Top

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Published in:

01-10-2011

Why is Childhood Maltreatment Associated with Adolescent Substance Abuse? A Critical Review of Explanatory Models

Authors: Wendy E. Hovdestad, Lil Tonmyr, Christine Wekerle, Tiffany Thornton

Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction | Issue 5/2011

Abstract

Childhood maltreatment and adolescent substance abuse are important health issues that have been linked by research and theory for at least 50 years. Considering the intricacies of child maltreatment research, this paper aims to answer the question: which models show the most promise to explain why child maltreatment is a risk indicator for adolescent substance abuse? Models of the mechanisms of this association are reviewed and evaluated in the context of the many complexities of defining and measuring child maltreatment. We offer three recommendations for future research in this area: 1) measures of the severity of child maltreatment should be used where possible; 2) positive childhood relationships should be assessed as a potentially important protective factor; 3) more research should involve system-involved children and adolescents.

According to the WHO, child maltreatment “includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, development or dignity.” Within this broad definition, five subtypes can be distinguished—physical abuse; sexual abuse; neglect and negligent treatment; emotional abuse; and exploitation http://www.who.int/topics/child_abuse/en/ In addition, witnessing intimate partner violence is also regarded as a form of child maltreatment (Gilbert et al. 2009).

Cigarette smoking is not discussed here because it differs in important ways from alcohol and marijuana. Despite its addictive potential, nicotine is not associated with significant interpersonal effects. As well, compared to alcohol and marijuana, it poses a lower risk of negative health and development effects during adolescence (although the risks of addiction for adolescent smokers and the long-term health risks of addiction are well-known, e.g., Doubeni et al. 2010). In addition, polysubstance abuse and genetic influences on substance abuse are beyond the scope of this review.

Some research defines “binge drinking” more stringently, as 5+ drinks on one occasion, at least once every two weeks (see Shin et al. 2009).

Self-derogation also has important links to deliberate self-harm (Klonsky and Muehlenkamp 2007) and to suicidal ideation (Harlow et al. 1986), and may be particularly important to assess in the context of alcohol abuse.

Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, P. O., Clinton, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2001). Alcohol and sexual assault. Alcohol Research and Health, 25, 43–51.PubMed

Anda, R. F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V. J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W. H., Williamson, D. F., et al. (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1652–1658.PubMedCrossRef

Bagge, C. L., & Sher, K. J. (2008). Adolescent alcohol involvement and suicide attempts: toward the development of a conceptual framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1283–1296.PubMedCrossRef

Blain, L. M., Galovski, T. E., & Robinson, T. (2010). Gender difference in recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 15, 463–474.CrossRef

Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1996). Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1406–1416.PubMedCrossRef

Briere, J., & Rickards, S. (2007). Self-awareness, affect regulation, and relatedness: differential sequels of childhood versus adult victimization experiences. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 497–503.PubMedCrossRef

Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., De La Rosa, M., Whiteman, M., Johnson, E., & Montoya, I. (2001). Adolescent illegal drug use: the impact of personality, family, and environmental factors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 183–203.PubMedCrossRef

Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., & Pahl, K. (2006). The developmental context for adolescent substance abuse intervention. In H. A. Liddle & C. L. Rowe (Eds.) Adolescent substance abuse: Research and Clinical Advances, (pp. 25–51). Cambridge University Press.

Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Zhang, C., & Cohen, P. (2009). Pathways from adolescent parent-child conflict to substance use disorders in the fourth decade of life. The American Journal on Addiction, 18, 235–242.CrossRef

Brown, A. S., Tapert, S. F., Granholm, E., & Delis, D. C. (2000). Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 24, 164–171.CrossRef

Butt, S., Chou, S., & Browne, K. (2011). A rapid systematic review on the association between childhood physical and sexual abuse and illicit drug use among males. Child Abuse Review, 20, 6–38.CrossRef

Butters, J. E. (2005). Promoting healthy choices: the importance of differentiating between ordinary and high risk cannabis use among high-school students. Substance Use & Misuse, 40, 845–855.CrossRef

Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS): Highlights Report. (2009). Available online at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/drugs-drogues/stat/index-eng.php.

Canetti, L., Bachar, E., Galili-Weisstub, E., De-Nour, A. K., & Shalev, A. Y. (1997). Parental bonding and mental health in adolescence. Adolescence, 32, 381–394.PubMed

Casswell, S., Huckle, T., & Pledger, M. (2002). Survey data need not underestimate alcohol consumption. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 1561–7.PubMedCrossRef

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC: 6 June 2008). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2007. Surveillance Summaries. MMWR 2008;57 (No. SS-4). Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss5704.pdf.

Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 913–917.PubMedCrossRef

Cicchetti, D. (2002). The impact of social experience on neurobiological systems: illustration from a constructivist view of child maltreatment. Cognitive Development, 17, 1407–1428.

Clark, D. B., Thatcher, D. L., & Maisto, S. A. (2004). Adolescent neglect and alcohol use disorders in two-parent families. Child Maltreatment, 9, 357–370.PubMedCrossRef

Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., et al. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 915–924.PubMedCrossRef

Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1380–1397.PubMedCrossRef

Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Children’s strategies for coping with adverse home environments: an interpretation using attachment theory. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16, 329–343.CrossRef

Crittenden, P. M., & Claussen, A. H. (2002). Developmental psychopathology perspectives on substance abuse and relationship violence. In C. Wekerle & A. Wall (Eds.), The violence and addiction equation (pp. 44–63). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

deBellis, M. D. (2002). Developmental traumatology: a contributory mechanism for alcohol and substance use disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 155–170.CrossRef

deBellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Csey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., et al. (1999). Developmental traumatology part II: brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1271–1284.CrossRef

Dembo, R., Dertke, M., La Voie, L., Borders, S., Washburn, M., & Schmeidler, J. (1987). Physical abuse, sexual victimization and illicit drug use: a structural analysis among high risk adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 10, 13–33.PubMedCrossRef

Dembo, R., Williams, L., La Voie, L., Berry, E., Getreu, A., Wish, E. D., et al. (1989). Physical abuse, sexual victimization, and illicit drug use: replication of a structural analysis among a new sample of high-risk youths. Violence and Victims, 4, 121–138.PubMed

Dielman, T. E., Campanelli, P. C., Shope, J. T., & Butchart, A. T. (1987). Susceptibility to peer pressure, self-esteem, and health locus of control as correlates of adolescent substance abuse. Health Education and Behavior, 14, 207–221.CrossRef

Donnelly, J., Young, M., Pearson, R., Penhollow, T. M., & Hernandez, A. (2008). Area specific self-esteem, values, and adolescent substance use. Journal of Drug Education, 38, 389–403.PubMedCrossRef

Doubeni, C. A., Reed, G., & DiFranza, J. R. (2010). Early course of nicotine dependence in adolescent smokers. Pediatrics, 125, 1127–1133.PubMedCrossRef

Dunn, M. G., Tarter, R. E., Mezzich, A. C., Vanyukov, M., Kirisci, L., & Kirillova, G. (2002). Origins and consequences of child neglect in substance abuse families. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1063–1090.PubMedCrossRef

Edmond, T., Auslander, W., Elze, D. E., McMillen, C., & Thompson, R. (2002). Differences between sexually abused and non-sexually abused adolescent girls in foster care. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 11, 73–99.PubMedCrossRef

Epstein, J. A., Griffin, K. W., & Botvin, G. J. (2004). Efficacy, self-derogation, and alcohol use among inner-city adolescents: gender matters. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 159–166.CrossRef

Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (1996). A process model for understanding adaptation to sexual abuse: the role of shame in defining stigmatization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 767–782.CrossRef

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Wiliamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258.PubMedCrossRef

Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. L. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: a comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10, 5–25.PubMedCrossRef

Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. (2007). Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 7–26.PubMedCrossRef

Flores, P. J. (2004). Addiction as an attachment disorder. Lanham: Jason Aronson.

Fluke, J., Shusterman, G. R., Hollinshead, D. M., & Yuan, Y. Y. T. (2008). Longitudinal analysis of repeated child abuse reporting and victimization: multistate analysis of associated factors. Child Maltreatment, 13, 76–88.PubMedCrossRef

Foynes, M. M., Freyd, J. D., & DePrince, A. P. (2009). Child abuse: betrayal and disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 209–217.CrossRef

Freyer, M., Kalafatelis, E., McMillen, P., & Palmer, S. (2004). Standard drink calibration. An in-depth investigation of volumes of alcohol consumed by youth uncontrolled binge drinkers, and adult constrained and uninihibited binge drinkers. Alcohol Advisory Council. Accessed May 21, 2004 from http://www.alac.org.nz/filelinks/737_calibration_exec.f7c50622.pdf.

Gilbert, R., Spatz Widom, C., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373, 68–81.CrossRef

Gold, S. N. (2000). Not trauma alone. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Goldstein, A. L., & Wekerle, C. (2008). March). Aging out of the child protective services system: the transition from child welfare to independence. OACAS Journal, 52, 9–17.

Goodman-Brown, T. B., Edelstein, R. S., Goodman, G. S., Jones, D. P. H., & Gordon, D. S. (2003). Why children tell: a model of children’s disclosure of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 525–540.CrossRef

Graham-Berman, S. A., & Edleson, J. (2001). Domestic violence in the lives of children. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Griffin, M. L., & Amodeo, M. (2010). Predicting long-term outcomes for women physically abused in childhood: contribution of abuse severity versus family environment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 724–733.PubMedCrossRef

Hamburger, M. E., Leeb, R. T., & Swahn, M. H. (2008). Childhood maltreatment and early alcohol use among high-risk adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 291–295.PubMed

Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. C., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Depression, self-derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: lack of purpose in life as a meditational factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 5–21.PubMedCrossRef

Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64–105.PubMedCrossRef

Hazen, A. L., Connelly, C. D., Roesch, S. C., Hough, R. L., & Landsverk, J. A. (2009). Child maltreatment profiles and adjustment problems in high-risk adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 361–378.PubMedCrossRef

Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.

Hovdestad, W. E. (2001). Attachment, relationships, coping, and well-being of adults maltreated in childhood. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Ireland, T., Smith, C. A., & Thornberry, T. P. (2002). Developmental issues in the impact of child maltreatment on later delinquency and drug use. Criminology, 40, 359–399.CrossRef

Kacynski, N. A. & Martin, C. S. (1995). Diagnostic orphans: Adolescents with clinical alcohol symtomatology who do not qualify for DSM-IV abuse or dependence diagnosis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Steamboat Springs, CO.

Kaplan, H. B., Martin, S. S., & Robbins, C. (1984). Pathways to adolescent drug use: self-derogation, peer influence, weakening of social controls, and early substance use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 270–289.PubMedCrossRef

Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 19–30.PubMedCrossRef

Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692–700.PubMedCrossRef

Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 706–716.PubMedCrossRef

Kingery, P., Pruitt, B. E., & Hurley, R. S. (1992). Violence and illegal drug use among adolescents: evidence from the US. International Journal of the Addictions, 27, 1445–1464.PubMed

Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self-injury: a research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session, 63, 1045–1056.PubMed

Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., & Burns, B. J. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation. Child Maltreatment, 15, 48–63.PubMedCrossRef

Litrownik, A. J., Lau, A., English, D. J., Briggs, E., Newton, R. R., Romney, S., et al. (2005). Measuring the severity of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 553–573.PubMedCrossRef

Macleod, J., Oakes, R., Copello, A., Crome, I., Egger, M., Hickman, M., et al. (2004). Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. The Lancet, 363, 1579–1588.CrossRef

MacMillan, H. L., Fleming, J. E., Streiner, D. L., Lin, E., Boyle, M. H., Jamieson, E., et al. (2001). Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1878–1883.PubMedCrossRef

Martin, C., Kacynski, N. A., Maisto, S. A., Buckstein, O. M., & Moss, H. B. (1995). Patterns of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms in adolescent drinkers. Journal on Studies of Alcohol, 56, 672–680.

Mason, W. A. (2001). Self-esteem and delinquency revisited (again): a test of Kaplan’s self-derogation theory of delinquency using latent growth curve modeling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 83–102.CrossRef

May-Chahal, C., & Cawson, P. (2005). Measuring child maltreatment in the United Kingdom: a study of the prevalence of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 969–984.PubMedCrossRef

Milot, T., St-Laurent, D., Éthier, L. S., & Provost, M. A. (2010). Trauma-related symptoms in neglected preschoolers and affective quality of mother-child communication. Child Maltreatment, 15, 293–304.PubMedCrossRef

Miskovic, V., Schmidt, L. A., Georgiades, K., Boyle, M., & MacMillan, H. L. (2010). Adolescent females exposed to child maltreatment exhibit atypical EEG coherence and psychiatric impairment: linking early adversity, the brain, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 419–439.PubMedCrossRef

Morton, N., & Browne, K. D. (1998). Theory and observation of attachment and its relation to child maltreatment: a review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 1093–1104.CrossRef

Odgers, C. L., Burnette, M. L., Chauhan, P., Moretti, M. M., & Reppucci, N. D. (2005). Misdiagnosing the problem: mental health profiles of incarcerated juveniles. The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review, 14(1), 26–29.PubMed

Paglia-Boak, A., Mann, R. E., Adlaf, E. A., & Rehm, J. (2009). Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS). Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

Parker, J. S., & Benson, M. J. (2004). Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency. Adolescence, 39(155), 519–530.PubMed

Petraitis, J., Flay, B. R., & Miller, T. Q. (1995). Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: organizing pieces in the puzzle. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 67–86.PubMedCrossRef

Pilowsky, D. J., & Wu, L. T. (2006). Psychiatric symptoms and substance use disorders in a nationally-representative sample of American adolescents involved with foster care. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 351–358.PubMedCrossRef

Prinz, R. J., Sanders, M. R., Shapiro, C. J., Whitaker, D. J., & Lutzker, J. R. (2009). Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: the U.S. Triple P system Population Trial. Prevention Science, 10, 1–12.PubMedCrossRef

Rubino, T., & Parolaro, D. (2008). Long lasting consequences of cannabis exposure in adolescence. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 286S, S108–S113.CrossRef

Schindler, A., Thomasius, R., Petersen, K., & Sack, P.-M. (2009). Heroin as an attachment substitute? Differences in attachment represenations between opioid, ecstasy and cannabis abusers. Attachment & Human Development, 11, 307–330.CrossRef

Schweinsburg, A. D., Brown, S. A., & Tapert, S. F. (2008). The influence of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents. Current Drug Abuse Review, 1, 99–111.

Shin, H. S. & Poertner, J. (2002). The well-being of older youth in out-of-home care who are headed to independence. Unpublished paper. Children and Family Research Center, School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Shin, S. H., Edwards, E. M., & Heeren, T. (2009). Child abuse and neglect: relations to adolescent binge drinking in the national longitudinal study of Adolescent Health (ADDHealth) Study. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 277–280.PubMedCrossRef

Smith, G. S., Branas, C. C., & Miller, T. R. (1999). Fatal nontraffic injuries involving alcohol: a metaanalysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 33, 659–668.PubMed

Stewart, S. H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 83–112.PubMedCrossRef

Stewart, S. H., Grant, V. V., Ouimette, P., & Brown, P. J. (2006). Are gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder rates attenuated in substance use disorder patients? Canadian Psychology, 47, 110–124.

Styron, T., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1997). Childhood attachment and abuse: long-term effects on adult attachment, depression, and conflict resolution. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 1015–1023.CrossRef

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. (SAMHSA) (2007). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) Highlights—2006 National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. OAS Series #S-40, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 08–4313, Rockville, MD.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2009). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-36, HHS Publication No. SMA 09–4434). Rockville, MD. Available at: http://oas.samhsa.gov.

Tang, B., Jamieson, E., Boyle, M., Libby, A., Gafini, A., & MacMillan, H. (2006). The influence of child abuse on the pattern of expenditures in women’s adult health service utilization in Ontario, Canada. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 1711–1719.CrossRef

Tapert, S. F., & Brown, S. A. (1999). Neuropsychological correlates of adolescent substance abuse: four-year outcomes. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 481–93.PubMedCrossRef

Taussig, H. N., Clyman, R. B., & Landsverk, J. (2001). Children who return home from foster care: a 6-year prospective study of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence. Pediatrics, 108, e10.PubMedCrossRef

Taylor, J., Lloyd, D. A., & Warheit, G. J. (2005). Self-derogation, peer factors, and drug dependence among a multiethnic sample of young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 15, 39–51.CrossRef

Tonmyr, L., Jamieson, E., Mery, L., & MacMillan, H. (2005a). The relationship between childhood adverse experiences and disability due to physical health problems in a community sample of women. Women & Health, 41(4), 23–35.CrossRef

Tonmyr, L., Jamieson, E., Mery, L., & MacMillan, H. (2005b). The relationship between childhood adverse experiences and disability due to mental health problems in a community sample of women. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(12), 778–783.

Tonmyr, L., Thornton, T., Draca, J., & Wekerle, C. (2010). A review of childhood maltreatment and adolescent substance abuse relationship. Current Psychiatry Review, 6, 223–234.CrossRef

Tonmyr, L., Williams, G., Hovdestad, W.E., & Draca, J. (2011). Anxiety and/or depression in 10–15-year-olds investigated by child welfare in Canada. Journal of Adolescent Health. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.009.

Trezza, V., Cuomo, V., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2008). European Journal of Pharmacology, 585, 441–452.PubMedCrossRef

Wall, A. E., & Kohl, P. L. (2007). Substance use in maltreated youth: findings from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Child Maltreatment, 12, 20–30.PubMedCrossRef

Wekerle, C., & Wall, A. M. (2002). The violence and addiction equation. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Wekerle, C., Leung, E., Goldstein, A., Thornton, T., & Tonmyr, L. (2009). Substance Use among Adolescents in Child Welfare versus Adolescents in the General Population: A Comparison of the Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Londitudinal Study and the 2005 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (OSDUS) Datasets. London, Ontario, University of Western Ontario. Free report copies available from National Clearinghouse on Family Violence (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/pdfs/nfnts-ado-wallmur-eng.pdf).

Wekerle, C., Waechter, R., & Chung, R. (2011). Contexts of vulnerability and resilience: Childhood maltreatment, adolescent cognitive functioning and close relationships. In M. Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience. New York: Springer.

Widom, C. S. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1223–1229.PubMed

Wilson, H. W., Stover, C. S., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2009). Research review: the relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behaviour: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 769–779.PubMedCrossRef

Wolfe, D. A. & McIssac, C. (2010). Distinguishing between poor/dysfunctional parenting and child emotional maltreatment. Unpublished paper prepared for The Family Violence Prevention Unit of the Public Health Agency of Canada.

Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., & Jaffe, P. G. (2003a). The effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis and critique. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 171–187.CrossRef

Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Scott, K., Staatman, A. L., Grasley, C., & Reitzel-Jaffe, D. (2003b). Dating violence prevention with at-risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation. Journal of Counselling and Clinical Psychology, 71, 279–291.CrossRef

Youth Smoking Survey (2008–2009). Summary of Results of the 2008–2009 Youth Smoking Survey. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/stat/_survey-sondage_2008-2009/result-eng.php.

Zahradnik, M., Stewart, S. H., O’Connor, R. M., Stevens, D., Ungar, M., & Wekerle, C. (2010). Resilience moderates the relationship between exposure to violence and posttraumatic reexperiencing in Mi’kmaq youth. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 408–420.CrossRef

Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Title: Why is Childhood Maltreatment Associated with Adolescent Substance Abuse? A Critical Review of Explanatory Models
Authors: Wendy E. Hovdestad
Lil Tonmyr
Christine Wekerle
Tiffany Thornton
Publication date: 01-10-2011
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction / Issue 5/2011
Print ISSN: 1557-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1882
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9322-9

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Why is Childhood Maltreatment Associated with Adolescent Substance Abuse? A Critical Review of Explanatory Models

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2011

Risk, Resilience and Outcomes: Special Issue

Concurrent Mental Health and Substance Use Problems among Street-Involved Youth

Trauma Experiences, Maltreatment-Related Impairments, and Resilience Among Child Welfare Youth in Residential Care

Does Self-Compassion Mitigate the Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Later Emotion Regulation Difficulties? A Preliminary Investigation

Erratum to: Concurrent Mental Health and Substance Use Problems Among Street-Involved Youth

Associations of Personality with Alcohol Use Behaviour and Alcohol Problems in Adolescents Receiving Child Welfare Services