Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current HIV/AIDS Reports
Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports 3/2012

01-09-2012 | Metabolic Complications and Comorbidity (JM Kilby, Section Editor)

Renal Dysfunction in the Setting of HIV/AIDS

Authors: Jose M. Miro, Federico Cofan, Joan C. Trullas, Christian Manzardo, Carlos Cervera, Montserrat Tuset, Federico Oppenheimer, Mercedes Brunet, Asuncion Moreno, Josep M. Campistol, Jose M. Gatell

Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Issue 3/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Antiretroviral therapy has been immensely successful in reducing the incidence of opportunistic infections and death after HIV infection. This has resulted in heightened interest in noninfectious comorbidities including kidney disease. Although HIV-associated nephropathy, the most ominous kidney disease related to the direct effects of HIV, may be prevented and treated with antiretrovirals, kidney disease remains an important issue in this population. In addition to the common risk factors for kidney disease of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, HIV-infected individuals have a high prevalence of other risk factors, including hepatitis C and exposure to antiretrovirals and other medications. Therefore, the differential diagnosis is vast. Early identification (through efficient screening) and prompt treatment of kidney disease in HIV-infected individuals are critical to lead to better outcomes. This review focuses on clinical and epidemiological issues, treatment strategies (including dialysis and kidney transplantation), and recent advances among kidney disease in the HIV population.
Literature
1.
2.
3.
Bohmart A, Burns G. Renal disease in an urban HIV population in the era prior and following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Natl Med Assoc. 2011;103:513–7.PubMed
4.
Mocroft A, Reiss P, Gasiorowski J, EuroSIDA Study Group, et al. Serious fatal and nonfatal non-AIDS-defining illnesses in Europe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:262–70.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Brennan A, Evans D, Maskew M, et al. Relationship between renal dysfunction, nephrotoxicity and death among HIV adults on tenofovir. AIDS. 2011;25:1603–9.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, et al. Microalbuminuria associated with indicators of inflammatory activity in an HIV-positive population. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:3130–7.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Szczech L, Menezes P, Byrd Quinlivan E, et al. Microalbuminuria predicts overt proteinuria among patients with HIV infection. HIV Med. 2010;11:419–26.PubMed
8.
Szczech L, Grunfeld C, Scherzer R, et al. Microalbuminuria in HIV infection. AIDS. 2007;21:1003–9.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Overton E, Nurutdinova D, Freeman J, et al. Factors associated with renal dysfunction within an urban HIV-infected cohort in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2009;10:343–50.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Ando M, Yanagisawa N, Ajisawa A, et al. Urinary albumin excretion within the normal range is an independent risk for near-term development of kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:3923–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Choi A, Li Y, Parikh C, et al. Long-term clinical consequences of acute kidney injury in the HIV-infected. Kidney Int. 2010; 478–85.
12.
Lopes JA, Melo MJ, Viegas A, et al. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized HIV-infected patients: a cohort analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:3888–94.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Flandre P, Pugliese P, Cuzin L, et al. Risk factors of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1700–7.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Tordato F, Cozzi Lepri A, Cicconi P, ICONA Foundation Study Group, et al. Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate in HIV-1-infected patients before and after combined antiretroviral therapy exposure. HIV Med. 2011;12:4–13.PubMedCrossRef
15.
• Mocroft A, Kirk O, Reiss P, et al. EuroSIDA Study Group. Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 2010;24:1667–78. A study from the EuroSIDA Study Group that assesses the prevalence of CKD in European HIV-infected patients and the impact of different antiretroviral drug regimens. PubMedCrossRef
16.
Déti E, Thiébaut R, Bonnet F, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with renal impairment in HIV-infected patients, ANRS C03 Aquitaine Cohort, France. HIV Med. 2010;11:308–17.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Campbell L, Ibrahim F, Fisher M, et al. Spectrum of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med. 2009;10:329–36.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Di Biagio A, Rosso R, Vitale F, et al. Risk factors for chronic kidney disease among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a European case control study. Clin Nephrol. 2011;75:518–23.PubMed
19.
Guaraldi G, Orlando G, Zona S, et al. Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1120–6.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Rawlings MK, Klein J, Klingler EP, et al. Impact of comorbidities and drug therapy on development of renal impairment in a predominantly African American and Hispanic HIV clinic population. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2011;3:1–8.
21.
Choi A, Li Y, Deeks S, et al. Association between kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular events in HIV-infected persons. Circulation. 2010;121:651–8.PubMedCrossRef
22.
George E, Lucas G, Nadkarni G, et al. Kidney function and the risk of cardiovascular events in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2010;24:387–94.PubMedCrossRef
23.
• Trullas JC, Mocroft A, Cofan F, et al. EuroSIDA Investigators. Dialysis and renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients: a European survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:582–9. The first study that evaluates the prevalence and characteristics of ESRD patients (including patients on dialysis and renal transplant recipients) from the EuroSIDA Cohort. PubMedCrossRef
24.
Rodriguez RA, Mendelson M, O’Hare AM, et al. Determinants of survival among HIV-infected chronic dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:1307–13.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Vigneau C, Guiard-Schmid JB, Tourret J, et al. The clinical characteristics of HIVinfected patients receiving dialysis in France between 1997 and 2002. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1509–14.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Tourret J, Tostivint I, Tezenas du Montcel S, et al. Outcome and prognosis factors in HIV-infected hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1241–7.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Trullàs JC, Barril G, Cofan F, The Spanish HIV, Infection in Dialysis Study Group, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of HIV type 1-infected patients receiving dialysis in Spain: results of a Spanish survey in 2006: GESIDA 48/05 study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008;24:1229–35.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Jotwani V, Li Y, Grunfeld C, et al. Risk Factors for ESRD in HIV-Infected Individuals: Traditional and HIV-Related Factors. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59:628–35.
29.
George E, Nadkarni GN, Estrella MM, et al. The impact of hepatitis C coinfection on kidney disease related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): a biopsy study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011;90:289–95.
30.
Fine DM, Wasser WG, Estrella MM, et al. APOL1 risk variants predict histopathology and progression to ESRD in HIV-related kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:343–50.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Ramsuran D, Bhimma R, Ramdial PK, et al. The spectrum of HIV-related nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:821–7.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Chen P, Chen BK, Mosoian A, et al. Virological synapses allow HIV-1 uptake and gene expression in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:496–507.PubMedCrossRef
33.
• Kopp JB, Nelson GW, Sampath K, et al. APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:2129–37. Excellent study that evaluates APOL1 genotypes in different populations at risk for developing HIVAN. Genetic testing for APOL1 should ideally be included in the clinical practice for care of HIV-infected patients. PubMedCrossRef
34.
Medapalli RK, He JC, Klotman PE. HIV-associated nephropathy: pathogenesis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:306–11.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Papeta N, Sterken R, Kiryluk K, et al. The molecular pathogenesis of HIV-1 associated nephropathy: recent advances. J Mol Med (Berl). 2011;89:429–36.CrossRef
36.
D’Agati VD. Pathophysiology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: new developments. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2012;21(3):243–50.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Salhan D, Sagar A, Kumar D, et al. HIV-associated nephropathy: role of AT2R. Cell Signal. 2012;24:734–41.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Salhan D, Pathak S, Husain M, et al. HIV gene expression deactivates redox-sensitive stress response program in mouse tubular cells both in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012;302:F129–40.PubMedCrossRef
39.
• Bigé N, Lanternier F, Viard JP et al. Presentation of HIV-associated nephropathy and outcome in HAART-treated patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:1114–21. Clinical study that analyzes the outcome of HIV-infected patients with HIVAN. It is important to remark that despite antiretroviral therapy, HIVAN led to ESRD in more than half of the cases. It is crucial to have early recognition of this condition. PubMedCrossRef
40.
Atta M. Diagnosis and natural history of HIV-associated nephropathy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17:52–8.PubMedCrossRef
41.
42.
Izzedine H, Harris M, Perazella M. The nephrotoxic effects of HAART. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5:563–73.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Kalyesubula R, Perazella MA. Nephrotoxicity of HAART. AIDS Res Treat. 2011;2011:562790.PubMed
44.
Rockwood N, Mandalia S, Bower M, et al. Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir exposure is associated with an increased rate of renal stones compared with efavirenz, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir. AIDS. 2011;25:1671–3.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Ortiz R, DeJesus E, Khanlou H, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients at 48 weeks. AIDS. 2008;22:1389–97.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Viglietti D, Verine J, De Castro N, et al. Chronic interstitial nephritis in an HIV type-1-infected patient receiving ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. Antivir Ther. 2011;16:119–21.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Izzedine H, Valantin M, Daudon, et al. Efavirenz urolithiasis. AIDS. 1992;2007:21.
48.
Ahmad M. Abacavir-induced reversible Fanconi syndrome with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Postgrad Med. 2006;52:296–7.PubMed
49.
Bonnet F, Balestre E, Bernardin E, et al. Risk factors for hyperlactataemia in HIV-infected patients. Aquitaine Cohort, 1999–2003. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2005;16:63–7.PubMed
50.
Fernandez-Fernandez B, Montoya-Ferrer A, Sanz AB, et al. Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: 2011 update. AIDS Res Treat. 2011;2011:354908.PubMed
51.
Calza L, Trapani F, Tedeschi S, et al. Tenofovir-induced renal toxicity in 324 HIV-infected, antiretroviral-naïve patients. Scand J Infect Dis. 2011;43:656–60.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Hhall AM, Hendry BM, Nitsch D, et al. Tenofovir-associated kidney toxicity in HIV-infected patients: a review of the evidence. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:773–80.CrossRef
53.
Dauchy FA, Lawson-Ayayi S, de La Faille R, et al. Increased risk of abnormal proximal renal tubular function with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. Kidney Int. 2011;80:302–9.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Scherzer R, Estrella M, Li Y, et al. Association of tenofovir exposure with kidney disease risk in HIV infection. AIDS. 2012;26:867–75.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Vrouenraets SM, Wit FW, Fernandez Garcia E, et al. Randomized comparison of metabolic and renal effects of saquinavir/r or atazanavir/r plus tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. HIV Med. 2011;12:620–31.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Haverkort ME, van der Spek BW, Lips P, et al. Tenofovir-induced Fanconi syndrome and osteomalacia in two HIV-infected patients: role of intracellular tenofovir diphosphate levels and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis. 2011;43:821–6.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Kohler JJ, Hosseini SH. Subcellular renal proximal tubular mitochondrial toxicity with tenofovir treatment. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;755:267–77.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Labarga P, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L, et al. Kidney tubular abnormalities in the absence of impaired glomerular function in HIV patients treated with tenofovir. AIDS. 2009;23:689–96.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Post F, Moyle G, Stellbrink H, et al. Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:49–57.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Rodriguez-Novoa S, Labarga P, D’Avolio A, et al. Impairment in kidney tubular function in patients receiving tenofovir is associated with higher tenofovir plasma concentrations. AIDS. 2010;24:1064–6.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Kiser J, Carten M, Aquilante C, et al. The effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on the renal clearance of tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83:265–72.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Rodriguez-Novoa S, Labarga P, Soriano V, et al. Predictors of kidney tubular dysfunction in HIV-infected patients treated with tenofovir: a pharmacogenetic study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:e108–16.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Pushpakom SP, Liptrott NJ, Rodríguez-Nóvoa S, et al. Genetic variants of ABCC10, a novel tenofovir transporter, are associated with kidney tubular dysfunction. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:145–53.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Vescini F, Cozzi-Lepri A, Borderi M, et al. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and morbidity among HIV-infected patients enrolled in a large Italian cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58:163–72.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Dao CN, Patel P, Overton ET, et al. Low vitamin D among HIV-infected adults: prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D Levels in a cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:396–405.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Levey A, Stevens L, Schmid C, et al. CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604–12.PubMed
67.
Ibrahim F, Hamzah L, Jones R, et al; on behalf of the UK CHIC/CKD study group. Comparison of CKD-EPI and MDRD to estimate baseline renal function in HIV-positive patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:2291–7.
68.
Dabrowska MM, Mikula T, Stanczak W, et al. Comparative analysis of the new chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration and the modification of diet in renal disease equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in HIV type 1-infected subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27:809–13.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Weinert LS, Camargo EG, Soares AA, et al. Glomerular filtration rate estimation: performance of serum cystatin C-based prediction equations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011;49:1761–71.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Overton ET, Patel P, Mondy K, et al. Cystatin C and baseline renal function among HIV-infected Persons in the SUN study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012;28:148–55.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Estrella MM, Parekh RS, Astor BC, et al. Chronic kidney disease and estimates of kidney function in HIV infection: a cross-sectional study in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57:380–6.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Neuhaus J, Jacobs D, Baker J, et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1788–95.PubMedCrossRef
73.
• Gagneux-Brunon A, Mariat C, Delanaye P. Cystatin C in HIV-infected patients: promising but not yet ready for prime time. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:1305–13. In the last years, cystatin C is emerging as a promising biomarker for the evaluation of GFR. Data are insufficient to encourage the use of cystatin C or cystatin C–based equations to estimate GFR in the HIV-infected population. PubMedCrossRef
74.
Welz T, Childs K, Ibrahim F, et al. Efavirenz is associated with severe vitamin D deficiency and increased alkaline phosphatase. AIDS. 2010;24:1923–8.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Borderi M, Gibellini D, Vescini F, et al. Metabolic bone disease in HIV infection. AIDS. 2009;23:1297–310.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Estrella M, Fine D. Screening for chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17:26–35.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Wyatt C, Hoover D, Shi Q, et al. Microalbunimuria is associated with all-cause and AIDS mortality in women with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:73–7.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Sola-Del Valle DA, Mohan S, Cheng JT, et al. Urinary NGAL is a useful clinical biomarker of HIV-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:2387–90.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Hall A, Edwards S, Lapsley M, et al. Subclinical tubular injury in HIVinfected individuals on antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:1034–42.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Maggi P, Montinaro V, Bellacosa C, et al. Early markers of tubular dysfunction in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected patients treated with tenofovir versus abacavir. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2012;26:5–11.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Ahuja TS, Grady J, Khan S. Changing trends in the survival of dialysis patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1889–93.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Trullàs JC, Cofan F, Barril G, Spanish HIV Infection in Dialysis Study Group, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in HIV-1-infected patients on dialysis in the cART era: a GESIDA/SEN cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(4):276–83.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Sawinski D, Wyatt CM, Casagrande L, et al. Factors associated with failure to list HIV-positive kidney transplant candidates. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:1–5.CrossRef
84.
•• Stock PG, Barin B, Murphy B, et al. Outcomes of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2004–201. This is the most important experience with renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients. Patient and graft survival rates were high at 1 and 3 years, with no increases in complications associated with HIV infection. A higher rate of acute rejection was found in comparison with the general transplant population. PubMedCrossRef
85.
Martina MN, Cofan F, Suarez A, et al. Kidney transplantation and waiting list for renal transplantation for human immunodeficiency virus patients. Transplant Proc. 2011;43:2179–81.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Yoon SC, Hurst FP, Jindal RM, et al. Trends in renal transplantation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: an analysis of the United States renal data system. Transplantation. 2011;91:864–8.PubMedCrossRef
87.
•• Trullas JC, Cofan F, Tuset M, et al. Renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients: 2010 update. Kidney Int. 2011;79:825–42. Excellent review regarding different issues of renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients. The efficacy of different immunosuppressive regimens, a practical point of view of the antiretroviral management in patients with renal function impairment, and renal transplant recipients and the potential pharmacological interactions between antiretroviral and immunosuppressive drugs are some of the most important topics discussed. PubMedCrossRef
88.
Kumar MS, Sierka DR, Damask AM, et al. Safety and success of kidney transplantation and concomitant immunosuppression in HIV-positive patients. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1622–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Roland ME, Barin B, Carlson L, et al. HIV-infected liver and kidney transplant recipients: 1- and 3-year outcomes. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:355–65.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Gruber SA, Doshi MD, Cincotta E, et al. Preliminary experience with renal transplantation in HIV+ recipients: low acute rejection and infection rates. Transplantation. 2008;86:269–74.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Trullas JC, Cofan F, Cocchi S, et al. Effect of thymoglobulin induction on HIV-infected renal transplant recipients: differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007;23:1161–5.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Mazuecos A, Fernandez A, Andres A, et al. HIV infection and renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:1401–7.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Touzot M, Pillebout E, Matignon M, et al. Renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients: the Paris experience. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:2263–9.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Miro JM, Torre-Cisneros J, Moreno A, et al. GESIDA/GESITRA-SEIMC, PNS and ONT consensus document on solid organ transplant (SOT) in HIV-infected patients in Spain (March, 2005). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005;23:353–62.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Bhagani S, Sweny P, Brook G. Guidelines for kidney transplantation in patients with HIV disease. HIV Med. 2006;7:133–9.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Grossi P, Tumietto F, Costigliola P, et al. Liver transplantation in HIV-infected individuals: results of the Italian national program. Transplantation. 2006;82 Suppl 2:446.
97.
Gilliam BL, Heredia A, Devico A, et al. Rapamycin reduces CCR5 mRNA levels in macaques: potential applications in HIV-1 prevention and treatment. AIDS. 2007;21:2108–10.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Bosch RJ, Pollard RB, Landay A, et al. Continuing or adding IL-2 in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ACTG Protocol A5051, a rollover trial of ACTG Protocol A328). AIDS Res Ther. 2010;7:30.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Moscoso-Solorzano GT, Baltar JM, Seco M, et al. Single dose of rituximab plus plasmapheresis in an HIV patient with acute humoral kidney transplant rejection: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:3460–2.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Frassetto LA, Browne M, Cheng A, et al. Immunosuppressant pharmacokinetics and dosing modifications in HIV-1 infected liver and kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2816–20.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Carter JT, Melcher ML, Carlson LL, et al. Thymoglobulin-associated CD4+ T-cell depletion and infection risk in HIV-infected renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:753–60.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Muller E, Kahn D, Mendelson M. Renal transplantation between HIV-positive donors and recipients. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2336–7.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Cofan F, Trullas JC, Cervera C, et al. Are HIV-infected donors suitable for renal transplantation? Transplantation. 2011;91:e22–3.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Kalayjian RC, Franceschini N, Gupta SK, et al. Suppression of HIV-1 replication by antiretroviral therapy improves renal function in persons with low CD4 cell counts and chronic kidney disease. AIDS. 2008;22:481.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Atta MG, Gallant JE, Rahman MH, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2809–13.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Novak JE, Szczech LA. Management of HIV-infected patients with ESRD. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17:102–10.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Alsauskas ZC, Medapalli RK, Ross MJ. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy of kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12:691–704.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Ratnam KK, Feng X, Chuang PY, et al. Role of the retinoic acid receptor-α in HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2011;79:624–34.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zhong Y, Wu Y, Liu R, et al. Roflumilast enhances the renal protective effects of retinoids in an HIV-1 transgenic mouse model of rapidly progressive renal failure. Kidney Int. 2012;81:856–64.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, et al. Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1559–85.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Panel de expertos de Gesida y Plan Nacional sobre el Sida. National consensus document by GESIDA/National AIDS Plan on antiretroviral treatment in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (January 2011 update)]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29:209.e1–103
112.
113.
Thompson MA, Aberg JA, Cahn P, et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2010 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. 2010;304:321–33.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Tebas P, Bellos N, Lucasti C, et al. Enfuvirtide does not require dose adjustment in patients with chronic kidney failure: results of a pharmacokinetic study of enfuvirtide in HIV-1-infected patients with impaired kidney function. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:342–5.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Pulido F, Arribas JR, Delgado R, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy versus lopinavir-ritonavir and two nucleosides for maintenance therapy of HIV. AIDS. 2008;22:F1–9.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Arribas JR, Horban A, Gerstoft J, et al. The MONET trial: darunavir/ritonavir with or without nucleoside analogues, for patients with HIV RNA below 50 copies/ml. AIDS. 2010;24:223–30.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Alstrup K, Kangas I, Laursen AL, et al. Renal transplantation in an HIV-infected patient: pharmacokinetic aspects. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2011;45:216–9.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Moreno A, Barcena R, Quereda C, et al. Safe use of raltegravir and sirolimus in an HIV-infected patient with renal impairment after orthotopic liver transplantation. AIDS. 2008;22:547–8.PubMedCrossRef
119.
120.
121.
Hossain MM, Coull JJ, Drusano GL, et al. Dose proportional inhibition of HIV-1 replication by mycophenolic acid and synergistic inhibition in combination with abacavir, didanosine, and tenofovir. Antiviral Res. 2002;55:41–52.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Sankatsing SU, Hoggard PG, Huitema AD, et al. Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs and on intracellular nucleoside triphosphate pools. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43:823–32.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Lepist EI et al. 51st ICAAC, Sep 17–20, 2011, Chicago, IL. Abstract A1-1724.
Metadata
Title
Renal Dysfunction in the Setting of HIV/AIDS
Authors
Jose M. Miro
Federico Cofan
Joan C. Trullas
Christian Manzardo
Carlos Cervera
Montserrat Tuset
Federico Oppenheimer
Mercedes Brunet
Asuncion Moreno
Josep M. Campistol
Jose M. Gatell
Publication date
01-09-2012
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Issue 3/2012
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-012-0125-9

Other articles of this Issue 3/2012

Current HIV/AIDS Reports 3/2012 Go to the issue

Metabolic Complications and Comorbidity (JM Kilby, Section Editor)

Smoking and HIV: Prevalence, Health Risks, and Cessation Strategies

Co-infections (C Benson, Section Editor)

Management of the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Co-infections (C Benson, Section Editor)

Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in HIV: Shorter or Longer?

Metabolic Complications and Comorbidity (JM Kilby, Section Editor)

Osteoporosis and Bone Health in HIV

Co-infections (C Benson, Section Editor)

Hepatitis C and HIV Co-Infection: New Drugs in Practice and in the Pipeline

Co-infections (C Benson, Section Editor)

New Insights in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits