Top

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Published in:

01-06-2012

Maternal micronutrient restriction programs the body adiposity, adipocyte function and lipid metabolism in offspring: A review

Authors: K. Rajender Rao, I. J. N. Padmavathi, M. Raghunath

Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Issue 2/2012

Abstract

Fetal growth is a complex process which depends both on the genetic makeup and intrauterine environment. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is an important determinant of fetal growth. Adequate nutrient supply is required during pregnancy and lactation for the support of fetal/infant growth and development. Macro- and micronutrients are both important to sustain pregnancy and for appropriate growth of the fetus. While macronutrients provide energy and proteins for fetal growth, micronutrients play a major role in the metabolism of macronutrients, structural and cellular metabolism of the fetus. Discrepancies in maternal diet at different stages of foetal growth / offspring development can have pronounced influences on the health and well-being of the offspring. Indeed intrauterine growth restriction induced by nutrient insult can irreversibly modulate the endocrine/metabolic status of the fetus that leads to the development of adiposity and insulin resistance in its later life. Understanding the role of micronutrients during the development of fetus will provide insights into the probable underlying / associated mechanisms in the metabolic pathways of endocrine related complications. Keeping in view the modernized lifestyle and food habits that lead to the development of adiposity and world burden of obesity, this review focuses mainly on the role of maternal micronutrients in the foetal origins of adiposity.

Bernstein I, Gabbe SG. Intrauterine growth restriction. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics: normal & problem pregnancies. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. p. 863–886.

Eleftheriades M, Creatsas G, Nicolaides K. Fetal growth restriction and postnatal development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1092:319–30.PubMedCrossRef

Neerhof MG. Causes of intrauterine growth restriction. Clin Perinatol. 1995;22:375–85.PubMed

Bryan SM, Hindmarsh PC. Normal and abnormal fetal growth. Horm Res. 2006;65 Suppl 3:19–27.PubMedCrossRef

Fraser AM, Brockert JE, Ward RH. Association of young maternal age with adverse reproductive outcomes. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1113–7.PubMedCrossRef

Van Assche FA, De Prins F, Aerts L, Verjans M. The endocrine pancreas in small-for-dates infants. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1977;84:751–3.PubMedCrossRef

Nicolini U, Hubinont C, Santolaya J, Fisk NM, Rodeck CH. Effects of fetal intravenous glucose challenge in normal and growth retarded fetuses. Horm Metab Res. 1990;22:426–30.PubMedCrossRef

Barker DJ. In utero programming of chronic disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998;95:115–28.CrossRef

Hales CN, Barker DJ, Clark PM, Cox LJ, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter PD. Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ. 1991;303:1019–22.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Jaquet D, Gaboriau A, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C. Insulin resistance early in adulthood in subjects born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1401–6.PubMedCrossRef

11.

de Onis M, Blossner M, Villar J. Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52 Suppl 1:S5–S15.PubMed

12.

Pollack RN, Divon MY. Intrauterine growth retardation: definition, classification, and etiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1992;35:99–107.PubMedCrossRef

13.

McAnarney ER. Young maternal age and adverse neonatal outcome. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141:1053–9.PubMed

14.

Adelson PL, Frommer MS, Pym MA, Rubin GL. Teenage pregnancy and fertility in New South Wales: an examination of fertility trends, abortion and birth outcomes. Aust J Public Health. 1992;16:238–44.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Cooper LG, Leland NL, Alexander G. Effect of maternal age on birth outcomes among young adolescents. Soc Biol. 1995;42:22–35.PubMed

16.

WHO/UNICEF. Low birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. New York, United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization, 2004

17.

Abrams SA. In utero physiology: role in nutrient delivery and fetal development for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:604S–7S.PubMed

18.

UNICEF: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies: a global progress report. The Micronutrient Initiative and UNICEF, 2004 by Peter Adamson, P&LA, Oxfordshire, UK.

19.

Scholl TO, Johnson WG. Folic acid: influence on the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:1295S–303S.PubMed

20.

Coursin DB. Vitamin B6 metabolism in infants and children. Vitam Horm. 1964;22:755–86.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Cederberg J, Siman CM, Eriksson UJ. Combined treatment with vitamin E and vitamin C decreases oxidative stress and improves fetal outcome in experimental diabetic pregnancy. Pediatr Res. 2001;49:755–62.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Siman CM, Eriksson UJ. Vitamin C supplementation of the maternal diet reduces the rate of malformation in the offspring of diabetic rats. Diabetologia. 1997;40:1416–24.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Raman L, Rajalakshmi K, Krishnamachari KA, Sastry JG. Effect of calcium supplementation to undernourished mothers during pregnancy on the bone density of the bone density of the neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978;31:466–9.PubMed

24.

Koo WW, Walters JC, Esterlitz J, Levine RJ, Bush AJ, Sibai B. Maternal calcium supplementation and fetal bone mineralization. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:577–82.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Linder MC. The biochemistry of copper. New York: Plenum Press; 1991.

26.

Bothwell TH. Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:257S–64S.PubMed

27.

Krachler M, Rossipal E, Micetic-Turk D. Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn–investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:486–94.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Hurley LS. Developmental nutrition. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1980.

29.

Barker DJ. The fetal and infant origins of disease. Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25:457–63.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Barker DJ. Intrauterine programming of adult disease. Mol Med Today. 1995;1:418–23.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Banerji MA, Faridi N, Atluri R, Chaiken RL, Lebovitz HE. Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:137–44.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Guricci S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obes Rev. 2002;3:141–6.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Yajnik CS. Early life origins of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in India and other Asian countries. J Nutr. 2004;134:205–10.PubMed

34.

Gilbert-Diamond D, Baylin A, Mora-Plazas M, Marin C, Arsenault JE, Hughes MD, Willett WC, Villamor E. Vitamin D deficiency and anthropometric indicators of adiposity in school-age children: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:1446–51.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Dong Y, Pollock N, Stallmann-Jorgensen IS, Gutin B, Lan L, Chen TC, Keeton D, Petty K, Holick MF, Zhu H. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in adolescents: race, season, adiposity, physical activity, and fitness. Pediatrics. 2010;125:1104–11.PubMedCrossRef

36.

Krishnaveni GV, Hill JC, Veena SR, Bhat DS, Wills AK, Karat CL, Yajnik CS, Fall CH. Low plasma vitamin B12 in pregnancy is associated with gestational 'diabesity' and later diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2350–8.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Zimmermann MB, Zeder C, Muthayya S, Winichagoon P, Chaouki N, Aeberli I, Hurrell RF. Adiposity in women and children from transition countries predicts decreased iron absorption, iron deficiency and a reduced response to iron fortification. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:1098–104.CrossRef

38.

Venu L, Harishankar N, Krishna TP, Raghunath M. Does maternal dietary mineral restriction per se predispose the offspring to insulin resistance? Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151:287–94.PubMedCrossRef

39.

Venu L, Harishankar N, Prasanna Krishna T, Raghunath M. Maternal dietary vitamin restriction increases body fat content but not insulin resistance in WNIN rat offspring up to 6 months of age. Diabetologia. 2004;47:1493–501.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Venu L, Kishore YD, Raghunath M. Maternal and perinatal magnesium restriction predisposes rat pups to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. J Nutr. 2005;135:1353–8.PubMed

41.

Venu L, Padmavathi IJ, Kishore YD, Bhanu NV, Rao KR, Sainath PB, Ganeshan M, Raghunath M. Long-term effects of maternal magnesium restriction on adiposity and insulin resistance in rat pups. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16:1270–6.CrossRef

42.

Raghunath M, Venu L, Padmavathi I, Kishore YD, Ganeshan M, Anand Kumar K, Sainath PB, Rao KR. Modulation of macronutrient metabolism in the offspring by maternal micronutrient deficiency in experimental animals. Indian J Med Res. 2009;130:655–65.PubMed

43.

Padmavathi IJ, Kishore YD, Venu L, Ganeshan M, Harishankar N, Giridharan NV, Raghunath M. Prenatal and perinatal zinc restriction: effects on body composition, glucose tolerance and insulin response in rat offspring. Exp Physiol. 2009;94:761–9.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Padmavathi IJN, Rao KR, Venu L, Ganeshan M, Kumar KA, Rao Ch N, Harishankar N, Ismail A, Raghunath M: Chronic maternal dietary chromium restriction modulates visceral adiposity: probable underlying mechanisms. Diabetes. 2010;59:98–104.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Manisha Ganeshan SP, Padmavathi IJN, Venu L, Kishore YD, Anand K, Harishanker N, Srinivasa Rao J, Raghunath M (2011) Maternal manganese restriction increases susceptibility to high fat diet induced dyslipidemia and altered adipose function in WNIN male rat offspring. Exp Diabetes Res (In press)

46.

Anand Kumar K, Padmavathi IJN, Lalitha A, Manisha G, Rao KR, Mahesh Kumar J, Chandak GR, Raghunath M: Chronic maternal vitamin B12 restriction induced changes in the wistar rat offspring are partly correctable by rehabilitation (Abstract). CMR e-journal 2010

47.

Ribot J, Felipe F, Bonet ML, Palou A. Changes of adiposity in response to vitamin A status correlate with changes of PPAR gamma 2 expression. Obes Res. 2001;9:500–9.PubMedCrossRef

48.

Rosen ED, Sarraf P, Troy AE, Bradwin G, Moore K, Milstone DS, Spiegelman BM, Mortensen RM. PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell. 1999;4:611–7.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Horton JD, Shimomura I, Brown MS, Hammer RE, Goldstein JL, Shimano H. Activation of cholesterol synthesis in preference to fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue of transgenic mice overproducing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:2331–9.PubMedCrossRef

50.

Joss-Moore LA, Wang Y, Campbell MS, Moore B, Yu X, Callaway CW, McKnight RA, Desai M, Moyer-Mileur LJ, Lane RH. Uteroplacental insufficiency increases visceral adiposity and visceral adipose PPARgamma2 expression in male rat offspring prior to the onset of obesity. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86:179–85.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Desbriere R, Vuaroqueaux V, Achard V, Boullu-Ciocca S, Labuhn M, Dutour A, Grino M. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 mRNA is increased in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese patients. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14:794–8.CrossRef

52.

Boullu-Ciocca S, Achard V, Tassistro V, Dutour A, Grino M. Postnatal programming of glucocorticoid metabolism in rats modulates high-fat diet-induced regulation of visceral adipose tissue glucocorticoid exposure and sensitivity and adiponectin and proinflammatory adipokines gene expression in adulthood. Diabetes. 2008;57:669–77.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Jazet IM, Pijl H, Meinders AE. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: impact on insulin resistance. Neth J Med. 2003;61:194–212.PubMed

54.

Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2548–56.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Fontbonne A, Eschwege E, Cambien F, Richard JL, Ducimetiere P, Thibult N, Warnet JM, Claude JR, Rosselin GE. Hypertriglyceridaemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Results from the 11-year follow-up of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia. 1989;32:300–4.PubMedCrossRef

56.

Smith U. Impaired ('diabetic') insulin signaling and action occur in fat cells long before glucose intolerance–is insulin resistance initiated in the adipose tissue? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:897–904.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Koo SI, Norvell JE, Algilani K, Chow J. Effect of marginal zinc deficiency on the lymphatic absorption of [14C]cholesterol. J Nutr. 1986;116:2363–71.PubMed

58.

Kim ES, Noh SK, Koo SI. Marginal zinc deficiency lowers the lymphatic absorption of alpha-tocopherol in rats. J Nutr. 1998;128:265–70.PubMed

59.

LeBlanc CP, Fiset S, Surette ME, Turgeon O'Brien H, Rioux FM. Maternal iron deficiency alters essential fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism and increases locomotion in adult guinea pig offspring. J Nutr. 2009;139:1653–9.PubMedCrossRef

60.

Crowe C, Dandekar P, Fox M, Dhingra K, Bennet L, Hanson MA. The effects of anaemia on heart, placenta and body weight, and blood pressure in fetal and neonatal rats. J Physiol. 1995;488(Pt 2):515–9.PubMed

61.

Lewis RM, Petry CJ, Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Effects of maternal iron restriction in the rat on blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and serum lipids in the 3-month-old offspring. Metabolism. 2001;50:562–7.PubMedCrossRef

62.

Singla PN, Tyagi M, Kumar A, Dash D, Shankar R. Fetal growth in maternal anaemia. J Trop Pediatr. 1997;43:89–92.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Zhang J, Lewis RM, Wang C, Hales N, Byrne CD. Maternal dietary iron restriction modulates hepatic lipid metabolism in the fetuses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288:R104–11.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Kwik-Uribe CL, Gietzen D, German JB, Golub MS, Keen CL. Chronic marginal iron intakes during early development in mice result in persistent changes in dopamine metabolism and myelin composition. J Nutr. 2000;130:2821–30.PubMed

65.

Kwong WY, Wild AE, Roberts P, Willis AC, Fleming TP. Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development. 2000;127:4195–202.PubMed

66.

Brawley L, Itoh S, Torrens C, Barker A, Bertram C, Poston L, Hanson M. Dietary protein restriction in pregnancy induces hypertension and vascular defects in rat male offspring. Pediatr Res. 2003;54:83–90.PubMedCrossRef

67.

Waterland RA, Jirtle RL. Early nutrition, epigenetic changes at transposons and imprinted genes, and enhanced susceptibility to adult chronic diseases. Nutrition. 2004;20:63–8.PubMedCrossRef

68.

Waterland RA, Dolinoy DC, Lin JR, Smith CA, Shi X, Tahiliani KG. Maternal methyl supplements increase offspring DNA methylation at Axin Fused. Genesis. 2006;44:401–6.PubMedCrossRef

69.

Fu Q, McKnight RA, Yu X, Wang L, Callaway CW, Lane RH. Uteroplacental insufficiency induces site-specific changes in histone H3 covalent modifications and affects DNA-histone H3 positioning in day 0 IUGR rat liver. Physiol Genomics. 2004;20:108–16.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Razin A. CpG methylation, chromatin structure and gene silencing-a three-way connection. EMBO J. 1998;17:4905–8.PubMedCrossRef

71.

Lillycrop KA, Phillips ES, Jackson AA, Hanson MA, Burdge GC. Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring. J Nutr. 2005;135:1382–6.PubMed

72.

Jackson AA, Dunn RL, Marchand MC, Langley-Evans SC. Increased systolic blood pressure in rats induced by a maternal low-protein diet is reversed by dietary supplementation with glycine. Clin Sci (Lond). 2002;103:633–9.

73.

Brawley L, Torrens C, Anthony FW, Itoh S, Wheeler T, Jackson AA, Clough GF, Poston L, Hanson MA. Glycine rectifies vascular dysfunction induced by dietary protein imbalance during pregnancy. J Physiol. 2004;554:497–504.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Gallou-Kabani C, Junien C. Nutritional epigenomics of metabolic syndrome: new perspective against the epidemic. Diabetes. 2005;54:1899–906.PubMedCrossRef

Title: Maternal micronutrient restriction programs the body adiposity, adipocyte function and lipid metabolism in offspring: A review
Authors: K. Rajender Rao
I. J. N. Padmavathi
M. Raghunath
Publication date: 01-06-2012
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Issue 2/2012
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-012-9211-y

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2012

Mechanisms underlying the developmental origins of disease

Body composition in infants: Evidence for developmental programming and techniques for measurement

Guest editorial: Fetal growth restriction and its consequences

Fetal programming: Maternal nutrition and role of one-carbon metabolism

Mechanisms affecting neuroendocrine and epigenetic regulation of body weight and onset of puberty: Potential implications in the child born small for gestational age (SGA)

Methionine, homocysteine, one carbon metabolism and fetal growth

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials