Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Urban Health 1/2012

01-02-2012

Health Disparities and the Criminal Justice System: An Agenda for Further Research and Action

Authors: Ingrid A. Binswanger, Nicole Redmond, John F. Steiner, LeRoi S. Hicks

Published in: Journal of Urban Health | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Although racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be involved with the criminal justice system than whites in the USA, critical scientific gaps exist in our understanding of the relationship between the criminal justice system and the persistence of racial/ethnic health disparities. Individuals engaged with the criminal justice system are at risk for poor health outcomes. Furthermore, criminal justice involvement may have direct or indirect effects on health and health care. Racial/ethnic health disparities may be exacerbated or mitigated at several stages of the criminal justice system. Understanding and addressing the health of individuals involved in the criminal justice system is one component of a comprehensive strategy to reduce population health disparities and improve the health of our urban communities.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies; 2003. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies; 2003.
2.
go back to reference Groman R, Ginsburg J. Racial and ethnic disparities in health care: a position paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(3): 226–232.PubMed Groman R, Ginsburg J. Racial and ethnic disparities in health care: a position paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(3): 226–232.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Wong MD, Shapiro MF, Boscardin WJ, Ettner SL. Contribution of major diseases to disparities in mortality. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(20): 1585–1592.PubMedCrossRef Wong MD, Shapiro MF, Boscardin WJ, Ettner SL. Contribution of major diseases to disparities in mortality. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(20): 1585–1592.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002; 21(2): 60–76.CrossRef Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002; 21(2): 60–76.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Adler NE, Rehkopf DH. U.S. disparities in health: descriptions, causes, and mechanisms. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008; 29: 235–252.PubMedCrossRef Adler NE, Rehkopf DH. U.S. disparities in health: descriptions, causes, and mechanisms. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008; 29: 235–252.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Binswanger IA, Krueger PM, Steiner JF. Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009; 63(11): 912–919.PubMedCrossRef Binswanger IA, Krueger PM, Steiner JF. Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009; 63(11): 912–919.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Wilper AP, Woolhandler S, Boyd JW, et al. The health and health care of US prisoners: results of a nationwide survey. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99: 666–672.PubMedCrossRef Wilper AP, Woolhandler S, Boyd JW, et al. The health and health care of US prisoners: results of a nationwide survey. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99: 666–672.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Baillargeon J, Black SA, Pulvino J, Dunn K. The disease profile of Texas prison inmates. Ann Epidemiol. 2000; 10(2): 74–80.PubMedCrossRef Baillargeon J, Black SA, Pulvino J, Dunn K. The disease profile of Texas prison inmates. Ann Epidemiol. 2000; 10(2): 74–80.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Solomon L, Flynn C, Muck K, Vertefeuille J. Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among entrants to Maryland correctional facilities. J Urban Health. 2004; 81(1): 25–37.PubMedCrossRef Solomon L, Flynn C, Muck K, Vertefeuille J. Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among entrants to Maryland correctional facilities. J Urban Health. 2004; 81(1): 25–37.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Coffey C, Veit F, Wolfe R, Cini E, Patton GC. Mortality in young offenders: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2003; 326(7398): 1064.PubMedCrossRef Coffey C, Veit F, Wolfe R, Cini E, Patton GC. Mortality in young offenders: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2003; 326(7398): 1064.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ. Male drugs-related deaths in the fortnight after release from prison: Scotland, 1996–99. Addiction. 2003; 98(2): 185–190.PubMedCrossRef Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ. Male drugs-related deaths in the fortnight after release from prison: Scotland, 1996–99. Addiction. 2003; 98(2): 185–190.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Farrell M, Marsden J. Acute risk of drug-related death among newly released prisoners in England and Wales. Addiction. 2008; 103(2): 251–255.PubMedCrossRef Farrell M, Marsden J. Acute risk of drug-related death among newly released prisoners in England and Wales. Addiction. 2008; 103(2): 251–255.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference National Commission on Correctional Health Care. The Health Status of Soon-to-be-Released Inmates. Chicago: National Commission on Correctional Health Care; 2002. National Commission on Correctional Health Care. The Health Status of Soon-to-be-Released Inmates. Chicago: National Commission on Correctional Health Care; 2002.
14.
go back to reference Karberg JC, James DJ. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2005. NCJ 209588. Karberg JC, James DJ. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2005. NCJ 209588.
15.
go back to reference Maruschak L. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Medical Problems of Jail Inmates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2006. Maruschak L. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Medical Problems of Jail Inmates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2006.
16.
go back to reference Messina N, Grella C. Childhood trauma and women’s health outcomes in a California prison population. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(10): 1842–1848.PubMedCrossRef Messina N, Grella C. Childhood trauma and women’s health outcomes in a California prison population. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(10): 1842–1848.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Baillargeon J, Black SA, Leach CT, et al. The infectious disease profile of Texas prison inmates. Prev Med. 2004; 38(5): 607–612.PubMedCrossRef Baillargeon J, Black SA, Leach CT, et al. The infectious disease profile of Texas prison inmates. Prev Med. 2004; 38(5): 607–612.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Baillargeon J, Wu H, Kelley MJ, Grady J, Linthicum L, Dunn K. Hepatitis C seroprevalence among newly incarcerated inmates in the Texas correctional system. Public Health. 2003; 117(1): 43–48.PubMedCrossRef Baillargeon J, Wu H, Kelley MJ, Grady J, Linthicum L, Dunn K. Hepatitis C seroprevalence among newly incarcerated inmates in the Texas correctional system. Public Health. 2003; 117(1): 43–48.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Abram KM, Teplin LA, Charles DR, Longworth SL, McClelland GM, Dulcan MK. Posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma in youth in juvenile detention. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61(4): 403–410.PubMedCrossRef Abram KM, Teplin LA, Charles DR, Longworth SL, McClelland GM, Dulcan MK. Posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma in youth in juvenile detention. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61(4): 403–410.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Cropsey K, Eldridge GD, Ladner T. Smoking among female prisoners: an ignored public health epidemic. Addict Behav. 2004; 29(2): 425–431.PubMedCrossRef Cropsey K, Eldridge GD, Ladner T. Smoking among female prisoners: an ignored public health epidemic. Addict Behav. 2004; 29(2): 425–431.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Hammett TM. HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases among correctional inmates: transmission, burden, and an appropriate response. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(6): 974–978.PubMedCrossRef Hammett TM. HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases among correctional inmates: transmission, burden, and an appropriate response. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(6): 974–978.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Sabol WJ. Demographics of the correctional population and implications for correctional health care. Academic and Health Policy Conference on Correctional Health. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts; 2011. Sabol WJ. Demographics of the correctional population and implications for correctional health care. Academic and Health Policy Conference on Correctional Health. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts; 2011.
25.
go back to reference Sabol WJ, West HC, Cooper M. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Prisoners in 2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2009. NCJ 228417. Sabol WJ, West HC, Cooper M. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Prisoners in 2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2009. NCJ 228417.
26.
go back to reference Perry SW. American Indians and Crime: a BJS Statistical Profile, 1992–2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2004. Perry SW. American Indians and Crime: a BJS Statistical Profile, 1992–2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2004.
27.
go back to reference Council of State Governments. Trends Alert, Information for State Decision-Makers Corrections Health Care Costs. Lexington: Council of State Governments; 2004. Council of State Governments. Trends Alert, Information for State Decision-Makers Corrections Health Care Costs. Lexington: Council of State Governments; 2004.
28.
go back to reference Pew Charitable Trusts. One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. Washington, DC: The PEW Center on the States; 2008. Pew Charitable Trusts. One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. Washington, DC: The PEW Center on the States; 2008.
29.
go back to reference Marlow E, White MC, Chesla CA. Barriers and facilitators: parolees’ perceptions of community health care. J Correct Health Care. 2010; 16(1): 17–26.PubMedCrossRef Marlow E, White MC, Chesla CA. Barriers and facilitators: parolees’ perceptions of community health care. J Correct Health Care. 2010; 16(1): 17–26.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Pritchard C, Cox M, Dawson A. Suicide and ‘violent’ death in a six-year cohort of male probationers compared with pattern of mortality in the general population: evidence of accumulative socio-psychiatric vulnerability. J R Soc Health. 1997; 117(3): 180–185.PubMedCrossRef Pritchard C, Cox M, Dawson A. Suicide and ‘violent’ death in a six-year cohort of male probationers compared with pattern of mortality in the general population: evidence of accumulative socio-psychiatric vulnerability. J R Soc Health. 1997; 117(3): 180–185.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Binswanger IA, Stern MF, Deyo RA, et al. Release from prison—a high risk of death for former inmates. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(2): 157–165.PubMedCrossRef Binswanger IA, Stern MF, Deyo RA, et al. Release from prison—a high risk of death for former inmates. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(2): 157–165.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Pew Charitable Trusts. Prison Count 2010: State Population Declines for the First Time in 38 Years. Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts; 2010. Pew Charitable Trusts. Prison Count 2010: State Population Declines for the First Time in 38 Years. Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts; 2010.
33.
go back to reference Baillargeon J, Giordano TP, Rich JD, et al. Accessing antiretroviral therapy following release from prison. Jama. 2009; 301(8): 848–857.PubMedCrossRef Baillargeon J, Giordano TP, Rich JD, et al. Accessing antiretroviral therapy following release from prison. Jama. 2009; 301(8): 848–857.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Freudenberg N. Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: a review of the impact of the correctional system on community health. J Urban Health. 2001; 78(2): 214–235.PubMedCrossRef Freudenberg N. Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: a review of the impact of the correctional system on community health. J Urban Health. 2001; 78(2): 214–235.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Thomas JC, Levandowski BA, Isler MR, Torrone E, Wilson G. Incarceration and sexually transmitted infections: a neighborhood perspective. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2008; 85(1): 90–99.PubMedCrossRef Thomas JC, Levandowski BA, Isler MR, Torrone E, Wilson G. Incarceration and sexually transmitted infections: a neighborhood perspective. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2008; 85(1): 90–99.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Thomas JC, Torrone E. Incarceration as forced migration: effects on selected community health outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(10): 1762–1765.PubMedCrossRef Thomas JC, Torrone E. Incarceration as forced migration: effects on selected community health outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(10): 1762–1765.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Iguchi MY, Bell J, Ramchand RN, Fain T. How criminal system racial disparities may translate into health disparities. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005; 16(4 Suppl B): 48–56.PubMedCrossRef Iguchi MY, Bell J, Ramchand RN, Fain T. How criminal system racial disparities may translate into health disparities. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005; 16(4 Suppl B): 48–56.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Iguchi MY, London JA, Forge NG, Hickman L, Fain T, Riehman K. Elements of well-being affected by criminalizing the drug user. Public Health Rep. 2002; 117(Suppl 1): S146–S150.PubMed Iguchi MY, London JA, Forge NG, Hickman L, Fain T, Riehman K. Elements of well-being affected by criminalizing the drug user. Public Health Rep. 2002; 117(Suppl 1): S146–S150.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Glaze LE, Maruschak LM. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report: Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2008. Glaze LE, Maruschak LM. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report: Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2008.
40.
go back to reference Travis J, Solomon AL, Waul M. From Prison to Home: the Dimensions and Consequences of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2001. Travis J, Solomon AL, Waul M. From Prison to Home: the Dimensions and Consequences of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2001.
41.
go back to reference Wang EA, Pletcher M, Lin F, et al. Incarceration, incident hypertension, and access to health care: findings from the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169(7): 687–693.PubMedCrossRef Wang EA, Pletcher M, Lin F, et al. Incarceration, incident hypertension, and access to health care: findings from the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169(7): 687–693.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Wang E, Green J. Incarceration as a key variable in racial disparities of asthma prevalence. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10(1): 290.PubMedCrossRef Wang E, Green J. Incarceration as a key variable in racial disparities of asthma prevalence. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10(1): 290.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Massoglia M. Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. J Health Soc Behav. 2008; 49(1): 56–71.PubMedCrossRef Massoglia M. Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. J Health Soc Behav. 2008; 49(1): 56–71.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Massoglia M. Incarceration, health, and racial disparities in health. Law & Society Review. 2008; 42(2): 275–306.CrossRef Massoglia M. Incarceration, health, and racial disparities in health. Law & Society Review. 2008; 42(2): 275–306.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Schnittker J, John A. Enduring stigma: the long-term effects of incarceration on health. J Health Soc Behav. 2007; 48(2): 115–130.PubMedCrossRef Schnittker J, John A. Enduring stigma: the long-term effects of incarceration on health. J Health Soc Behav. 2007; 48(2): 115–130.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Rosen DL, Schoenbach VJ, Wohl DA, 12. All-cause and cause-specific mortality among men released from state prison, 1980–2005. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98(12): 2278–2284.PubMedCrossRef Rosen DL, Schoenbach VJ, Wohl DA, 12. All-cause and cause-specific mortality among men released from state prison, 1980–2005. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98(12): 2278–2284.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Yates J. Racial incarceration disparity among States. Social Sci Quarterly (University of Texas Press). 1997; 78(4): 1001–1010. Yates J. Racial incarceration disparity among States. Social Sci Quarterly (University of Texas Press). 1997; 78(4): 1001–1010.
48.
go back to reference Schlesinger T. Racial and ethnic disparity in pretrial criminal processing. Justice Quarterly. 2005; 22(2): 170–192.CrossRef Schlesinger T. Racial and ethnic disparity in pretrial criminal processing. Justice Quarterly. 2005; 22(2): 170–192.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Blankenship KM, Smoyer AB, Bray SJ, Mattocks K. Black-white disparities in HIV/AIDS: the role of drug policy and the corrections system. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005; 16(4 Suppl B): 140–156.PubMedCrossRef Blankenship KM, Smoyer AB, Bray SJ, Mattocks K. Black-white disparities in HIV/AIDS: the role of drug policy and the corrections system. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005; 16(4 Suppl B): 140–156.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Western B, 2. Mass imprisonment and economic inequality. Soc Res. 2007; 74: 509–532. Western B, 2. Mass imprisonment and economic inequality. Soc Res. 2007; 74: 509–532.
51.
go back to reference Sandefur RL. Access to civil justice and race, class, and gender inequality. Annu Rev Sociol. 2008; 34: 339–358.CrossRef Sandefur RL. Access to civil justice and race, class, and gender inequality. Annu Rev Sociol. 2008; 34: 339–358.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Chandler RK, Fletcher BW, Volkow ND. Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: improving public health and safety. JAMA. 2009; 301(2): 183–190.PubMedCrossRef Chandler RK, Fletcher BW, Volkow ND. Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: improving public health and safety. JAMA. 2009; 301(2): 183–190.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Greifinger RB. Public Health Behind Bars: from Prisons to Communities. New York: Springer; 2007.CrossRef Greifinger RB. Public Health Behind Bars: from Prisons to Communities. New York: Springer; 2007.CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Loeb SJ, Steffensmeier D, Lawrence F, 2. Comparing incarcerated and community-dwelling older men’s health. West J Nurs Res. 2008; 30: 234–249. discussion 250–238.PubMedCrossRef Loeb SJ, Steffensmeier D, Lawrence F, 2. Comparing incarcerated and community-dwelling older men’s health. West J Nurs Res. 2008; 30: 234–249. discussion 250–238.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Wendler D, Kington R, Madans J, et al. Are racial and ethnic minorities less willing to participate in health research? PLoS Med. 2005; 3(2): e19.PubMedCrossRef Wendler D, Kington R, Madans J, et al. Are racial and ethnic minorities less willing to participate in health research? PLoS Med. 2005; 3(2): e19.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Noah BA. The participation of underrepresented minorities in clinical research. Am J Law Med. 2003; 29(2–3): 221–245.PubMed Noah BA. The participation of underrepresented minorities in clinical research. Am J Law Med. 2003; 29(2–3): 221–245.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Edlin BR, Carden MR, 5. Injection drug users: the overlooked core of the hepatitis C epidemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42: 673–676.PubMedCrossRef Edlin BR, Carden MR, 5. Injection drug users: the overlooked core of the hepatitis C epidemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42: 673–676.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Anno BJ, 3. Prison health services: an overview. Journal of Correctional Health Care. 2004; 10: 287–301.CrossRef Anno BJ, 3. Prison health services: an overview. Journal of Correctional Health Care. 2004; 10: 287–301.CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Anno BJ. Correctional Health Care: Guidelines for the Management of an Adequate Delivery System. Washington, DC: National Commission on Correctional Health Care and National Institute of Corrections; 2001. Anno BJ. Correctional Health Care: Guidelines for the Management of an Adequate Delivery System. Washington, DC: National Commission on Correctional Health Care and National Institute of Corrections; 2001.
60.
go back to reference Hartney C, Vuong L. Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the US Criminal Justice System. Oakland: National Council on Crime and Delinquency; 2009. Hartney C, Vuong L. Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the US Criminal Justice System. Oakland: National Council on Crime and Delinquency; 2009.
61.
go back to reference CDC, 6. Hepatitis B outbreak in a state correctional facility, 2000. Jama. 2001; 286: 665–667.CrossRef CDC, 6. Hepatitis B outbreak in a state correctional facility, 2000. Jama. 2001; 286: 665–667.CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Polonsky S, Kerr S, Harris B, Gaiter J, Fichtner RR, Kennedy MG, 5. HIV prevention in prisons and jails: obstacles and opportunities. Public Health Rep. 1994; 109: 615–625.PubMed Polonsky S, Kerr S, Harris B, Gaiter J, Fichtner RR, Kennedy MG, 5. HIV prevention in prisons and jails: obstacles and opportunities. Public Health Rep. 1994; 109: 615–625.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Travis J. But They All Come Back: Rethinking Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice; 2000. Travis J. But They All Come Back: Rethinking Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice; 2000.
64.
go back to reference Varghese B, Peterman T. Cost-effectiveness of HIV counseling and testing in US prisons. J Urban Health. 2001; 78(2): 304–312.PubMedCrossRef Varghese B, Peterman T. Cost-effectiveness of HIV counseling and testing in US prisons. J Urban Health. 2001; 78(2): 304–312.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Martin SS, O’Connell DJ, Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Beard RA. HIV/AIDS among probationers: an assessment of risk and results from a brief intervention. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003; 35(4): 435–443.PubMedCrossRef Martin SS, O’Connell DJ, Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Beard RA. HIV/AIDS among probationers: an assessment of risk and results from a brief intervention. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003; 35(4): 435–443.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Health Disparities and the Criminal Justice System: An Agenda for Further Research and Action
Authors
Ingrid A. Binswanger
Nicole Redmond
John F. Steiner
LeRoi S. Hicks
Publication date
01-02-2012
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Urban Health / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 1099-3460
Electronic ISSN: 1468-2869
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9614-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Journal of Urban Health 1/2012 Go to the issue