Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Treatment Options in Oncology
Published in: Current Treatment Options in Oncology 8/2015

01-08-2015 | Leukemia (JP Dutcher, Section Editor)

Secondary Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia: a Review of Our Evolving Understanding of a Complex Disease Process

Authors: Simon B. Zeichner, D.O., Martha L. Arellano, M.D.

Published in: Current Treatment Options in Oncology | Issue 8/2015

Login to get access

Opinion Statement

Secondary AML (s-AML) encompasses AML evolving from myelodysplasia (AML-MDS) and treatment-related AML (t-AML) after exposure to chemotherapy, radiation, or environmental toxins. S-AML has traditionally been considered a devastating disease, affecting a vulnerable population of heavily pretreated, older adults. A limited understanding of disease pathogenesis/heterogeneity and lack of effective treatments have hampered overall improvements in patient outcomes. With the recent understanding that the secondary nature of sAML does not by itself incur a poor prognosis and incorporation of cytogenetics and molecular genetics into patient care and the advancement of treatment, including improved supportive care, novel chemotherapeutics agents, and nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens as part of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), modest gains in survival and quality of life are beginning to be seen among patients with s-AML.
Literature
1.
Yamamoto JF, Goodman MT. Patterns of leukemia incidence in the United States by subtype and demographic characteristics, 1997–2002. Cancer Causes Control. 2008;19:379.PubMedCrossRef
2.
3.
Sant M, Allemani C, Tereanu C, et al. Incidence of hematologic malignancies in Europe by morphologic subtype: results of the HAEMACARE project. Blood. 2010;116:3724.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Smith A, Howell D, Patmore R, et al. Incidence of haematological malignancy by sub-type: a report from the Haematological Malignancy Research Network. Br J Cancer. 2011;105:1684.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.
Dores GM, Devesa SS, Curtis RE, et al. Acute leukemia incidence and patient survival among children and adults in the United States, 2001–2007. Blood. 2012;119:34.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
6.
Morton LM, Dores GM, Tucker MA, et al. Evolving risk of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia following cancer chemotherapy among adults in the United States, 1975–2008. Blood. 2013;121:2996.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
7.
Takeyama K, Seto M, Uike N, et al. Therapy-related leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: a large-scale Japanese study of clinical and cytogenetic features as well as prognostic factors. Int J Hematol. 2000;71:144.PubMed
8.
9.
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. (Eds). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, IARC Press, Lyon 2008.
10.
Meyers CA, Albitar M, Estey E. Cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer. 2005;104:788.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Weinberg OK, Seetharam M, Ren L, et al. Clinical characterization of acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes as defined by the 2008 WHO classification system. Blood. 2009;113:1906.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Rücker FG, Schlenk RF, Bullinger L, et al. TP53 alterations in acute myeloid leukemia with complex karyotype correlate with specific copy number alterations, monosomal karyotype, and dismal outcome. Blood. 2012;119(9):2114–21.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zeichner SB, Alghamdi S, Elhammady G, et al. Prognostic significance of TP53 mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in acute myeloid leukemia: a case series and literature review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(4):1603–9.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Boultwood J, Pellagatti A, Cattan H, et al. Gene expression profiling of CD34+ cells in patients with the 5q- syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2007;139(4):578.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Starczynowski DT, Kuchenbauer F, Argiropoulos B, et al. Identification of miR-145 and miR-146a as mediators of the 5q- syndrome phenotype. Nat Med. 2010;16(1):49.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Nikoloski G, Langemeijer SM, Kuiper RP, et al. Somatic mutations of the histone methyltransferase gene EZH2 in myelodysplastic syndromes. Nat Genet. 2010;42(8):665.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Marcucci G, Baldus CD, Ruppert AS, et al. Overexpression of the ETS-related gene, ERG, predicts a worse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9234.PubMedCrossRef
18.
19.
Liu TX, Becker MW, Jelinek J, et al. Chromosome 5q deletion and epigenetic suppression of the gene encoding alpha-catenin (CTNNA1) in myeloid cell transformation. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):78.PubMedCrossRef
20.
21.
22.
Arana-Yi C, Block AW, Sait SN, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia following treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: possible role of cytarabine. Leuk Res. 2008;32:1043.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Imagawa J, Harada Y, Shimomura T, et al. Clinical and genetic features of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after chemotherapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2010;116:6018.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Smith SM, Le Beau MM, Huo D, et al. Clinical-cytogenetic associations in 306 patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia: the University of Chicago series. Blood. 2003;102:43.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Rowley JD, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW. Nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in acute leukemia and dysmyelopoietic syndromes in patients with previously treated malignant disease. Blood. 1981;58:759.PubMed
26.
Traweek ST, Slovak ML, Nademanee AP, et al. Clonal karyotypic hematopoietic cell abnormalities occurring after autologous bone marrow transplantation for Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood. 1994;84:957.PubMed
27.
Le Deley MC, Suzan F, Cutuli B, et al. Anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, radiotherapy, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: risk factors for leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome after breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:292–300.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Brusamolino E, Anselmo AP, Klersy C, et al. The risk of acute leukemia in patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease is significantly higher after combined modality programs than after chemotherapy alone and is correlated with the extent of radiotherapy and type and duration of chemotherapy: A case–control study. Haematologica. 1998;83:812–8.PubMed
29.
Kantarjian HM, Keating MJ, Walters RS, et al. Therapy-related leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: clinical, cytogenetic, and prognostic features. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:1748.PubMed
30.
Guillem V, Tormo M. Influence of DNA damage and repair upon the risk of treatment related leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49:204.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Allan JM, Wild CP, Rollinson S, et al. Polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase P1 is associated with susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:11592.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
Bolufer P, Collado M, Barragan E, et al. Profile of polymorphisms of drug-metabolising enzymes and the risk of therapy-related leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2007;136:590.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Smith MT, Wang Y, Kane E, et al. Low NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity is associated with increased risk of acute leukemia in adults. Blood. 2001;97:1422.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Levine EG, Bloomfield CD. Leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes secondary to drug, radiation, and environmental exposure. Semin Oncol. 1992;19(1):47.PubMed
35.
Little JB. Cellular, molecular, and carcinogenic effects of radiation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1993;7(2):337.PubMed
36.
Ratain MJ, Rowley JD. Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia secondary to inhibitors of topoisomerase II: from the bedside to the target genes. Ann Oncol. 1992;3:107.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Insights into leukemogenesis from therapy-related leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1591.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Tebbi CK, London WB, Friedman D, et al. Dexrazoxane-associated risk for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome and other secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:493.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Pui CH, Relling MV. Topoisomerase II inhibitor-related acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2000;109:13.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zhang MH, Wang XY, Gao LS. 140 cases of acute leukemia caused by bimolane. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 1993;32:668.PubMed
41.
Xue Y, Lu D, Guo Y, Lin B. Specific chromosomal translocations and therapy-related leukemia induced by bimolane therapy for psoriasis. Leuk Res. 1992;16:1113.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Takahashi K, Pemmaraju N, Strati P, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of therapy-related chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood. 2013;122:2807.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
43.
Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Andersen MK, Johansson B. Bal-anced chromosome aberrations in leukemias follow-ing chemotherapy with DNA-topoisomerase II inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:1897–8.PubMed
44.
Taylor JA, Sandler DP, Bloomfield CD, et al. ras oncogene activation and occupational exposures in acute myeloid leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:1626.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Lebailly P, Willett EV, Moorman AV, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in microsomal epoxide hydrolase and susceptibility to adult acute myeloid leukaemia with defined cytogenetic abnormalities. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:587.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Chakraborty S, Sun CL, Francisco L, et al. Accelerated telomere shortening precedes development of therapy-related myelodysplasia or acute myelogenous leukemia after autologous transplantation for lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:791.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
47.
Calado RT, Regal JA, Hills M, et al. Constitutional hypomorphic telomerase mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1187.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
48.
Bonnet D, Dick JE. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med. 1997;3:730.PubMedCrossRef
49.•
50.
McCulloch EA. Stem cells in normal and leukemic hemopoiesis (Henry Stratton Lecture, 1982). Blood. 1983;62:1.PubMed
51.
52.
Reilly JT. Pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukaemia and inv(16)(p13;q22): a paradigm for understanding leukaemogenesis? Br J Haematol. 2005;128:18.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zeichner SB. Acute myeloid leukemia, genetics, and risk stratification: data overload or ready for a breakthrough? J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2012;112(7):463–5.PubMed
54.
Preiss Birgitte S, Bergman Olav J, Friis Lone S, et al. for the AML Study Group of Southern Denmark Cytogenetic findings in adult secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML): frequency of favorable and adverse chromosomal aberrations do not differ from adult de novo AML. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 2010 (202) 108.
55.
Grimwade D, Hills RK, Moorman AV, et al. Refinement of cytogenetic classification in acute myeloid leukemia: determination of prognostic significance of rare recurring chromosomal abnormalities among 5876 younger adult patients treated in the United Kingdom Medical Research Council trials. Blood. 2010;116(3):354–65.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Kayser S, Dohner K, Krauter J, et al. The impact of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) on outcome in 2853 adult patients with newly diagnosed AML. Blood. 2011;117(7):2137–45.PubMedCrossRef
57.
58.
Delhommeau F, Dupont S, Della Valle V, et al. Mutation in TET2 in myeloid cancers. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(22):2289.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Thol F, Weissinger EM, Krauter J, et al. IDH1 mutations in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes are associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Haematologica. 2010;95:1668.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
60.
Kosmider O, Gelsi-Boyer V, Slama L, et al. Mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 genes in early and accelerated phases of myelodysplastic syndromes and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia. 2010;24:1094.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Figueroa ME, Abdel-Wahab O, Lu C, et al. Leukemic IDH1 and IDH2 mutations result in a hypermethylation phenotype, disrupt TET2 function, and impair hematopoietic differentiation. Cancer Cell. 2010;18:553.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
62.
63.
Wu SJ, Kuo YY, Hou HA, et al. The clinical implication of SRSF2 mutation in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and its stability during disease evolution. Blood. 2012;120:3106.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Thol F, Kade S, Schlarmann C, et al. Frequency and prognostic impact of mutations in SRSF2, U2AF1, and ZRSR2 in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2012;119:3578.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Chen CY, Lin LI, Tang JL, et al. RUNX1 gene mutation in primary myelodysplastic syndrome–the mutation can be detected early at diagnosis or acquired during disease progression and is associated with poor outcome. Br J Haematol. 2007;139:405.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Steensma DP, Gibbons RJ, Mesa RA, et al. Somatic point mutations in RUNX1/CBFA2/AML1 are common in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, but not in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Eur J Haematol. 2005;74:47.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Shih LY, Lin TL, Wang PN, et al. Internal tandem duplication of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 is associated with poor outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer. 2004;101:989.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Georgiou G, Karali V, Zouvelou C, et al. Serial determination of FLT3 mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome patients at diagnosis, follow up or acute myeloid leukaemia transformation: incidence and their prognostic significance. Br J Haematol. 2006;134:302.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Borthakur G, Lin E, Jain N, et al. Survival is poorer in patients with secondary core-binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia compared with de novo core-binding factor leukemia. Cancer. 2009;115(14):3217.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
70.
Slovak ML, Kopecky KJ, Cassileth PA, et al. Karyotypic analysis predicts outcome of preremission and postremission therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Blood. 2000;96(13):4075–83.PubMed
71.
Yakoub-Agha I, de La Salmoniere P, Ribaud P, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia: a long-term study of 70 patients-report of the French society of bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(5):963–71.PubMed
72.
Zinke-Cerwenka W, Valentin A, Posch U, et al. Reduced-intensity allografting in patients with therapy-related myeloid neoplasms and active primary malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(12):1540–4.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Rowe JM, Neuberg D, Friedenberg W, et al. A phase 3 study of three induction regimens and of priming with GM-CSF in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia: a trial by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Blood. 2004;103:479.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Goldstone AH, Burnett AK, Wheatley K, et al. Attempts to improve treatment outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients: the results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood. 2001;98:1302.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Godwin JE, Kopecky KJ, Head DR, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in elderly patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest oncology group study (9031). Blood. 1998;91:3607.PubMed
76.
Uyl-de Groot CA, Löwenberg B, Vellenga E, et al. Cost-effectiveness and quality-of-life assessment of GM-CSF as an adjunct to intensive remission induction chemotherapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Br J Haematol. 1998;100:629.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Stone RM, Berg DT, George SL, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after initial chemotherapy for elderly patients with primary acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Leukemia Group B N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1671.CrossRef
78.
Amadori S, Suciu S, Jehn U, et al. Use of glycosylated recombinant human G-CSF (lenograstim) during and/or after induction chemotherapy in patients 61 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: final results of AML-13, a randomized phase-3 study. Blood. 2005;106:27.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
79.
Grimwade D, Walker H, Oliver F, et al. The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. Blood. 1998;92:2322–33.PubMed
80.
Kern W, Haferlach T, Schnittger S, et al. Prognosis in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia and impact of karyotype. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(12):2510.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Andersen MK, Larson RA, Mauritzson N, et al. Balanced chromosome abnormalities inv(16) and t(15;17) in therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia: report from an international workshop. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002;33(4):395.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Pulsoni A, Pagano L, Lo Coco F, et al. Clinicobiological features and outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia occurring as a second tumor: The GIMEMA experience. Blood. 2002;100:1972–6.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Beaumont M, Sanz M, Carli PM, et al. Therapy-related Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2123–37.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Schoch C, Kern W, Schnittger S, et al. Karyotype is an independent prognostic parameter in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML): an analysis of 93 patients with t-AML in comparison to 1091 patients with de novo AML. Leukemia. 2004;18(1):120.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Slovak ML, Bedell V, Popplewell L, et al. 21q22 balanced chromosome aberrations in therapy-related hematopoietic disorders: report from an international workshop. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002;33(4):379.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Anderson JE, Gooley TA, Schoch G, et al. Stem cell transplantation for secondary acute myeloid leukemia: evaluation of transplantation as initial therapy or following induction chemotherapy. Blood. 1997;89:2578.PubMed
87.
Armand P, Kim HT, DeAngelo DJ, et al. Impact of cytogenetics on outcome of de novo and therapy-related AML and MDS after allogeneic transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007;13:655.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
88.•
Litzow MR, Tarima S, Pérez WS, et al. Allogeneic transplantation for therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2010;115:1850. One of the first large published reports describing the feasibility of allogeneic transplant in patients with secondary leukemia.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
89.
Cashen AF, Schiller GJ, O’Donnell MR, DiPersio JF. Multicenter, phase II study of decitabine for the first-line treatment of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:556.PubMedCrossRef
90.•
Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellström-Lindberg E, et al. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:562. First phase III trial demonstrating improvement in overall survival with a new class of chemotherapy, the hypomethylating agents.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Fenaux P, Gattermann N, Seymour JF, et al. Prolonged survival with improved tolerability in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: azacitidine compared with low dose ara-C. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:244.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
92.
Silverman LR, Demakos EP, Peterson BL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of azacitidine in patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome: a study of the cancer and leukemia group B. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:2429.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, et al. Efficacy of azacitidine compared with that of conventional care regimens in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomised, open-label, phase III study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:223.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
Kantarjian HM, Thomas XG, Dmoszynska A, et al. Multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III trial of decitabine versus patient choice, with physician advice, of either supportive care or low-dose cytarabine for the treatment of older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2670.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Lübbert M, Rüter BH, Claus R, et al. A multicenter phase II trial of decitabine as first-line treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia judged unfit for induction chemotherapy. Haematologica. 2012;97:393.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
96.
Pulsoni A, Pagano L. Treatment of secondary acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(4):926–7.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Döhner H, Estey EH, Amadori S, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in adults: recommendations from an international expert panel, on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2010;115:453.PubMedCrossRef
98.•
Mrózek K, Marcucci G, Nicolet D, et al. Prognostic significance of the European LeukemiaNet standardized system for reporting cytogenetic and molecular alterations in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4515. Validated prognostic scoring system that had a large number of patients and incorporated cytogenetic and molecular alterations.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
99.
Röllig C, Bornhäuser M, Thiede C, et al. Long-Term Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia According to the New Genetic Risk Classification of the European LeukemiaNet Recommendations: Evaluation of the Proposed Reporting System. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2758–65.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Kantarjian HM, Erba HP, Claxton D, et al. Phase II study of clofarabine monotherapy in previously untreated older adults with acute myeloid leukemia and unfavorable prognostic factors. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:549.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Burnett AK, Russell NH, Kell J, et al. European development of clofarabine as treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia considered unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:2389.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Burnett AK, Russell NH, Hunter AE, et al. Clofarabine doubles the response rate in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia but does not improve survival. Blood. 2013;122:1384.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Garcia-Manero G, Tambaro FP, Bekele NB, et al. Phase II trial of vorinostat with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2204.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Attar EC, Johnson JL, Amrein PC, et al. Bortezomib added to daunorubicin and cytarabine during induction therapy and to intermediate-dose cytarabine for consolidation in patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia age 60 to 75 years: CALGB (Alliance) study 10502. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:923.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
105.
Fehniger TA, Byrd JC, Marcucci G, et al. Single-agent lenalidomide induces complete remission of acute myeloid leukemia in patients with isolated trisomy 13. Blood. 2009;113:1002.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
106.
Fehniger TA, Uy GL, Trinkaus K, et al. A phase 2 study of high-dose lenalidomide as initial therapy for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2011;117:1828.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
107.
Sekeres MA, Gundacker H, Lancet J, et al. A phase 2 study of lenalidomide monotherapy in patients with deletion 5q acute myeloid leukemia: Southwest Oncology Group Study S0605. Blood. 2011;118:523.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
108.
Bross PF, Beitz J, Chen G, et al. Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:1490.PubMed
109.
Gemtuzumab for relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2000; 42:67.
110.
Ravandi F, Estey EH, Appelbaum FR, et al. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: time to resurrect? J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3921.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Petersdorf SH, Kopecky KJ, Slovak M, et al. A phase 3 study of gemtuzumab ozogamicin during induction and postconsolidation therapy in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2013;121:4854.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
112.
Amadori S, Suciu S, Stasi R, et al. Sequential combination of gemtuzumab ozogamicin and standard chemotherapy in older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized phase III trial by the EORTC and GIMEMA consortium (AML-17). J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:4424.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Knapper S, Burnett AK, Littlewood T, et al. A phase 2 trial of the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib (CEP701) as first-line treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia not considered fit for intensive chemotherapy. Blood. 2006;108:3262.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Ravandi F, Cortes JE, Jones D, et al. Phase I/II study of combination therapy with sorafenib, idarubicin, and cytarabine in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1856.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
115.
Fischer T, Stone RM, Deangelo DJ, et al. Phase IIB trial of oral Midostaurin (PKC412), the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3) and multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome with either wild-type or mutated FLT3. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4339.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
116.
Cortes JE, Kantarjian H, Foran JM, et al. Phase I study of quizartinib administered daily to patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia irrespective of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication status. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3681.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
117.
Levis M, Ravandi F, Wang ES, et al. Results from a randomized trial of salvage chemotherapy followed by lestaurtinib for patients with FLT3 mutant AML in first relapse. Blood. 2011;117:3294.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
118.
Metadata
Title
Secondary Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia: a Review of Our Evolving Understanding of a Complex Disease Process
Authors
Simon B. Zeichner, D.O.
Martha L. Arellano, M.D.
Publication date
01-08-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Treatment Options in Oncology / Issue 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1527-2729
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6277
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-015-0355-3

Other articles of this Issue 8/2015

Current Treatment Options in Oncology 8/2015 Go to the issue

Neuro-oncology (GJ Lesser, Section Editor)

Current Management and Treatment Modalities for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors

Neuro-oncology (GJ Lesser, Section Editor)

The Role of Glucose Modulation and Dietary Supplementation in Patients With Central Nervous System Tumors

Neuro-oncology (GJ Lesser, Section Editor)

An Evidence-Based Review of Alternating Electric Fields Therapy for Malignant Gliomas

Lower Gastrointestinal Cancers (AB Benson, Section Editor)

Cost Considerations in the Evaluation and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Neuro-oncology (GJ Lesser, Section Editor)

Managing Disease and Therapy-Related Complications in Patients with Central Nervous System Tumors
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits