Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Treatment Options in Oncology 2/2014

01-06-2014 | Skin Cancer (WH Sharfman, Section Editor)

What Is the Role of Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Melanoma?

Authors: Ahmed I. Megahed, MD, Henry B. Koon, MD

Published in: Current Treatment Options in Oncology | Issue 2/2014

Login to get access

Opinion statement

The approval of ipilimumab and inhibitors of the BRAF pathway for the treatment of melanoma has provided multiple therapeutic options for patients. Although these new agents improve survival compared with chemotherapy alone, the majority of patients will progress and will receive chemotherapy at some point in the course of their disease. Whether the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy can be improved by targeting resistance mechanisms is an area of active investigation. In addition, chemotherapy may be of use modulating the efficacy of the newer agents.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Balch CM et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6199–206.CrossRef Balch CM et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6199–206.CrossRef
2.
3.
go back to reference Flaherty KT et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without sorafenib in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(3):373–9.CrossRef Flaherty KT et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without sorafenib in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(3):373–9.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Hauschild A et al. Results of a phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel as second-line treatment in patients with unresectable stage III or stage IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(17):2823–30.CrossRef Hauschild A et al. Results of a phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel as second-line treatment in patients with unresectable stage III or stage IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(17):2823–30.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Patel PM et al. Extended schedule, escalated dose temozolomide versus dacarbazine in stage IV melanoma: final results of a randomised phase III study (EORTC 18032). Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(10):1476–83.PubMedCrossRef Patel PM et al. Extended schedule, escalated dose temozolomide versus dacarbazine in stage IV melanoma: final results of a randomised phase III study (EORTC 18032). Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(10):1476–83.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Atkins MB et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma: long-term survival update. Cancer J Sci Am. 2000;6 Suppl 1:S11–4.PubMed Atkins MB et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma: long-term survival update. Cancer J Sci Am. 2000;6 Suppl 1:S11–4.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Hauschild A et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):358–65.PubMedCrossRef Hauschild A et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):358–65.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Flaherty KT et al. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(2):107–14.PubMedCrossRef Flaherty KT et al. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(2):107–14.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Hamid O et al. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):134–44.PubMedCrossRef Hamid O et al. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):134–44.PubMedCrossRef
13.••
go back to reference Hofmann MA, et al. Prospective evaluation of supportive care with or without CVD chemotherapy as a second-line treatment in advanced melanoma by patient’s choice: a multicentre Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group trial. Melanoma Res. 2011;21(6):516–23. Only randomized trial of comparing chemotherapy to best supportive care in melanoma. Study demonstrates a trend to improved survival in patients treated with chemotherapy. Hofmann MA, et al. Prospective evaluation of supportive care with or without CVD chemotherapy as a second-line treatment in advanced melanoma by patient’s choice: a multicentre Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group trial. Melanoma Res. 2011;21(6):516–23. Only randomized trial of comparing chemotherapy to best supportive care in melanoma. Study demonstrates a trend to improved survival in patients treated with chemotherapy.
14.••
go back to reference Flaherty LE, et al. Phase III trial of high-dose interferon alpha-2b versus cisplatin, vinblastine, DTIC plus IL-2 and interferon in patients with high-risk melanoma (SWOG S0008): an intergroup study of CALGB, COG, ECOG, and SWOG. in ASCO Annual Meeting. 2012. Chicago, IL: Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting Abstracts. Vol 30, No 15_suppl (May 20 Supplement), 2012: 8504. Intergroup trial that demonstrated an improvement in PFS measured in years for biochemotherapy compared to high dose interferon in patients with high risk melanomas. At the time of presentation there was no difference in overall survival. Flaherty LE, et al. Phase III trial of high-dose interferon alpha-2b versus cisplatin, vinblastine, DTIC plus IL-2 and interferon in patients with high-risk melanoma (SWOG S0008): an intergroup study of CALGB, COG, ECOG, and SWOG. in ASCO Annual Meeting. 2012. Chicago, IL: Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting Abstracts. Vol 30, No 15_suppl (May 20 Supplement), 2012: 8504. Intergroup trial that demonstrated an improvement in PFS measured in years for biochemotherapy compared to high dose interferon in patients with high risk melanomas. At the time of presentation there was no difference in overall survival.
15.
go back to reference Robert C et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2517–26.PubMedCrossRef Robert C et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2517–26.PubMedCrossRef
16.•
go back to reference Robert C, et al. Selumetinib plus dacarbazine versus placebo plus dacarbazine as first-line treatment for BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma: a phase 2 double-blind randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(8):733–40. A randomized phase II study of MEK inhibitor combined with DTIC demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival compared DTIC alone but no improvement in overall survival. Robert C, et al. Selumetinib plus dacarbazine versus placebo plus dacarbazine as first-line treatment for BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma: a phase 2 double-blind randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(8):733–40. A randomized phase II study of MEK inhibitor combined with DTIC demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival compared DTIC alone but no improvement in overall survival.
17.
go back to reference da Rocha Dias S et al. The European Medicines Agency review of vemurafenib (Zelboraf(R)) for the treatment of adult patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma: summary of the scientific assessment of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(7):1654–61.PubMedCrossRef da Rocha Dias S et al. The European Medicines Agency review of vemurafenib (Zelboraf(R)) for the treatment of adult patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma: summary of the scientific assessment of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(7):1654–61.PubMedCrossRef
18.•
go back to reference O’Day SJ, et al. Final results of phase III SYMMETRY study: randomized, double-blind trial of elesclomol plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone as treatment for chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(9):1211–8. Randomized phase III study suggested the combination of elesclomol plus paclitaxel may decrease survival in some patient subgroups. O’Day SJ, et al. Final results of phase III SYMMETRY study: randomized, double-blind trial of elesclomol plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone as treatment for chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(9):1211–8. Randomized phase III study suggested the combination of elesclomol plus paclitaxel may decrease survival in some patient subgroups.
19.
go back to reference Kim KB et al. BEAM: a randomized phase II study evaluating the activity of bevacizumab in combination with carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(1):34–41.CrossRef Kim KB et al. BEAM: a randomized phase II study evaluating the activity of bevacizumab in combination with carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(1):34–41.CrossRef
20.••
go back to reference Society for Melanoma Research 2012 Congress. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25(6):836–903. Phase III study that demonstrates improved PFS of nab-paclitaxel compared to DTIC monotherapy. There was a trend to improved overall survival that was not statistically significant. Society for Melanoma Research 2012 Congress. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25(6):836–903. Phase III study that demonstrates improved PFS of nab-paclitaxel compared to DTIC monotherapy. There was a trend to improved overall survival that was not statistically significant.
21.
go back to reference Atkins MB et al. Phase III trial comparing concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b with cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (E3695): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(35):5748–54.CrossRef Atkins MB et al. Phase III trial comparing concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b with cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (E3695): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(35):5748–54.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Keilholz U et al. Dacarbazine, cisplatin, and interferon-alfa-2b with or without interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase III trial (18951) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6747–55.CrossRef Keilholz U et al. Dacarbazine, cisplatin, and interferon-alfa-2b with or without interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase III trial (18951) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6747–55.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Tsang LL et al. Comparison of the cytotoxicity in vitro of temozolomide and dacarbazine, prodrugs of 3-methyl-(triazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1991;27(5):342–6.PubMedCrossRef Tsang LL et al. Comparison of the cytotoxicity in vitro of temozolomide and dacarbazine, prodrugs of 3-methyl-(triazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1991;27(5):342–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
25.
go back to reference Middleton MR et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2000;18(1):158–66. Middleton MR et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2000;18(1):158–66.
26.
go back to reference Micromedex® Healthcare Series [Intranet database] Thomson Healthcare, Greenwood Village, CO. Micromedex® Healthcare Series [Intranet database] Thomson Healthcare, Greenwood Village, CO.
27.
go back to reference Hersh EM et al. A phase 2 clinical trial of nab-paclitaxel in previously treated and chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer. 2010;116(1):155–63.PubMed Hersh EM et al. A phase 2 clinical trial of nab-paclitaxel in previously treated and chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer. 2010;116(1):155–63.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Bedikian AY et al. Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel by short intravenous infusion in metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2004;14(1):63–6.PubMedCrossRef Bedikian AY et al. Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel by short intravenous infusion in metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2004;14(1):63–6.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Einzig AI et al. A phase II study of taxol in patients with malignant melanoma. Investig New Drugs. 1991;9(1):59–64.CrossRef Einzig AI et al. A phase II study of taxol in patients with malignant melanoma. Investig New Drugs. 1991;9(1):59–64.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Walker L et al. Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2005;15(5):453–9.PubMedCrossRef Walker L et al. Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2005;15(5):453–9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kloover JS et al. Fatal outcome of a hypersensitivity reaction to paclitaxel: a critical review of premedication regimens. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(2):304–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kloover JS et al. Fatal outcome of a hypersensitivity reaction to paclitaxel: a critical review of premedication regimens. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(2):304–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Desai N et al. Increased antitumor activity, intratumor paclitaxel concentrations, and endothelial cell transport of cremophor-free, albumin-bound paclitaxel, ABI-007, compared with cremophor-based paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;12(4):1317–24.CrossRef Desai N et al. Increased antitumor activity, intratumor paclitaxel concentrations, and endothelial cell transport of cremophor-free, albumin-bound paclitaxel, ABI-007, compared with cremophor-based paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;12(4):1317–24.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Ibrahim NK et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of ABI-007, a Cremophor-free, protein-stabilized, nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1038–44. Ibrahim NK et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of ABI-007, a Cremophor-free, protein-stabilized, nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1038–44.
34.
go back to reference Hodi FS et al. Phase II study of paclitaxel and carboplatin for malignant melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25(3):283–6.PubMedCrossRef Hodi FS et al. Phase II study of paclitaxel and carboplatin for malignant melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25(3):283–6.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Zimpfer-Rechner C et al. Randomized phase II study of weekly paclitaxel versus paclitaxel and carboplatin as second-line therapy in disseminated melanoma: a multicentre trial of the Dermatologic Co-operative Oncology Group (DeCOG). Melanoma Res. 2003;13(5):531–6.PubMedCrossRef Zimpfer-Rechner C et al. Randomized phase II study of weekly paclitaxel versus paclitaxel and carboplatin as second-line therapy in disseminated melanoma: a multicentre trial of the Dermatologic Co-operative Oncology Group (DeCOG). Melanoma Res. 2003;13(5):531–6.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Rosenberg SA et al. Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1999;17(3):968–75. Rosenberg SA et al. Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1999;17(3):968–75.
37.
go back to reference Eton O et al. Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;20(8):2045–52.CrossRef Eton O et al. Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;20(8):2045–52.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Bajetta E et al. Multicenter phase III randomized trial of polychemotherapy (CVD regimen) versus the same chemotherapy (CT) plus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha2b in metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2006;17(4):571–7.CrossRef Bajetta E et al. Multicenter phase III randomized trial of polychemotherapy (CVD regimen) versus the same chemotherapy (CT) plus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha2b in metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2006;17(4):571–7.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Ridolfi R et al. Cisplatin, dacarbazine with or without subcutaneous interleukin-2, and interferon alpha-2b in advanced melanoma outpatients: results from an Italian multicenter phase III randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1600–7.CrossRef Ridolfi R et al. Cisplatin, dacarbazine with or without subcutaneous interleukin-2, and interferon alpha-2b in advanced melanoma outpatients: results from an Italian multicenter phase III randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1600–7.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Liu L, Gerson SL. Targeted modulation of MGMT: clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;12(2):328–31.CrossRef Liu L, Gerson SL. Targeted modulation of MGMT: clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;12(2):328–31.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Rietschel P et al. Phase II study of extended-dose temozolomide in patients with melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(14):2299–304.CrossRef Rietschel P et al. Phase II study of extended-dose temozolomide in patients with melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(14):2299–304.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Ranson M et al. Randomized trial of the combination of lomeguatrib and temozolomide compared with temozolomide alone in chemotherapy naive patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18):2540–5.CrossRef Ranson M et al. Randomized trial of the combination of lomeguatrib and temozolomide compared with temozolomide alone in chemotherapy naive patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18):2540–5.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Hassel JC et al. MGMT gene promoter methylation correlates with tolerance of temozolomide treatment in melanoma but not with clinical outcome. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(6):820–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hassel JC et al. MGMT gene promoter methylation correlates with tolerance of temozolomide treatment in melanoma but not with clinical outcome. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(6):820–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Busch C et al. MGMT expression levels predict disease stabilisation, progression-free and overall survival in patients with advanced melanomas treated with DTIC. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(11):2127–33.PubMedCrossRef Busch C et al. MGMT expression levels predict disease stabilisation, progression-free and overall survival in patients with advanced melanomas treated with DTIC. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(11):2127–33.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Middleton MR et al. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in pretreatment tumour biopsies as a predictor of response to temozolomide in melanoma. Br J Cancer. 1998;78(9):1199–202.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Middleton MR et al. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in pretreatment tumour biopsies as a predictor of response to temozolomide in melanoma. Br J Cancer. 1998;78(9):1199–202.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Liu L, Gerson SL. Therapeutic impact of methoxyamine: blocking repair of abasic sites in the base excision repair pathway. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(6):623–7.PubMed Liu L, Gerson SL. Therapeutic impact of methoxyamine: blocking repair of abasic sites in the base excision repair pathway. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(6):623–7.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Plummer R et al. A phase II study of the potent PARP inhibitor, Rucaparib (PF-01367338, AG014699), with temozolomide in patients with metastatic melanoma demonstrating evidence of chemopotentiation. Cancer chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71(5):1191–9.PubMedCrossRef Plummer R et al. A phase II study of the potent PARP inhibitor, Rucaparib (PF-01367338, AG014699), with temozolomide in patients with metastatic melanoma demonstrating evidence of chemopotentiation. Cancer chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71(5):1191–9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference O’Day S, et al. Phase II, randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial of weekly elesclomol plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone for stage IV metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(32):5452–8. O’Day S, et al. Phase II, randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial of weekly elesclomol plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone for stage IV metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(32):5452–8.
50.
go back to reference Haass NK et al. The mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) induces growth arrest in melanoma cells and tumor regression when combined with docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2008;14(1):230–9.CrossRef Haass NK et al. The mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) induces growth arrest in melanoma cells and tumor regression when combined with docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2008;14(1):230–9.CrossRef
51.••
go back to reference Obeid M, et al. Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):54–61. Report that demonstrates the importance of CRT expression in chemotherapy induced immunogenic cell death. Obeid M, et al. Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):54–61. Report that demonstrates the importance of CRT expression in chemotherapy induced immunogenic cell death.
52.
go back to reference Tesniere A et al. Immunogenic death of colon cancer cells treated with oxaliplatin. Oncogene. 2010;29(4):482–91.PubMedCrossRef Tesniere A et al. Immunogenic death of colon cancer cells treated with oxaliplatin. Oncogene. 2010;29(4):482–91.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Obeid M et al. Calreticulin exposure is required for the immunogenicity of gamma-irradiation and UVC light-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14(10):1848–50.PubMedCrossRef Obeid M et al. Calreticulin exposure is required for the immunogenicity of gamma-irradiation and UVC light-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14(10):1848–50.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Panaretakis T et al. The co-translocation of ERp57 and calreticulin determines the immunogenicity of cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2008;15(9):1499–509.PubMedCrossRef Panaretakis T et al. The co-translocation of ERp57 and calreticulin determines the immunogenicity of cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2008;15(9):1499–509.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Cao C et al. Mitoxantrone-mediated apoptotic B16-F1 cells induce specific anti-tumor immune response. Cell Mol Immunol. 2009;6(6):469–75.PubMedCrossRef Cao C et al. Mitoxantrone-mediated apoptotic B16-F1 cells induce specific anti-tumor immune response. Cell Mol Immunol. 2009;6(6):469–75.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Nair S et al. Calreticulin displays in vivo peptide-binding activity and can elicit CTL responses against bound peptides. J Immunol. 1999;162(11):6426–32.PubMed Nair S et al. Calreticulin displays in vivo peptide-binding activity and can elicit CTL responses against bound peptides. J Immunol. 1999;162(11):6426–32.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Teimouri F, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Efficacy and side effects of dacarbazine in comparison with temozolomide in the treatment of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis consisting of 1314 patients. Melanoma Res. 2013. Teimouri F, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Efficacy and side effects of dacarbazine in comparison with temozolomide in the treatment of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis consisting of 1314 patients. Melanoma Res. 2013.
59.
go back to reference Schwarzberg AB et al. Selective lymphopenia and opportunistic infections in neuroendocrine tumor patients receiving temozolomide. Cancer Investig. 2007;25(4):249–55.CrossRef Schwarzberg AB et al. Selective lymphopenia and opportunistic infections in neuroendocrine tumor patients receiving temozolomide. Cancer Investig. 2007;25(4):249–55.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Muranski P et al. Increased intensity lymphodepletion and adoptive immunotherapy—how far can we go? Nature clinical practice. Oncology. 2006;3(12):668–81.PubMedCentralPubMed Muranski P et al. Increased intensity lymphodepletion and adoptive immunotherapy—how far can we go? Nature clinical practice. Oncology. 2006;3(12):668–81.PubMedCentralPubMed
61.
go back to reference Dudley ME et al. Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(32):5233–9.CrossRef Dudley ME et al. Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(32):5233–9.CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Laurent J et al. Impact of 3 different short-term chemotherapy regimens on lymphocyte-depletion and reconstitution in melanoma patients. J Immunother. 2010;33(7):723–34.PubMedCrossRef Laurent J et al. Impact of 3 different short-term chemotherapy regimens on lymphocyte-depletion and reconstitution in melanoma patients. J Immunother. 2010;33(7):723–34.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Gunturu KS et al. Cytokine working group study of lymphodepleting chemotherapy, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic melanoma: clinical outcomes and peripheral-blood cell recovery. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1196–202.CrossRef Gunturu KS et al. Cytokine working group study of lymphodepleting chemotherapy, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic melanoma: clinical outcomes and peripheral-blood cell recovery. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1196–202.CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Appay V et al. Combination of transient lymphodepletion with busulfan and fludarabine and peptide vaccination in a phase I clinical trial for patients with advanced melanoma. J Immunother. 2007;30(2):240–50.PubMedCrossRef Appay V et al. Combination of transient lymphodepletion with busulfan and fludarabine and peptide vaccination in a phase I clinical trial for patients with advanced melanoma. J Immunother. 2007;30(2):240–50.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Powell Jr DJ et al. Adoptive transfer of vaccine-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells to patients with metastatic melanoma following lymphodepletion. J Immunol. 2006;177(9):6527–39.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Powell Jr DJ et al. Adoptive transfer of vaccine-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells to patients with metastatic melanoma following lymphodepletion. J Immunol. 2006;177(9):6527–39.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Berd D, Mastrangelo MJ. Effect of low dose cyclophosphamide on the immune system of cancer patients: depletion of CD4+, 2H4+ suppressor-inducer T-cells. Cancer Res. 1988;48(6):1671–5.PubMed Berd D, Mastrangelo MJ. Effect of low dose cyclophosphamide on the immune system of cancer patients: depletion of CD4+, 2H4+ suppressor-inducer T-cells. Cancer Res. 1988;48(6):1671–5.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Ge Y et al. Metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment in metastasized breast cancer patients: immunological effects and clinical outcome. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012;61(3):353–62.PubMedCrossRef Ge Y et al. Metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment in metastasized breast cancer patients: immunological effects and clinical outcome. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012;61(3):353–62.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Heylmann D et al. Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are sensitive to low dose cyclophosphamide: implications for the immune response. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e83384.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Heylmann D et al. Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are sensitive to low dose cyclophosphamide: implications for the immune response. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e83384.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Verdi CJ et al. Phase I study of low-dose cyclophosphamide and recombinant interleukin-2 for the treatment of advanced cancer. J Immunother Off J Soc Biol Ther. 1992;11(4):286–91.CrossRef Verdi CJ et al. Phase I study of low-dose cyclophosphamide and recombinant interleukin-2 for the treatment of advanced cancer. J Immunother Off J Soc Biol Ther. 1992;11(4):286–91.CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Lindemann A et al. A multicenter trial of interleukin-2 and low-dose cyclophosphamide in highly chemotherapy-resistant malignancies. Cancer Treat Rev. 1989;16 Suppl A:53–7.PubMedCrossRef Lindemann A et al. A multicenter trial of interleukin-2 and low-dose cyclophosphamide in highly chemotherapy-resistant malignancies. Cancer Treat Rev. 1989;16 Suppl A:53–7.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Wadler S et al. Phase II trial of recombinant alpha-2b-interferon and low-dose cyclophosphamide in advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1988;11(1):55–9.PubMedCrossRef Wadler S et al. Phase II trial of recombinant alpha-2b-interferon and low-dose cyclophosphamide in advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1988;11(1):55–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Camisaschi C et al. Effects of cyclophosphamide and IL-2 on regulatory CD4+ T cell frequency and function in melanoma patients vaccinated with HLA-class I peptides: impact on the antigen-specific T cell response. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013;62(5):897–908.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Camisaschi C et al. Effects of cyclophosphamide and IL-2 on regulatory CD4+ T cell frequency and function in melanoma patients vaccinated with HLA-class I peptides: impact on the antigen-specific T cell response. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013;62(5):897–908.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Vincent J et al. 5-fluorouracil selectively kills tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells resulting in enhanced T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 2010;70(8):3052–61.PubMedCrossRef Vincent J et al. 5-fluorouracil selectively kills tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells resulting in enhanced T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 2010;70(8):3052–61.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Suzuki E et al. Gemcitabine selectively eliminates splenic Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid suppressor cells in tumor-bearing animals and enhances antitumor immune activity. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2005;11(18):6713–21.CrossRef Suzuki E et al. Gemcitabine selectively eliminates splenic Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid suppressor cells in tumor-bearing animals and enhances antitumor immune activity. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2005;11(18):6713–21.CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Annels NE, et al. The effects of gemcitabine and capecitabine combination chemotherapy and of low-dose adjuvant GM-CSF on the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013. Annels NE, et al. The effects of gemcitabine and capecitabine combination chemotherapy and of low-dose adjuvant GM-CSF on the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013.
76.
go back to reference Lesterhuis WJ et al. Synergistic effect of CTLA-4 blockade and cancer chemotherapy in the induction of anti-tumor immunity. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61895.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Lesterhuis WJ et al. Synergistic effect of CTLA-4 blockade and cancer chemotherapy in the induction of anti-tumor immunity. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61895.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Reck M et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy in extensive-disease-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 trial. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2013;24(1):75–83.CrossRef Reck M et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy in extensive-disease-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 trial. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2013;24(1):75–83.CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Lynch TJ et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2046–54.CrossRef Lynch TJ et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2046–54.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference O'Day, S.J., et al., Phase II multicenter trial of maintenance biotherapy after induction concurrent Biochemotherapy for patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2009. 27(36): p. 6207--12.ttrack O'Day, S.J., et al., Phase II multicenter trial of maintenance biotherapy after induction concurrent Biochemotherapy for patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2009. 27(36): p. 6207--12.ttrack
Metadata
Title
What Is the Role of Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Melanoma?
Authors
Ahmed I. Megahed, MD
Henry B. Koon, MD
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Treatment Options in Oncology / Issue 2/2014
Print ISSN: 1527-2729
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6277
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-014-0277-5

Other articles of this Issue 2/2014

Current Treatment Options in Oncology 2/2014 Go to the issue

Skin Cancer (WH Sharfman, Section Editor)

Update on Vaccines for High-Risk Melanoma

Lymphoma (A Engert, Section Editor)

Ibrutinib in B-cell Lymphomas

Lymphoma (A Engert, Section Editor)

Role of PET in Lymphoma

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine