirus coinfection is associated with an increased risk of severe non-AIDS-defining events in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:178–86.PubMedCrossRef Lichtner M, Cicconi P, Vita S, et al. Cytomegalovirus coinfection is associated with an increased risk of severe non-AIDS-defining events in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:178–86.PubMedCrossRef
60.•
go back to reference Brodin P, Jojic V, Gao T, et al. Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell. 2015;160:37–47. By studying twins, this study found that non-heritable influences (inclusive CMV serostatus) explain much of the variation in immune measurements. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brodin P, Jojic V, Gao T, et al. Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell. 2015;160:37–47. By studying twins, this study found that non-heritable influences (inclusive CMV serostatus) explain much of the variation in immune measurements. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Olsson J, Wikby A, Johansson B, Lofgren S, Nilsson BO, Ferguson FG. Age-related change in peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subpopulations and cytomegalovirus infection in the very old: the Swedish longitudinal OCTO immune study. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000;121:187–201.PubMedCrossRef Olsson J, Wikby A, Johansson B, Lofgren S, Nilsson BO, Ferguson FG. Age-related change in peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subpopulations and cytomegalovirus infection in the very old: the Swedish longitudinal OCTO immune study. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000;121:187–201.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Strindhall J, Nilsson BO, Lofgren S, et al. No immune risk profile among individuals who reach 100 years of age: findings from the Swedish NONA immune longitudinal study. Exp Gerontol. 2007;42:753–61.PubMedCrossRef Strindhall J, Nilsson BO, Lofgren S, et al. No immune risk profile among individuals who reach 100 years of age: findings from the Swedish NONA immune longitudinal study. Exp Gerontol. 2007;42:753–61.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Dowd JB, Aiello AE, Alley DE. Socioeconomic disparities in the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the US population: NHANES III. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137:58–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dowd JB, Aiello AE, Alley DE. Socioeconomic disparities in the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the US population: NHANES III. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137:58–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Simanek AM, Dowd JB, Pawelec G, Melzer D, Dutta A, Aiello AE. Seropositivity to cytomegalovirus, inflammation, all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality in the United States. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16103.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Simanek AM, Dowd JB, Pawelec G, Melzer D, Dutta A, Aiello AE. Seropositivity to cytomegalovirus, inflammation, all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality in the United States. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16103.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Strandberg TE, Pitkala KH, Tilvis RS. Cytomegalovirus antibody level and mortality among community-dwelling older adults with stable cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2009;301:380–2.PubMedCrossRef Strandberg TE, Pitkala KH, Tilvis RS. Cytomegalovirus antibody level and mortality among community-dwelling older adults with stable cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2009;301:380–2.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Parrinello CM, Sinclair E, Landay AL, et al. Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G antibody is associated with subclinical carotid artery disease among HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:1788–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Parrinello CM, Sinclair E, Landay AL, et al. Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G antibody is associated with subclinical carotid artery disease among HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:1788–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Gianella S, Morris SR, Tatro E, et al. Virologic Correlates of Anti-CMV IgG Levels in HIV-1 Infected Men. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(3):452–6. Gianella S, Morris SR, Tatro E, et al. Virologic Correlates of Anti-CMV IgG Levels in HIV-1 Infected Men. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(3):452–6.
68.
go back to reference Hadrup SR, Strindhall J, Kollgaard T, et al. Longitudinal studies of clonally expanded CD8 T cells reveal a repertoire shrinkage predicting mortality and an increased number of dysfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in the very elderly. J Immunol. 2006;176:2645–53.PubMedCrossRef Hadrup SR, Strindhall J, Kollgaard T, et al. Longitudinal studies of clonally expanded CD8 T cells reveal a repertoire shrinkage predicting mortality and an increased number of dysfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in the very elderly. J Immunol. 2006;176:2645–53.PubMedCrossRef
69.•
go back to reference Furman D, Jojic V, Sharma S, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection enhances the immune response to influenza. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:281ra43. This study found that latent CMV infection could be beneficial in that it enhanced the development of an influenza vaccine-specific antibody response in young, but not aged, individuals. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Furman D, Jojic V, Sharma S, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection enhances the immune response to influenza. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:281ra43. This study found that latent CMV infection could be beneficial in that it enhanced the development of an influenza vaccine-specific antibody response in young, but not aged, individuals. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Skolnik PR, Kosloff BR, Hirsch MS. Bidirectional interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:508–14.PubMedCrossRef Skolnik PR, Kosloff BR, Hirsch MS. Bidirectional interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:508–14.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Yuan R, Bohan C, Shiao FC, Robinson R, Kaplan HJ, Srinivasan A. Activation of HIV LTR-directed expression: analysis with pseudorabies virus immediate early gene. Virology. 1989;172:92–9.PubMedCrossRef Yuan R, Bohan C, Shiao FC, Robinson R, Kaplan HJ, Srinivasan A. Activation of HIV LTR-directed expression: analysis with pseudorabies virus immediate early gene. Virology. 1989;172:92–9.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Johnson EL, Howard CL, Thurman J, Pontiff K, Johnson ES, Chakraborty R. CMV upregulates expression of CCR5 in central memory TCM cord blood mononuclear cells which may facilitate in utero HIV-1 transmission. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(2):187–96. Johnson EL, Howard CL, Thurman J, Pontiff K, Johnson ES, Chakraborty R. CMV upregulates expression of CCR5 in central memory TCM cord blood mononuclear cells which may facilitate in utero HIV-1 transmission. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(2):187–96.
74.
75.
go back to reference Gianella S, Massanella M, Richman DD, et al. Cytomegalovirus replication in semen is associated with higher levels of proviral HIV DNA and CD4+ T cell activation during antiretroviral treatment. J Virol. 2014;88:7818–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gianella S, Massanella M, Richman DD, et al. Cytomegalovirus replication in semen is associated with higher levels of proviral HIV DNA and CD4+ T cell activation during antiretroviral treatment. J Virol. 2014;88:7818–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
77.
go back to reference Gianella S, Strain MC, Rought SE, et al. Associations between virologic and immunologic dynamics in blood and in the male genital tract. J Virol. 2012;86:1307–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gianella S, Strain MC, Rought SE, et al. Associations between virologic and immunologic dynamics in blood and in the male genital tract. J Virol. 2012;86:1307–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Kim HN, Wang J, Hughes J, et al. Effect of acyclovir on HIV-1 set point among herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons during early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:734–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim HN, Wang J, Hughes J, et al. Effect of acyclovir on HIV-1 set point among herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons during early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:734–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Gianella S, Smith DM, Vargas MV, et al. Shedding of HIV and human herpesviruses in the semen of effectively treated HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:441–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gianella S, Smith DM, Vargas MV, et al. Shedding of HIV and human herpesviruses in the semen of effectively treated HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:441–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Webster A, Lee CA, Cook DG, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and progression towards AIDS in haemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Lancet. 1989;2:63–6.PubMedCrossRef Webster A, Lee CA, Cook DG, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and progression towards AIDS in haemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Lancet. 1989;2:63–6.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Detels R, Leach CT, Hennessey K, et al. Persistent cytomegalovirus infection of semen increases risk of AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:766–8.PubMedCrossRef Detels R, Leach CT, Hennessey K, et al. Persistent cytomegalovirus infection of semen increases risk of AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:766–8.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Deayton J, Mocroft A, Wilson P, Emery VC, Johnson MA, Griffiths PD. Loss of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia following highly active antiretroviral therapy in the absence of specific anti-CMV therapy. AIDS. 1999;13:1203–6.PubMedCrossRef Deayton J, Mocroft A, Wilson P, Emery VC, Johnson MA, Griffiths PD. Loss of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia following highly active antiretroviral therapy in the absence of specific anti-CMV therapy. AIDS. 1999;13:1203–6.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Freeman ML, Mudd JC, Shive CL, et al. M CD8 T cell expansion and inflammation linked to CMV co-infection in ART-treated HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(3):392–6. Freeman ML, Mudd JC, Shive CL, et al. M CD8 T cell expansion and inflammation linked to CMV co-infection in ART-treated HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(3):392–6.
84.
go back to reference Barrett L, Stapleton SN, Fudge NJ, Grant MD. Immune resilience in HIV-infected individuals seronegative for cytomegalovirus. AIDS. 2014;28:2045–9.PubMedCrossRef Barrett L, Stapleton SN, Fudge NJ, Grant MD. Immune resilience in HIV-infected individuals seronegative for cytomegalovirus. AIDS. 2014;28:2045–9.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Serrano-Villar S, Sainz T, Lee SA, et al. HIV-infected individuals with low CD4/CD8 ratio despite effective antiretroviral therapy exhibit altered T cell subsets, heightened CD8+ T cell activation, and increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004078.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Serrano-Villar S, Sainz T, Lee SA, et al. HIV-infected individuals with low CD4/CD8 ratio despite effective antiretroviral therapy exhibit altered T cell subsets, heightened CD8+ T cell activation, and increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004078.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
87.
88.
go back to reference Khan N, Shariff N, Cobbold M, et al. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity drives the CD8 T cell repertoire toward greater clonality in healthy elderly individuals. J Immunol. 2002;169:1984–92.PubMedCrossRef Khan N, Shariff N, Cobbold M, et al. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity drives the CD8 T cell repertoire toward greater clonality in healthy elderly individuals. J Immunol. 2002;169:1984–92.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Khan N, Cobbold M, Cummerson J, Moss PA. Persistent viral infection in humans can drive high frequency low-affinity T-cell expansions. Immunology. 2010;131:537–48.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Khan N, Cobbold M, Cummerson J, Moss PA. Persistent viral infection in humans can drive high frequency low-affinity T-cell expansions. Immunology. 2010;131:537–48.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Ouyang Q, Wagner WM, Zheng W, Wikby A, Remarque EJ, Pawelec G. Dysfunctional CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells accumulate in the elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2004;39:607–13.PubMedCrossRef Ouyang Q, Wagner WM, Zheng W, Wikby A, Remarque EJ, Pawelec G. Dysfunctional CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells accumulate in the elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2004;39:607–13.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Chidrawar S, Khan N, Wei W, et al. Cytomegalovirus-seropositivity has a profound influence on the magnitude of major lymphoid subsets within healthy individuals. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;155:423–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chidrawar S, Khan N, Wei W, et al. Cytomegalovirus-seropositivity has a profound influence on the magnitude of major lymphoid subsets within healthy individuals. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;155:423–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
93.
go back to reference Letendre S, Bharti A, Perez-Valero I, et al. Higher Anti-CMV IgG Concentrations are Associated with Worse Neurocognitive Functioning in People Living with HIV Disease. Under review 2013. Letendre S, Bharti A, Perez-Valero I, et al. Higher Anti-CMV IgG Concentrations are Associated with Worse Neurocognitive Functioning in People Living with HIV Disease. Under review 2013.
94.
go back to reference Bruning JH, Persoons M, Lemstrom K, Stals FS, De Clercq E, Bruggeman CA. Enhancement of transplantation-associated atherosclerosis by CMV, which can be prevented by antiviral therapy in the form of HPMPC. Trans Int Off J Eur Soc Organ Trans. 1994;7 Suppl 1:S365–70. Bruning JH, Persoons M, Lemstrom K, Stals FS, De Clercq E, Bruggeman CA. Enhancement of transplantation-associated atherosclerosis by CMV, which can be prevented by antiviral therapy in the form of HPMPC. Trans Int Off J Eur Soc Organ Trans. 1994;7 Suppl 1:S365–70.
95.
go back to reference Watkins RR, Lemonovich TL, Razonable RR. Immune response to CMV in solid organ transplant recipients: current concepts and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2012;8:383–93.PubMedCrossRef Watkins RR, Lemonovich TL, Razonable RR. Immune response to CMV in solid organ transplant recipients: current concepts and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2012;8:383–93.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Sinclair E, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in HIV patients is associated with increased cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell responses. AIDS. 2006;20:2275–83.PubMedCrossRef Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Sinclair E, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in HIV patients is associated with increased cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell responses. AIDS. 2006;20:2275–83.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Barrett L, Fowke KR, Grant MD. Cytomegalovirus, aging, and HIV: a perfect storm. AIDS Rev. 2012;14:159–67.PubMed Barrett L, Fowke KR, Grant MD. Cytomegalovirus, aging, and HIV: a perfect storm. AIDS Rev. 2012;14:159–67.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Bolovan-Fritts CA, Spector SA. Endothelial damage from cytomegalovirus-specific host immune response can be prevented by targeted disruption of fractalkine-CX3CR1 interaction. Blood. 2008;111:175–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bolovan-Fritts CA, Spector SA. Endothelial damage from cytomegalovirus-specific host immune response can be prevented by targeted disruption of fractalkine-CX3CR1 interaction. Blood. 2008;111:175–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Bolovan-Fritts CA, Trout RN, Spector SA. High T-cell response to human cytomegalovirus induces chemokine-mediated endothelial cell damage. Blood. 2007;110:1857–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bolovan-Fritts CA, Trout RN, Spector SA. High T-cell response to human cytomegalovirus induces chemokine-mediated endothelial cell damage. Blood. 2007;110:1857–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Combadiere B, Faure S, Autran B, Debre P, Combadiere C. The chemokine receptor CX3CR1 controls homing and anti-viral potencies of CD8 effector-memory T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2003;17:1279–90.PubMedCrossRef Combadiere B, Faure S, Autran B, Debre P, Combadiere C. The chemokine receptor CX3CR1 controls homing and anti-viral potencies of CD8 effector-memory T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2003;17:1279–90.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Marty FM, Winston DJ, Rowley SD, et al. CMX001 to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1227–36.PubMedCrossRef Marty FM, Winston DJ, Rowley SD, et al. CMX001 to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1227–36.PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Jones TR, Sun L. Human cytomegalovirus US2 destabilizes major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. J Virol. 1997;71:2970–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Jones TR, Sun L. Human cytomegalovirus US2 destabilizes major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. J Virol. 1997;71:2970–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
104.
go back to reference Jones TR, Wiertz EJ, Sun L, Fish KN, Nelson JA, Ploegh HL. Human cytomegalovirus US3 impairs transport and maturation of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:11327–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jones TR, Wiertz EJ, Sun L, Fish KN, Nelson JA, Ploegh HL. Human cytomegalovirus US3 impairs transport and maturation of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:11327–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Ahn K, Gruhler A, Galocha B, et al. The ER-luminal domain of the HCMV glycoprotein US6 inhibits peptide translocation by TAP. Immunity. 1997;6:613–21.PubMedCrossRef Ahn K, Gruhler A, Galocha B, et al. The ER-luminal domain of the HCMV glycoprotein US6 inhibits peptide translocation by TAP. Immunity. 1997;6:613–21.PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Lehner PJ, Karttunen JT, Wilkinson GW, Cresswell P. The human cytomegalovirus US6 glycoprotein inhibits transporter associated with antigen processing-dependent peptide translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:6904–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lehner PJ, Karttunen JT, Wilkinson GW, Cresswell P. The human cytomegalovirus US6 glycoprotein inhibits transporter associated with antigen processing-dependent peptide translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:6904–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Jones TR, Hanson LK, Sun L, Slater JS, Stenberg RM, Campbell AE. Multiple independent loci within the human cytomegalovirus unique short region down-regulate expression of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. J Virol. 1995;69:4830–41.PubMedPubMedCentral Jones TR, Hanson LK, Sun L, Slater JS, Stenberg RM, Campbell AE. Multiple independent loci within the human cytomegalovirus unique short region down-regulate expression of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. J Virol. 1995;69:4830–41.PubMedPubMedCentral
108.
go back to reference Park B, Spooner E, Houser BL, Strominger JL, Ploegh HL. The HCMV membrane glycoprotein US10 selectively targets HLA-G for degradation. J Exp Med. 2010;207:2033–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Park B, Spooner E, Houser BL, Strominger JL, Ploegh HL. The HCMV membrane glycoprotein US10 selectively targets HLA-G for degradation. J Exp Med. 2010;207:2033–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Tomazin R, Boname J, Hegde NR, et al. Cytomegalovirus US2 destroys two components of the MHC class II pathway, preventing recognition by CD4+ T cells. Nat Med. 1999;5:1039–43.PubMedCrossRef Tomazin R, Boname J, Hegde NR, et al. Cytomegalovirus US2 destroys two components of the MHC class II pathway, preventing recognition by CD4+ T cells. Nat Med. 1999;5:1039–43.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Hegde NR, Tomazin RA, Wisner TW, et al. Inhibition of HLA-DR assembly, transport, and loading by human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein US3: a novel mechanism for evading major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. J Virol. 2002;76:10929–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hegde NR, Tomazin RA, Wisner TW, et al. Inhibition of HLA-DR assembly, transport, and loading by human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein US3: a novel mechanism for evading major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. J Virol. 2002;76:10929–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Miller DM, Zhang Y, Rahill BM, Waldman WJ, Sedmak DD. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits IFN-alpha-stimulated antiviral and immunoregulatory responses by blocking multiple levels of IFN-alpha signal transduction. J Immunol. 1999;162:6107–13.PubMed Miller DM, Zhang Y, Rahill BM, Waldman WJ, Sedmak DD. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits IFN-alpha-stimulated antiviral and immunoregulatory responses by blocking multiple levels of IFN-alpha signal transduction. J Immunol. 1999;162:6107–13.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Paulus C, Krauss S, Nevels M. A human cytomegalovirus antagonist of type I IFN-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:3840–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Paulus C, Krauss S, Nevels M. A human cytomegalovirus antagonist of type I IFN-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:3840–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Taylor RT, Bresnahan WA. Human cytomegalovirus IE86 attenuates virus- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced NFkappaB-dependent gene expression. J Virol. 2006;80:10763–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Taylor RT, Bresnahan WA. Human cytomegalovirus IE86 attenuates virus- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced NFkappaB-dependent gene expression. J Virol. 2006;80:10763–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Beck S, Barrell BG. Human cytomegalovirus encodes a glycoprotein homologous to MHC class-I antigens. Nature. 1988;331:269–72.PubMedCrossRef Beck S, Barrell BG. Human cytomegalovirus encodes a glycoprotein homologous to MHC class-I antigens. Nature. 1988;331:269–72.PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Cosman D, Mullberg J, Sutherland CL, et al. ULBPs, novel MHC class I-related molecules, bind to CMV glycoprotein UL16 and stimulate NK cytotoxicity through the NKG2D receptor. Immunity. 2001;14:123–33.PubMedCrossRef Cosman D, Mullberg J, Sutherland CL, et al. ULBPs, novel MHC class I-related molecules, bind to CMV glycoprotein UL16 and stimulate NK cytotoxicity through the NKG2D receptor. Immunity. 2001;14:123–33.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Chalupny NJ, Rein-Weston A, Dosch S, Cosman D. Down-regulation of the NKG2D ligand MICA by the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein UL142. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;346:175–81.PubMedCrossRef Chalupny NJ, Rein-Weston A, Dosch S, Cosman D. Down-regulation of the NKG2D ligand MICA by the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein UL142. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;346:175–81.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Tomasec P, Wang EC, Davison AJ, et al. Downregulation of natural killer cell-activating ligand CD155 by human cytomegalovirus UL141. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:181–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tomasec P, Wang EC, Davison AJ, et al. Downregulation of natural killer cell-activating ligand CD155 by human cytomegalovirus UL141. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:181–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Arnon TI, Achdout H, Levi O, et al. Inhibition of the NKp30 activating receptor by pp 65 of human cytomegalovirus. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:515–23.PubMedCrossRef Arnon TI, Achdout H, Levi O, et al. Inhibition of the NKp30 activating receptor by pp 65 of human cytomegalovirus. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:515–23.PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Fielding CA, Aicheler R, Stanton RJ, et al. Two novel human cytomegalovirus NK cell evasion functions target MICA for lysosomal degradation. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004058.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fielding CA, Aicheler R, Stanton RJ, et al. Two novel human cytomegalovirus NK cell evasion functions target MICA for lysosomal degradation. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004058.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Wyrwicz LS, Rychlewski L. Cytomegalovirus immediate early gene UL37 encodes a novel MHC-like protein. Acta Biochim Pol. 2008;55:67–73.PubMed Wyrwicz LS, Rychlewski L. Cytomegalovirus immediate early gene UL37 encodes a novel MHC-like protein. Acta Biochim Pol. 2008;55:67–73.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Knoblach T, Grandel B, Seiler J, Nevels M, Paulus C. Human cytomegalovirus IE1 protein elicits a type II interferon-like host cell response that depends on activated STAT1 but not interferon-gamma. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002016.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Knoblach T, Grandel B, Seiler J, Nevels M, Paulus C. Human cytomegalovirus IE1 protein elicits a type II interferon-like host cell response that depends on activated STAT1 but not interferon-gamma. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002016.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
125.
go back to reference Neote K, DiGregorio D, Mak JY, Horuk R, Schall TJ. Molecular cloning, functional expression, and signaling characteristics of a C-C chemokine receptor. Cell. 1993;72:415–25.PubMedCrossRef Neote K, DiGregorio D, Mak JY, Horuk R, Schall TJ. Molecular cloning, functional expression, and signaling characteristics of a C-C chemokine receptor. Cell. 1993;72:415–25.PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Benedict CA, Butrovich KD, Lurain NS, et al. Cutting edge: a novel viral TNF receptor superfamily member in virulent strains of human cytomegalovirus. J Immunol. 1999;162:6967–70.PubMed Benedict CA, Butrovich KD, Lurain NS, et al. Cutting edge: a novel viral TNF receptor superfamily member in virulent strains of human cytomegalovirus. J Immunol. 1999;162:6967–70.PubMed
127.
128.
go back to reference Chiou SH, Yang YP, Lin JC, et al. The immediate early 2 protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) mediates the apoptotic control in HCMV retinitis through up-regulation of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein expression. J Immunol. 2006;177:6199–206.PubMedCrossRef Chiou SH, Yang YP, Lin JC, et al. The immediate early 2 protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) mediates the apoptotic control in HCMV retinitis through up-regulation of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein expression. J Immunol. 2006;177:6199–206.PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference Skaletskaya A, Bartle LM, Chittenden T, McCormick AL, Mocarski ES, Goldmacher VS. A cytomegalovirus-encoded inhibitor of apoptosis that suppresses caspase-8 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:7829–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Skaletskaya A, Bartle LM, Chittenden T, McCormick AL, Mocarski ES, Goldmacher VS. A cytomegalovirus-encoded inhibitor of apoptosis that suppresses caspase-8 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:7829–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Goldmacher VS, Bartle LM, Skaletskaya A, et al. A cytomegalovirus-encoded mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis structurally unrelated to Bcl-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:12536–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Goldmacher VS, Bartle LM, Skaletskaya A, et al. A cytomegalovirus-encoded mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis structurally unrelated to Bcl-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:12536–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Smith W, Tomasec P, Aicheler R, et al. Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein UL141 targets the TRAIL death receptors to thwart host innate antiviral defenses. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13:324–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Smith W, Tomasec P, Aicheler R, et al. Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein UL141 targets the TRAIL death receptors to thwart host innate antiviral defenses. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13:324–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Reeves MB, Davies AA, McSharry BP, Wilkinson GW, Sinclair JH. Complex I binding by a virally encoded RNA regulates mitochondria-induced cell death. Science. 2007;316:1345–8.PubMedCrossRef Reeves MB, Davies AA, McSharry BP, Wilkinson GW, Sinclair JH. Complex I binding by a virally encoded RNA regulates mitochondria-induced cell death. Science. 2007;316:1345–8.PubMedCrossRef
133.
go back to reference Iwamoto GK, Konicek SA. Cytomegalovirus immediate early genes upregulate interleukin-6 gene expression. J Investig Med. 1997;45:175–82.PubMed Iwamoto GK, Konicek SA. Cytomegalovirus immediate early genes upregulate interleukin-6 gene expression. J Investig Med. 1997;45:175–82.PubMed
134.
go back to reference Smith PD, Saini SS, Raffeld M, Manischewitz JF, Wahl SM. Cytomegalovirus induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human monocytes and mucosal macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:1642–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Smith PD, Saini SS, Raffeld M, Manischewitz JF, Wahl SM. Cytomegalovirus induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human monocytes and mucosal macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:1642–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Partners in Crime: The Role of CMV in Immune Dysregulation and Clinical Outcome During HIV Infection
Authors
Michael L. Freeman
Michael M. Lederman
Sara Gianella
Publication date
01-02-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-016-0297-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Current HIV/AIDS Reports 1/2016 Go to the issue

HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment (AL Landay, Section Editor)

Post-Treatment Controllers: Role in HIV “Cure” Research

HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment (AL Landay, Section Editor)

Recent Insights Into Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Among HIV-Infected Adults

HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment (AL Landay, Section Editor)

Novel Imaging Methods for Analysis of Tissue Resident Cells in HIV/SIV

The Science of Prevention (JD Stekler and J Baeten, Section Editors)

Modeling and Cost-Effectiveness in HIV Prevention

HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment (AL Landay, Section Editor)

Friend or Foe: Innate Sensing of HIV in the Female Reproductive Tract

HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment (AL Landay, Section Editor)

Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine