Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pituitary 2/2015

01-04-2015

Surgical management of Cushing’s disease

Authors: Robert F. Dallapiazza, Edward H. Oldfield, John A. Jane Jr.

Published in: Pituitary | Issue 2/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy is the first-line treatment for Cushing’s disease. At experienced centers, early remission rates after transsphenoidal surgery range from 65 to 98 %, however disease relapse frequently occurs with rates ranging from 2 to 35 % at long-term follow up.

Methods

This article discusses recently reported studies on the surgical outcomes from transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease.

Conclusions

One of the keys to a successful long-term surgical outcome is meticulous dissection using the adenoma’s pseudocapsule as a surgical plane for complete resection. MRI-negative and invasive ACTH-secreting adenomas pose particular challenges for pituitary surgeons.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Clayton RN, Raskauskiene D, Reulen RC, Jones PW (2011) Mortality and morbidity in Cushing’s disease over 50 years in Stoke-on-Trent, UK: audit and meta-analysis of literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(3):632–642CrossRefPubMed Clayton RN, Raskauskiene D, Reulen RC, Jones PW (2011) Mortality and morbidity in Cushing’s disease over 50 years in Stoke-on-Trent, UK: audit and meta-analysis of literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(3):632–642CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Dekkers OM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM et al (2007) Mortality in patients treated for Cushing’s disease is increased, compared with patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(3):976–981CrossRefPubMed Dekkers OM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM et al (2007) Mortality in patients treated for Cushing’s disease is increased, compared with patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(3):976–981CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker FG II et al (1999) Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Ann Intern Med 130(10):821–824CrossRefPubMed Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker FG II et al (1999) Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Ann Intern Med 130(10):821–824CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Chen JC, Amar AP, Choi S, Singer P, Couldwell WT, Weiss MH (2003) Transsphenoidal microsurgical treatment of Cushing disease: postoperative assessment of surgical efficacy by application of an overnight low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. J Neurosurg 98(5):967–973CrossRefPubMed Chen JC, Amar AP, Choi S, Singer P, Couldwell WT, Weiss MH (2003) Transsphenoidal microsurgical treatment of Cushing disease: postoperative assessment of surgical efficacy by application of an overnight low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. J Neurosurg 98(5):967–973CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Ciric I, Zhao JC, Du H et al (2012) Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease: experience with 136 patients. Neurosurgery 70(1):70–80 (discussion 80–71)CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Ciric I, Zhao JC, Du H et al (2012) Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease: experience with 136 patients. Neurosurgery 70(1):70–80 (discussion 80–71)CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
6.
go back to reference Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR et al (2004) Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing’s disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(12):6348–6357CrossRefPubMed Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR et al (2004) Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing’s disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(12):6348–6357CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Hofmann BM, Hlavac M, Martinez R, Buchfelder M, Muller OA, Fahlbusch R (2008) Long-term results after microsurgery for Cushing disease: experience with 426 primary operations over 35 years. J Neurosurg 108(1):9–18CrossRefPubMed Hofmann BM, Hlavac M, Martinez R, Buchfelder M, Muller OA, Fahlbusch R (2008) Long-term results after microsurgery for Cushing disease: experience with 426 primary operations over 35 years. J Neurosurg 108(1):9–18CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Jagannathan J, Smith R, DeVroom HL et al (2009) Outcome of using the histological pseudocapsule as a surgical capsule in Cushing disease. J Neurosurg 111(3):531–539CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Jagannathan J, Smith R, DeVroom HL et al (2009) Outcome of using the histological pseudocapsule as a surgical capsule in Cushing disease. J Neurosurg 111(3):531–539CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
9.
go back to reference Pouratian N, Prevedello DM, Jagannathan J, Lopes MB, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr (2007) Outcomes and management of patients with Cushing’s disease without pathological confirmation of tumor resection after transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(9):3383–3388CrossRefPubMed Pouratian N, Prevedello DM, Jagannathan J, Lopes MB, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr (2007) Outcomes and management of patients with Cushing’s disease without pathological confirmation of tumor resection after transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(9):3383–3388CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Prevedello DM, Pouratian N, Sherman J et al (2008) Management of Cushing’s disease: outcome in patients with microadenoma detected on pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 109(4):751–759CrossRefPubMed Prevedello DM, Pouratian N, Sherman J et al (2008) Management of Cushing’s disease: outcome in patients with microadenoma detected on pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 109(4):751–759CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Dickerman RD, Oldfield EH (2002) Basis of persistent and recurrent Cushing disease: an analysis of findings at repeated pituitary surgery. J Neurosurg 97(6):1343–1349CrossRefPubMed Dickerman RD, Oldfield EH (2002) Basis of persistent and recurrent Cushing disease: an analysis of findings at repeated pituitary surgery. J Neurosurg 97(6):1343–1349CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Bertagna X, Guignat L (2013) Approach to the Cushing’s disease patient with persistent/recurrent hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(4):1307–1318CrossRefPubMed Bertagna X, Guignat L (2013) Approach to the Cushing’s disease patient with persistent/recurrent hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(4):1307–1318CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK et al (1989) Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 71(4):520–527CrossRefPubMed Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK et al (1989) Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 71(4):520–527CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference McLaughlin N, Kassam AB, Prevedello DM, Kelly DF (2011) Management of Cushing’s disease after failed surgery—a review. Can J Neurol Sci 38(1):12–21CrossRefPubMed McLaughlin N, Kassam AB, Prevedello DM, Kelly DF (2011) Management of Cushing’s disease after failed surgery—a review. Can J Neurol Sci 38(1):12–21CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Ram Z, Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH (1994) Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 80(1):37–45CrossRefPubMed Ram Z, Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH (1994) Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 80(1):37–45CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Valderrabano P, Aller J, Garcia-Valdecasas L et al (2014) Results of repeated transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. Long-term follow-up. Endocrinol Nutr 61(4):176–183CrossRefPubMed Valderrabano P, Aller J, Garcia-Valdecasas L et al (2014) Results of repeated transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. Long-term follow-up. Endocrinol Nutr 61(4):176–183CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Shimon I, Ram Z, Cohen ZR, Hadani M (2002) Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease: endocrinological follow-up monitoring of 82 patients. Neurosurgery 51(1):57–61 (discussion 61–52)CrossRefPubMed Shimon I, Ram Z, Cohen ZR, Hadani M (2002) Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease: endocrinological follow-up monitoring of 82 patients. Neurosurgery 51(1):57–61 (discussion 61–52)CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Patil CG, Prevedello DM, Lad SP et al (2008) Late recurrences of Cushing’s disease after initial successful transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(2):358–362CrossRefPubMed Patil CG, Prevedello DM, Lad SP et al (2008) Late recurrences of Cushing’s disease after initial successful transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(2):358–362CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Alahmadi H, Cusimano MD, Woo K et al (2013) Impact of technique on cushing disease outcome using strict remission criteria. Can J Neurol Sci 40(3):334–341CrossRefPubMed Alahmadi H, Cusimano MD, Woo K et al (2013) Impact of technique on cushing disease outcome using strict remission criteria. Can J Neurol Sci 40(3):334–341CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas GA, Isidori AM et al (2013) Long-term remission and recurrence rates in Cushing’s disease: predictive factors in a single-centre study. Eur J Endocrinol 68(4):639–648CrossRef Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas GA, Isidori AM et al (2013) Long-term remission and recurrence rates in Cushing’s disease: predictive factors in a single-centre study. Eur J Endocrinol 68(4):639–648CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Aranda G, Ensenat J, Mora M et al (2015) Long-term remission and recurrence rate in a cohort of Cushing’s disease: the need for long-term follow-up. Pituitary 18(1):142–149CrossRefPubMed Aranda G, Ensenat J, Mora M et al (2015) Long-term remission and recurrence rate in a cohort of Cushing’s disease: the need for long-term follow-up. Pituitary 18(1):142–149CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Berker M, Isikay I, Berker D, Bayraktar M, Gurlek A (2013) Early promising results for the endoscopic surgical treatment of Cushing’s disease. Neurosurg Rev (Epub ahead of print; PMID: 24233258) Berker M, Isikay I, Berker D, Bayraktar M, Gurlek A (2013) Early promising results for the endoscopic surgical treatment of Cushing’s disease. Neurosurg Rev (Epub ahead of print; PMID: 24233258)
23.
go back to reference Costenaro F, Rodrigues TC, Rollin GA, Ferreira NP, Czepielewski MA (2014) Evaluation of Cushing’s disease remission after transsphenoidal surgery based on early serum cortisol dynamics. Clin Endocrinol 80(3):411–418CrossRef Costenaro F, Rodrigues TC, Rollin GA, Ferreira NP, Czepielewski MA (2014) Evaluation of Cushing’s disease remission after transsphenoidal surgery based on early serum cortisol dynamics. Clin Endocrinol 80(3):411–418CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Dimopoulou C, Schopohl J, Rachinger W, Buchfelder M, Honegger J, Reincke M, Stalla GK (2013) Long-term remission and recurrence rates after first and second transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease: care reality in the Munich Metropolitan Region. Eur J Endocrinol 170(2):283–292CrossRefPubMed Dimopoulou C, Schopohl J, Rachinger W, Buchfelder M, Honegger J, Reincke M, Stalla GK (2013) Long-term remission and recurrence rates after first and second transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease: care reality in the Munich Metropolitan Region. Eur J Endocrinol 170(2):283–292CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J et al (2013) Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing’s disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary 16(4):452–458CrossRefPubMed Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J et al (2013) Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing’s disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary 16(4):452–458CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Lambert JK, Goldberg L, Fayngold S, Kostadinov J, Post KD, Geer EB (2013) Predictors of mortality and long-term outcomes in treated Cushing’s disease: a study of 346 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(3):1022–1030CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Lambert JK, Goldberg L, Fayngold S, Kostadinov J, Post KD, Geer EB (2013) Predictors of mortality and long-term outcomes in treated Cushing’s disease: a study of 346 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(3):1022–1030CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
27.
go back to reference Starke RM, Reames DL, Chen CJ, Laws ER, Jane JA Jr (2013) Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for cushing disease: techniques, outcomes, and predictors of remission. Neurosurgery 72(2):240–247 (discussion 247)CrossRefPubMed Starke RM, Reames DL, Chen CJ, Laws ER, Jane JA Jr (2013) Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for cushing disease: techniques, outcomes, and predictors of remission. Neurosurgery 72(2):240–247 (discussion 247)CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Wagenmakers MA, Boogaarts HD, Roerink SH et al (2013) Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: a good and safe primary treatment option for Cushing’s disease, even in case of macroadenomas or invasive adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 169(3):329–337CrossRefPubMed Wagenmakers MA, Boogaarts HD, Roerink SH et al (2013) Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: a good and safe primary treatment option for Cushing’s disease, even in case of macroadenomas or invasive adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 169(3):329–337CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Lonser RR, Wind JJ, Nieman LK, Weil RJ, DeVroom HL, Oldfield EH (2013) Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 98(3):892–901CrossRef Lonser RR, Wind JJ, Nieman LK, Weil RJ, DeVroom HL, Oldfield EH (2013) Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 98(3):892–901CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Lindsay JR, Oldfield EH, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK (2011) The postoperative basal cortisol and CRH tests for prediction of long-term remission from Cushing’s disease after transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(7):2057–2064CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Lindsay JR, Oldfield EH, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK (2011) The postoperative basal cortisol and CRH tests for prediction of long-term remission from Cushing’s disease after transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(7):2057–2064CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
31.
go back to reference Nakane T, Kuwayama A, Watanabe M et al (1987) Long term results of transsphenoidal adenomectomy in patients with Cushing’s disease. Neurosurgery 21(2):218–222CrossRefPubMed Nakane T, Kuwayama A, Watanabe M et al (1987) Long term results of transsphenoidal adenomectomy in patients with Cushing’s disease. Neurosurgery 21(2):218–222CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Doppman JL, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL (1989) Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 71(4):520–527CrossRefPubMed Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Doppman JL, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL (1989) Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 71(4):520–527CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Patil CG, Veeravagu A, Prevedello DM, Katznelson L, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr (2008) Outcomes after repeat transsphenoidal surgery for recurrent Cushing’s disease. Neurosurgery 63(2):266–270 (discussion 270–271)CrossRefPubMed Patil CG, Veeravagu A, Prevedello DM, Katznelson L, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr (2008) Outcomes after repeat transsphenoidal surgery for recurrent Cushing’s disease. Neurosurgery 63(2):266–270 (discussion 270–271)CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Kawamata T, Kubo O, Hori T (2005) Surgical removal of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas with intensive microsurgical pseudocapsule resection results in complete remission of acromegaly. Neurosurg Rev 28(3):201–208CrossRefPubMed Kawamata T, Kubo O, Hori T (2005) Surgical removal of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas with intensive microsurgical pseudocapsule resection results in complete remission of acromegaly. Neurosurg Rev 28(3):201–208CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Oldfield EH (2011) Surgical management of Cushing’s disease: a personal perspective. Clin Neurosurg 58:13–26CrossRefPubMed Oldfield EH (2011) Surgical management of Cushing’s disease: a personal perspective. Clin Neurosurg 58:13–26CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Oldfield EH, Vortmeyer AO (2006) Development of a histological pseudocapsule and its use as a surgical capsule in the excision of pituitary tumors. J Neurosurg 104(1):7–19CrossRefPubMed Oldfield EH, Vortmeyer AO (2006) Development of a histological pseudocapsule and its use as a surgical capsule in the excision of pituitary tumors. J Neurosurg 104(1):7–19CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Monteith SJ, Starke RM, Jane JA Jr, Oldfield EH (2012) Use of the histological pseudocapsule in surgery for Cushing disease: rapid postoperative cortisol decline predicting complete tumor resection. J Neurosurg 116(4):721–727CrossRefPubMed Monteith SJ, Starke RM, Jane JA Jr, Oldfield EH (2012) Use of the histological pseudocapsule in surgery for Cushing disease: rapid postoperative cortisol decline predicting complete tumor resection. J Neurosurg 116(4):721–727CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Kasaliwal R, Sankhe SS, Lila AR et al (2013) Volume interpolated 3D-spoiled gradient echo sequence is better than dynamic contrast spin echo sequence for MRI detection of corticotropin secreting pituitary microadenomas. Clin Endocrinol 78(6):825–830CrossRef Kasaliwal R, Sankhe SS, Lila AR et al (2013) Volume interpolated 3D-spoiled gradient echo sequence is better than dynamic contrast spin echo sequence for MRI detection of corticotropin secreting pituitary microadenomas. Clin Endocrinol 78(6):825–830CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Patronas N, Bulakbasi N, Stratakis CA et al (2003) Spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state technique is superior to conventional postcontrast spin echo technique for magnetic resonance imaging detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(4):1565–1569CrossRefPubMed Patronas N, Bulakbasi N, Stratakis CA et al (2003) Spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state technique is superior to conventional postcontrast spin echo technique for magnetic resonance imaging detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(4):1565–1569CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Yamada S, Fukuhara N, Nishioka H et al (2012) Surgical management and outcomes in patients with Cushing disease with negative pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. World Neurosurg 77(3–4):525–532CrossRefPubMed Yamada S, Fukuhara N, Nishioka H et al (2012) Surgical management and outcomes in patients with Cushing disease with negative pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. World Neurosurg 77(3–4):525–532CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Batista D, Courkoutsakis NA, Oldfield EH et al (2005) Detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas by magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with cushing disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(9):5134–5140CrossRefPubMed Batista D, Courkoutsakis NA, Oldfield EH et al (2005) Detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas by magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with cushing disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(9):5134–5140CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK et al (1991) Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 325(13):897–905CrossRefPubMed Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK et al (1991) Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 325(13):897–905CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Wind JJ, Lonser RR, Nieman LK, DeVroom HL, Chang R, Oldfield EH (2013) The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(6):2285–2293CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Wind JJ, Lonser RR, Nieman LK, DeVroom HL, Chang R, Oldfield EH (2013) The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(6):2285–2293CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
44.
go back to reference Oldfield EH, Vance ML (2013) A cryptic cause of Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(12):4593–4594CrossRefPubMed Oldfield EH, Vance ML (2013) A cryptic cause of Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(12):4593–4594CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Pluta RM, Nieman L, Doppman JL et al (1999) Extrapituitary parasellar microadenoma in Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(8):2912–2923PubMed Pluta RM, Nieman L, Doppman JL et al (1999) Extrapituitary parasellar microadenoma in Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(8):2912–2923PubMed
46.
go back to reference Weil RJ, Vortmeyer AO, Nieman LK, Devroom HL, Wanebo J, Oldfield EH (2006) Surgical remission of pituitary adenomas confined to the neurohypophysis in Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(7):2656–2664CrossRefPubMed Weil RJ, Vortmeyer AO, Nieman LK, Devroom HL, Wanebo J, Oldfield EH (2006) Surgical remission of pituitary adenomas confined to the neurohypophysis in Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(7):2656–2664CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Oldfield EH (2014) Editorial: Management of invasion by pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 121(3):501–503CrossRefPubMed Oldfield EH (2014) Editorial: Management of invasion by pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 121(3):501–503CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Kakade HR, Kasaliwal R, Khadilkar KS et al (2014) Clinical, biochemical and imaging characteristics of Cushing’s macroadenomas and their long-term treatment outcome. Clin Endocrinol 81(3):336–342CrossRef Kakade HR, Kasaliwal R, Khadilkar KS et al (2014) Clinical, biochemical and imaging characteristics of Cushing’s macroadenomas and their long-term treatment outcome. Clin Endocrinol 81(3):336–342CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Lonser RR, Ksendzovsky A, Wind JJ, Vortmeyer AO, Oldfield EH (2012) Prospective evaluation of the characteristics and incidence of adenoma-associated dural invasion in Cushing disease. J Neurosurg 116(2):272–279CrossRefPubMed Lonser RR, Ksendzovsky A, Wind JJ, Vortmeyer AO, Oldfield EH (2012) Prospective evaluation of the characteristics and incidence of adenoma-associated dural invasion in Cushing disease. J Neurosurg 116(2):272–279CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Surgical management of Cushing’s disease
Authors
Robert F. Dallapiazza
Edward H. Oldfield
John A. Jane Jr.
Publication date
01-04-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Pituitary / Issue 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1386-341X
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7403
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-015-0646-5

Other articles of this Issue 2/2015

Pituitary 2/2015 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine