Top

Published in:

01-12-2018 | Review

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and PTSD in People with Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors: J. K. Kuring, J. L. Mathias, L. Ward

Published in: Neuropsychology Review | Issue 4/2018

Abstract

There appears to be a link between depression/anxiety/PTSD and dementia, although the evidence is incomplete and the reason is unclear. Mental illness may cause dementia or may be prodromal or comorbid with dementia, or dementia may trigger a relapse of symptoms in individuals with a history of mental illness. This study examined the link between depression/anxiety/PTSD and dementia by evaluating the prevalence of these disorders in people with dementia, relative to their healthy peers. Existing meta-analyses have examined the prevalence of clinically-significant depression and anxiety in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and depression in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but have not considered vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), PTSD, or anxiety in FTD. The current meta-analysis compared the prevalence of clinically-significant depression, anxiety and PTSD in the four most common types of dementia (AD, VaD, DLB, FTD) and in unspecified dementia to that of healthy controls (PROSPERO number: CRD42017082086). PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL database searches identified 120 eligible studies. Prevalence rates were calculated for depression and anxiety in AD, VaD, DLB, FTD, unspecified dementia, and controls. PTSD data were only available for unspecified dementia. Subgroup analyses indicated that depression, but not anxiety, was more prevalent in people with dementia compared to controls; however, the anxiety analyses were probably under-powered. The results support a link between depression and dementia; however, the link between anxiety or PTSD and dementia remains unclear due to insufficient data. Longitudinal data is now needed to clarify whether depression/anxiety/PTSD may be risk factors for dementia.

Available only for authorised users

Aalten, P., de Vugt, M. E., Jaspers, N., Jolles, J., & Verhey, F. R. (2005). The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Part I: Findings from the two-year longitudinal Maasbed study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(6), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1316 CrossRefPubMed

Aarsland, D., Ballard, C., Larsen, J. P., & McKeith, I. (2001). A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(5), 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.389 CrossRefPubMed

Aarsland, D., Cummings, J. L., Yenner, G., & Miller, B. (1996). Relationship of aggressive behavior to other neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(2), 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.2.243 CrossRefPubMed

Alexopoulos, G. S., Abrams, R. C., Young, R. C., & Shamoian, C. A. (1988). Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 23(3), 271–284.CrossRefPubMed

Aliberti, M. J. R., Kikuchi, E. L., Magaldi, R. M., Paschoal, S. M. P., & Filho, W. J. (2007). Comprehensive geriatric assessment in elderly outpatients with dementia. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 1(3), 303–310.CrossRef

Allen, H., Jolley, D., Comish, J., & Burns, A. (1997). Depression in dementia: A study of mood in a community sample and referrals to a community service. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12(5), 513–518.CrossRefPubMed

Alzheimer's Disease International (2015). World Alzheimer report 2015 the global impact of dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. Retrieved from London, UK: https://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2015.pdf. Accessed 26 April 2018.

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.CrossRef

Andreasen, P., Lonnroos, E., & von Euler-Chelpin, M. C. (2014). Prevalence of depression among older adults with dementia living in low- and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Public Health, 24(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt014 CrossRefPubMed

Arlt, S., Demiralay, C., Tharun, B., Geisel, O., Storm, N., Eichenlaub, M., … Jahn, H. (2013). Genetic risk factors for depression in Alzheimer's disease patients. Current Alzheimer Research, 10(1), 72–81.PubMed

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). 4326.0 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results, 2007 (pp. 1–78). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Balalle, C., Jayalath, D., Shankar, K., & Ashaye, K. (2010). Prevalence and management of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms on a continuing care unit for patients with dementia. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 40(4), 425–438.CrossRefPubMed

Ballard, C., Bannister, C., Solis, M., Oyebode, F., & Wilcock, G. (1996). The prevalence, associations and symptoms of depression amongst dementia sufferers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 36(3–4), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327%2895%2900072-0 CrossRefPubMed

Ballard, C., Holmes, C., McKeith, I., Neill, D., O'Brien, J., Cairns, N., … Perry, R. (1999). Psychiatric morbidity in dementia with Lewy bodies: A prospective clinical and neuropathological comparative study with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(7), 1039–1045.PubMed

Ballard, C., Neill, D., O'Brien, J., McKeith, I., Ince, P., & Perry, R. (2000). Anxiety, depression and psychosis in vascular dementia: Prevalence and associations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327%2899%2900057-9 CrossRefPubMed

Ballard, C. G., Mohan, R. N., Patel, A., & Graham, C. (1994). Anxiety disorder in dementia. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 11(3), 108–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0790966700014750 CrossRef

Barbe, C., Morrone, I., Wolak-Thierry, A., Drame, M., Jolly, D., Novella, J. L., & Mahmoudi, R. (2017). Impact of functional alterations on quality of life in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Aging and Mental Health, 21(5), 571–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1132674 CrossRefPubMed

Barca, M. L., Engedal, K., Laks, J., & Selbaek, G. (2012). Factors associated with a depressive disorder in Alzheimer's disease are different from those found for other dementia disorders. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 2, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335775 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Barnes, D. E., & Yaffe, K. (2011). The projected impact of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. Lancet Neurology, 10, 819–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70072-2 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Basic, D., Khoo, A., Conforti, D., Rowland, J., Vrantsidis, F., LoGiudice, D., … Prowse, R. (2009). Rowland universal dementia assessment scale, mini-mental state examination and general practitioner assessment of cognition in a multicultural cohort of community-dwelling older persons with early dementia. Australian Psychologist, 44(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060802593593 CrossRef

Bassiony, M. M., Warren, A., Rosenblatt, A., Baker, A., Steinberg, M., Steele, C. D., … Lyketsos, C. G. (2002). The relationship between delusions and depression in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(6), 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.641 CrossRefPubMed

Bellelli, G., Frisoni, G. B., Turco, R., & Trabucchi, M. (2008). Depressive symptoms combined with dementia affect 12-months survival in elderly patients after rehabilitation post-hip fracture surgery. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(10), 1073–1077. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2035 CrossRefPubMed

Bendixen, A. B., & Engedal, K. (2016). Anxiety among older psychiatric patients: A hidden comorbidity? Aging & Mental Health, 20(11), 1131–1138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1063106 CrossRef

Benoit, M., Berrut, G., Doussaint, J., Bakchine, S., Bonin-Guillaume, S., Fremont, P., … Robert, P. (2012). Apathy and depression in mild Alzheimer's disease: A cross-sectional study using diagnostic criteria. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 31(2), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2012-112003 CrossRefPubMed

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. In Chichester. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

Bowirrat, A., Oscar-Berman, M., & Logroscino, G. (2006). Association of depression with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in an elderly Arab population of Wadi-Ara, Israel. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1455 CrossRefPubMed

Broadstock, M., Ballard, C., & Corbett, A. (2014). Latest treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 15, 1797–1810. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2014.936848 CrossRefPubMed

Brodaty, H., Connors, M. H., Xu, J., Woodward, M., & Ames, D. (2015). The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: A 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(5), 380–387.CrossRefPubMed

Brodaty, H., & Luscombe, G. (1996). Depression in persons with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 8(4), 609–622. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161029600292X CrossRefPubMed

Bungener, C., Jouvent, R., & Derouesne, C. (1996). Affective disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(9), 1066–1071.CrossRefPubMed

Butt, Z. A., & Strauss, M. E. (2001). Relationship of family and personal history to the occurrence of depression in persons with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9(3), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.9.3.249 CrossRef

Calleo, J., Amspoker, A. B., Marsh, L., & Kunik, M. E. (2015). Mental health diagnoses and health care utilization in persons with dementia, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 27(2), e117–e121. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13110333 CrossRefPubMed

Castilla-Puentes, R. C., & Habeych, M. E. (2010). Subtypes of depression among patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 6(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2009.04.1232 CrossRef

Chakrabarty, T., Sepehry, A. A., Jacova, C., & Hsiung, G.-Y. R. (2015). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in frontotemporal dementia: A meta-analysis. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 39, 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1159/000369882 CrossRefPubMed

Chao, S. Z., Matthews, B. R., Yokoyama, J. S., Lai, N. B., Ong, H., Tse, M., … Rosen, H. J. (2014). Depressive symptoms in Chinese-American subjects with cognitive impairment. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(7), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.029 CrossRef

Chi, S., Wang, C., Jiang, T., Zhu, X.-C., Yu, J.-T., & Tan, L. (2015). The prevalence of depression in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Alzheimer Research, 12, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205012666150204124310 CrossRefPubMed

Chinello, A., Gumelli, B., Perrone, C., & Annoni, G. (2007). Prevalence of major depressive disorder and dementia in psychogeriatric outpatients. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 44(Supp 1), 101–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.01.015 CrossRefPubMed

Chiu, P. Y., Steffens, D., Chen, P. K., Hsu, Y. C., Huang, H. T., & Lai, T. J. (2012). Depression in Taiwanese patients with Alzheimer's disease determined by the National Institutes of mental health provisional criteria. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(8), 1299–1305. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211002262 CrossRefPubMed

Chiu, P. Y., Wang, C. W., Tsai, C. T., Li, S. H., Lin, C. L., & Lai, T. J. (2017). Depression in dementia with Lewy bodies: A comparison with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179399 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cnossen, M. C., Scholten, A. C., Lingsma, H. F., Synnot, A., Haagsma, J., Steyerberg, E. W., & Polinder, S. (2017). Predictors of major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 29, 206–224. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16090165 CrossRef

Da Silva, J., Goncalves-Pereira, M., Xavier, M., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. (2013). Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931 CrossRef

Deckers, K., van Boxtel, M. P., Schiepers, O. J., de Vugt, M., Munoz Sanchez, J. L., Anstey, K. J., … Kohler, S. (2015). Target risk factors for dementia prevention: A systematic review and Delphi consensus study on the evidence from observational studies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30, 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/spgs.4245 CrossRefPubMed

Diniz, B. S., Butters, M. A., Albert, S. M., Dew, M. A., & Reynolds, C. F., 3rd. (2013). Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307 CrossRef

Dorenlot, P., Harboun, M., Bige, V., Henrard, J.-C., & Ankri, J. (2005). Major depression as a risk factor for early institutionalization of dementia patients living in the community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(5), 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1238 CrossRefPubMed

Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (1998). Practical estimates of the effect of publication bias in meta-analysis. Australasian Epidemiologist, 5, 14–17.

Elder, G. J., Colloby, S. J., Lett, D. J., O'Brien, J. T., Anderson, K. N., Burn, D. J., … Taylor, J.-P. (2016). Depressive symptoms are associated with daytime sleepiness and subjective sleep quality in dementia with Lewy bodies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(7), 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4389 CrossRefPubMed

Fann, J. R., Riisgaard Ribe, A., Schou Pedersen, H., Fenger-Gron, M., Christensen, J., Eriksen Benros, M., & Vestergaard, M. (2018). Long-term risk of dementia among people with traumatic brain injury in Denmark: A population-based observational cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry, 5, 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30065-8 CrossRefPubMed

Ferran, J., Wilson, K., Doran, M., & Ghadiali, E. (1996). The early onset dementias: A study of clinical characteristics and service use. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(10), 863–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1166%28199610%2911:10%3C863::AID-GPS394%3E3.0.CO;2-7 CrossRef

Ferretti, L., McCurry, S. M., Logsdon, R., Gibbons, L., & Teri, L. (2001). Anxiety and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 14(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/089198870101400111 CrossRefPubMed

Ferri, C. P., & Ames, D. (2004). Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in developing countries. International Psychogeriatrics, 16(4), 441–459. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610204000833 CrossRefPubMed

Fichter, M., Meller, I., Schroppel, H., & Steinkirchner, R. (1995). Dementia and cognitive impairment in the oldest old in the community: Prevalence and comorbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(5), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.5.621 CrossRefPubMed

Forsell, Y., & Winblad, B. (1998). Major depression in a population of demented and nondemented older people: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(1), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01009.x CrossRefPubMed

Forstl, H., Burns, A., Luthert, P., Cairns, N., Lantos, P., & Levy, R. (1992). Clinical and neuropathological correlates of depression in Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Medicine, 22(4), 877–884.CrossRefPubMed

Fritze, F., Ehrt, U., Hortobagyi, T., Ballard, C., & Aarsland, D. (2011). Depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia: A one-year follow-up study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 32(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1159/000332016 CrossRefPubMed

Gilley, D. W., & Wilson, R. S. (1997). Criterion-related validity of the geriatric depression scale in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/016886397084037399342685

Gonzalez-Velez, A. E., Forjaz, M. J., Giraldez-Garcia, C., Martin-Garcia, S., & Martinez-Martin, P. (2015). Quality of life by proxy and mortality in institutionalized older adults with dementia. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 15(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12225 CrossRefPubMed

Goyal, A. R., Bergh, S., Engedal, K., Kirkevold, M., & Kirkevold, O. (2017). Anxiety, anxiety symptoms, and their correlates in persons with dementia in Norwegian nursing homes: A cause for concern. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 43, 294–305.CrossRef

Gulpers, B., Ramakers, I., Hamel, R., Kohler, S., Voshaar, R. O., & Verhey, F. (2016). Anxiety as a predictor for cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24, 823–842.CrossRef

Hachinski, V. C., Ilief, L. D., Zilhka, E., Du Boluay, G. H., McAllister, V. L., Marshall, J., … Symon, L. (1975). Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Archives of Neurology, 32, 632–637.CrossRefPubMed

Haibo, X., Shifu, X., Pin, N. T., Chao, C., Guorong, M., Xuejue, L., … McCabe, M. P. (2013). Prevalence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in community dwelling Chinese: Findings from the Shanghai three districts study. Aging and Mental Health, 17(6), 748–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.781116 CrossRefPubMed

Hancock, G. A., Woods, B., Challis, D., & Orrell, M. (2006). The needs of older people with dementia in residential care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1421 CrossRefPubMed

Hargrave, R., Stoeklin, M., Haan, M., & Reed, B. (2000). Clinical aspects of dementia in African-American, Hispanic, and white patients. Journal of the National Medical Association, 92(1), 15–21.PubMedPubMedCentral

Harwood, D. G., Barker, W. W., Ownby, R. L., & Duara, R. (1999). Association between premorbid history of depression and current depression in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 12(2), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/089198879901200206 CrossRefPubMed

Harwood, D. G., Barker, W. W., Ownby, R. L., & Duara, R. (2000). Clinical characteristics of community-dwelling black Alzheimer's disease patients. Journal of the National Medical Association, 92(9), 424–429.PubMedPubMedCentral

Hessmann, P., Seeberg, G., Reese, J. P., Dams, J., Baum, E., Muller, M. J., … Balzer-Geldsetzer, M. (2016). Health-related uality of life in patients with Alzheimer's disease in different German health care settings. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 51(2), 545–561. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-150835 CrossRefPubMed

Hillen, J. B., Vitry, A., & Caughey, G. E. (2017). Disease burden, comorbidity and geriatric syndromes in the Australian aged care population. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 36(2), E14–E19. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12411 CrossRefPubMed

Hinton, L., Haan, M., Geller, S., & Mungas, D. (2003). Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Latino elders with dementia or cognitive impairment without dementia and factors that modify their association with caregiver depression. The Gerontologist, 43(5), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/43.5.669 CrossRefPubMed

Hiskey, S., Luckie, M., Davies, S., & Brewin, C. R. (2008). The emergence of posttraumatic distress in later life: A review. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 21, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988708324937 CrossRefPubMed

Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sanchez-Meca, J., Marin-Martinez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I² index? CHIP Documents., 19 http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/chip_docs/19

James, B. D., Xie, S. X., & Karlawish, J. H. (2005). How do patients with Alzheimer disease rate their overall quality of life? American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(6), 484–490. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.6.484 CrossRef

Janzing, J. G., Hooijer, C., van 't Hof, M. A., & Zitman, F. G. (2002). Depression in subjects with and without dementia: A comparison using GMS-AGECAT. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.526 CrossRefPubMed

Kales, H. C., Gitlin, L. N., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2015). Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. British Medical Journal, 350, h369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h369 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Karttunen, K., Karppi, P., Hiltunen, A., Vanhanen, M., Valimaki, T., Martikainen, J., … Pirttila, T. (2011). Neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in patients with very mild and mild Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(5), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2550 CrossRefPubMed

Kay, D., Henderson, A., Scott, R., Wilson, J., Rickwood, D., & Grayson, D. (1985). Dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: The effect of the diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates. Psychological Medicine, 15(4), 771–788. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700005006 CrossRefPubMed

Kertzman, S. G., Treves, I. A., Treves, T. A., Vainder, M., & Korczyn, A. D. (2002). Hamilton Depression Scale in dementia. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 6(2), 91–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/136515002753724081 CrossRefPubMed

Knapskog, A. B., Barca, M. L., & Engedal, K. (2011). A comparison of the validity of the Cornell scale and the MADRS in detecting depression among memory clinic patients. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 32(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1159/000334983 CrossRefPubMed

Komahashi, T., Ohmori, K., Nakano, T., Fujinuma, H., Higashimoto, T., Nakaya, M., … Miyasaka, M. (1994). Epidemiological survey of dementia and depression among the aged living in the community in Japan. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 48(3), 517–526.PubMed

Lawlor, B. A. (1996). Environmental and social aspects of behavioral disturbances in dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 8, 259–261.CrossRefPubMed

Lebedeva, A., Westman, E., Lebedev, A. V., Li, X., Winblad, B., Simmons, A., … Aarsland, D. (2014). Structural brain changes associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 85(8), 928–933.CrossRef

Lee, J. H., Byun, M. S., Yi, D., Choe, Y. M., Choi, H. J., Baek, H., … Lee, D. Y. (2016). Frequency of depressive syndromes in elderly individuals with no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease dementia in a memory clinic setting. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 42(3–4). https://doi.org/10.1159/00044915527643797

Leonard, B. E. (2017). Major depression as a neuroprogressive prelude to dementia: What is the evidence? Modern Trends in Pharmacopsychiatry, 31, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1159/000470807 CrossRefPubMed

Liu, C., Fuh, J., Teng, E., Wang, S., Wang, P., Yang, Y., & Liu, H.-C. (1999). Depressive disorders in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(6), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10896.x CrossRefPubMed

Lobo, A., Saz, P., Marcos, G., Dia, J.-L., & De-la-Camara, C. (1995). The prevalence of dementia and depression in the elderly community in a southern European population: The Zaragoza study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(6), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950180083011 CrossRefPubMed

Logie, S. A., Murphy, J., Brooks, D., Wylie, S., Barron, E. T., & McCulloch, J. (1992). The diagnosis of depression in patients with dementia: Use of the Cambridge mental disorders of the elderly examination (CAMDEX). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7(5), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.930070510 CrossRef

Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Sweet, R. A., Klunk, W., Kaufer, D. I., Saxton, J., … DeKosky, S. T. (2003). Psychiatric symptoms vary with the severity of dementia in probable Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15(3), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15.3.346 CrossRefPubMed

Lopez, O. L., Gonzalez, M. P., Becker, J. T., Reynolds, C. F., III, Sudilovsky, A., & DeKosky, S. T. (1996). Symptoms of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology, 9, 154–161.

Lü, J. H., Xing, J. P., Wang, W. S., Hao, Z. H., Zhao, L., Zhang, L., … Xu, Y. (2006). Occurrence and influential factors of depression in patients with Alzheimer disease. Neural Regeneration Research, 1(8), 766–768.

Lyketsos, C. G., Lopez, O., Jones, B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Breitner, J., & DeKosky, S. (2002). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the cardiovascular health study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(12), 1475–1483. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1475 CrossRefPubMed

Mackenzie, T. B., Robiner, W. N., & Knopman, D. S. (1989). Differences between patient and family assessments of depression in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(9). https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.9.11742764175

Majic, T., Pluta, J. P., Mell, T., Treusch, Y., Gutzmann, H., & Rapp, M. A. (2012). Correlates of agitation and depression in nursing home residents with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(11), 1779–1789. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021200066X CrossRefPubMed

Malek-Ahmadi, M. (2016). Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: A meta-analysis. Alzheimer’s Disease and Associated Disorders, 30, 324–330.CrossRef

Margallo-Lana, M., Swann, A., O'Brien, J., Fairbairn, A., Reichelt, K., Potkins, D., … Ballard, C. (2001). Prevalence and pharmacological management of behavioural and psychological symptoms amongst dementia sufferers living in care environments. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166%28200101%2916:1%3C39::AID-GPS269%3E3.0.CO;2-F CrossRefPubMed

McKeith, I. G., Galasko, D., Kosaka, K., Perry, E. K., Dickson, D. W., Hansen, L. A., … Perry, R. H. (1996). Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology, 47(5), 1113–1124.CrossRefPubMed

McKeith, I. G., Perry, R. H., Fairbairn, A. F., Jabeen, S., & Perry, E. K. (1992). Operational criteria for senile dementia of Lewy body type (SDLT). Psychological Medicine, 22(4), 911–922.CrossRefPubMed

Medina, J., & Weintraub, S. (2007). Depression in primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 20(3), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988707303603 CrossRefPubMed

Mekhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.CrossRef

Menon, A., Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Hebel, R., Kaup, B., Loreck, D., Zimmerman, S. I., … Magaziner, J. (2001). Relationship between aggressive behaviors and depression among nursing home residents with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(2), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166%28200102%2916:2%3C139::AID-GPS284%3E3.0.CO;2-5 CrossRefPubMed

Merriam, A. E., Aronson, M. K., Gaston, P., Wey, S.-l., & Katz, I. (1988). The psychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb03427.x CrossRefPubMed

Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 49, 425–432.CrossRefPubMed

Mitchell, A. J., & Shiri-Feshki, M. (2009). Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia – Meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119, 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01326.x CrossRefPubMed

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Monini, P., Tognetti, A., Sergio, G., & Bartorelli, L. (1998). Depressive disorder in Alzheimer's disease patients. Different aspects in the early and late stages. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 27(SUPPL. 6), 343–346.CrossRef

Naarding, P., de Koning, I., van Kooten, F., Dippel, D. W., Janzing, J. G., van der Mast, R. C., & Koudstaal, P. J. (2003). Depression in vascular dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(4), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.831 CrossRefPubMed

Naglie, G., Hogan, D. B., Krahn, M., Beattie, B., Black, S. E., MacKnight, C., … Tomlinson, G. (2011). Predictors of patient self-ratings of quality of life in Alzheimer disease: Cross-sectional results from the Canadian Alzheimer's disease quality of life study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(10), 881–890. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3182006a67 CrossRef

National Institute of Health (2014). Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools. Accessed 15 Feb 2017.

Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., … Benson, D. F. (1998). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology, 51, 1546–1554.CrossRefPubMed

Neville, C., & Teri, L. (2011). Anxiety, anxiety symptoms, and associations among older people with dementia in assisted-living facilities. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20(3), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00724.x CrossRefPubMed

Newman, S. C. (1999). The prevalence of depression in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in a population sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 52(1–3), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327%2898%2900070-6 CrossRefPubMed

Norton, S., Matthews, F. E., Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K., & Brayne, C. (2014). Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: An analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurology, 13, 788–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70136-x CrossRefPubMed

O'Connor, D., Pollitt, P. A., & Roth, M. (1990). Coexisting depression and dementia in a community survey of the elderly. International Psychogeriatrics, 2(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610290000291 CrossRefPubMed

Olin, J. T., Schneider, L. S., Katz, I. R., Meyers, B. S., Alexopoulos, G. S., Breitner, J. C., … Lebowitz, B. D. (2002). Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 125–128.CrossRef

Ott, B. R., & Fogel, B. S. (1992). Measurement of depression in dementia: Self vs clinician rating. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.930071209

Payne, J. L., Lyketsos, C. G., Steele, C., Baker, L., Galik, E., Kopunek, S., … Warren, A. (1998). Relationship of cognitive and functional impairment to depressive features in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 10(4), 440–447. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.10.4.440 CrossRefPubMed

Payne, J. L., Sheppard, J.-M. E., Steinberg, M., Warren, A., Baker, A., Steele, C., … Lyketsos, C. G. (2002). Incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of depression in residents of a long-term care facility with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.589 CrossRefPubMed

Preuss, U. W., Watzke, S., & Choi, J. H. (2010). Diagnostic correlates of Alzheimer dementia in a U.S. nationwide inpatient sample. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(9), 821–829. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ca3a13 CrossRef

Purandare, N., Oude Voshaar, R. C., Hardicre, J., Byrne, J., McCollum, C., & Burns, A. (2006). Cerebral emboli and depressive symptoms in dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189(3), 260–263. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.016188 CrossRef

Rafferty, L. A., Cawkill, P. E., Stevelink, S. A. M., Greenberg, K., & Greenberg, N. (2017). Dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: A review of the mental health risk factors for dementia in the military veteran population. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001386

Ramlall, S., Chipps, J., Pillay, B. J., & Bhigjee, A. I. (2013). Mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a heterogeneous elderly population: Prevalence and risk profile. African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa), 16(6), 456–465.

Rankin, G., & Stokes, M. (1998). Reliability of assessment tools in rehabilitation: An illustration of appropriate statistical analyses. Clinical Rehabilitation, 12, 187–199.CrossRefPubMed

Reding, M., Haycox, J., & Blass, J. (1985). Depression in patients referred to a dementia clinic: A three-year prospective study. Archives of Neurology, 42(9), 894–896. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1985.04060080080019 CrossRefPubMed

Reichman, W. E., & Coyne, A. C. (1995). Depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 8(2), 96–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/089198879500800203 CrossRefPubMed

Richard, E., Reitz, C., Honig, L. H., Schupf, N., Tang, M. X., Manly, J. J., … Luchsinger, J. A. (2013). Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. JAMA Neurology, 70(3), 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.603 CrossRef

Roen, I., Selbaek, G., Kirkevold, O., Engedal, K., Testad, I., & Bergh, S. (2017). Resource use and disease Couse in dementia - nursing home (REDIC-NH), a longitudinal cohort study; design and patient characteristics at admission to Norwegian nursing homes. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 365. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2289-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rosness, T. A., Barca, M. L., & Engedal, K. (2010). Occurrence of depression and its correlates in early onset dementia patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(7), 704–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2411 CrossRefPubMed

Rovner, B. W., Broadhead, J., Spencer, M., Carson, K., & Folstein, M. F. (1989). Depression and Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(3), 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.3.350 CrossRefPubMed

Rummans, T. A., Smith, G. E., Lin, S. C., Waring, S. C., & Kokmen, E. (1997). Comorbidity of dementia and psychiatric disorders in older persons. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5(3), 261–267.CrossRef

Ryu, S. H., Katona, C., Rive, B., & Livingston, G. (2005). Persistence of and changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease over 6 months: The LASER-AD study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(11), 976–983. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.11.976 CrossRef

Samuels, S. C., Brickman, A. M., Burd, J. A., Purohit, D. P., Qureshi, P. Q., & Serby, M. (2004). Depression in autopsy-confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 71(1), 55–62.PubMed

Scholten, A. C., Haagsma, J. A., Cnossen, M. C., Olff, M., van Beeck, E. F., & Polinder, S. (2016). Prevalence of and risk factors for anxiety and depressive disorders after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33, 1969–1994. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.4252 CrossRefPubMed

Shah, A., Ellanchenny, N., & Suh, G.-H. (2005). A comparative study of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia referred to psychogeriatric services in Korea and the U.K. International Psychogeriatrics, 17(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610205001468 CrossRefPubMed

Shih, C. S., Yan, S. H., Ho, Y. H., Lin, Y. T., Li, J. Y., & Lo, Y. K. (2005). Psychiatric morbidity in dementia patients in a neurology-based memory clinic. Acta Neurologica Taiwanica, 14(4), 179–186.PubMed

Shuttleworth, E. C., Huber, S. J., & Paulson, G. W. (1987). Depression in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Journal of the National Medical Association, 79(7), 733–736.PubMedPubMedCentral

Sjoberg, L., Karlsson, B., Atti, A. R., Skoog, I., Fratiglioni, L., & Wang, H. X. (2017). Prevalence of depression: Comparisons of different depression definitions in population-based samples of older adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.011 CrossRefPubMed

Skoog, I. (1993). The prevalence of psychotic, depressive and anxiety syndromes in demented and non-demented 85-year-olds. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.930080308 CrossRef

Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1978). Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773–782.CrossRefPubMed

Srikanth, S., Nagaraja, A. V., & Ratnavalli, E. (2005). Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia-frequency, relationship to dementia severity and comparison in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 236(1–2), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2005.04.014 CrossRefPubMed

Starkstein, S. E., Chemerinski, E., Sabe, L., Kuzis, G., Petracca, G., Teson, A., & Leiguarda, R. (1997). Prospective longitudinal study of depression and anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 47–52.CrossRef

Starkstein, S. E., Dragovic, M., Jorge, R., Brockman, S., & Robinson, R. G. (2011). Diagnostic criteria for depression in Alzheimer disease: A study of symptom patterns using latent class analysis. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(6), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ec897f CrossRef

Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., … the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology; a proposal for reporting. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 2008–2012.

Sugarman, M. A., Alosco, M. L., Tripodis, Y., Steinberg, E. G., & Stern, R. A. (2018). Neuropsychiatric symptoms and the diagnostic stability of mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 62, 1841–1855. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170527 CrossRefPubMed

Sutton, A. J., Duval, S. J., Tweedie, R. L., Abrams, K. R., & Jones, D. R. (2000). Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 10, 1574–1577.CrossRef

Takahashi, S., Mizukami, K., Yasuno, F., & Asada, T. (2009). Depression associated with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and the effect of somatotherapy. Psychogeriatrics, 9(2), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00292.x CrossRefPubMed

Taragano, F. E., Allegri, R. F., Heisecke, S. L., Martelli, M. I., Feldman, M. L., Sanchez, V., … Dillon, C. (2018). Risk of conversion to dementia in a mild behavioral impairment group compared to a psychiatric group and to a mild cognitive impairment group. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 62, 227–238. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170632 CrossRefPubMed

The Lund and Manchester Groups. (1994). Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 57, 416–418.CrossRef

Troisi, A., Pasini, A., Gori, G., Sorbi, T., Baroni, A., & Ciani, N. (1996). Clinical predictors of somatic and psychological symptoms of depression in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1166%28199601%2911:1%3C23::AID-GPS264%3E3.0.CO;2-4 CrossRef

Tsolaki, M., Gkioka, M., Verykouki, E., Galoutzi, N., Kavalou, E., & Pattakou-Parasyri, V. (2017). Prevalence of dementia, depression, and mild cognitive impairment in a rural area of the island of Crete, Greece. American Journal of Alzheimer‘s Disease & Other Dementias, 1533317517698789. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317517698789

Van der Mussele, S., Bekelaar, K., Le Bastard, N., Vermeiren, Y., Saerens, J., Somers, N., … Engelborghs, S. (2013). Prevalence and associated behavioral symptoms of depression in mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(9), 947–958. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.3909 CrossRefPubMed

Veldwijk-Rouwenhorst, A. E., Smalbrugge, M., Wetzels, R., Bor, H., Zuidema, S. U., Koopmans, R. T. C. M., & Gerritsen, D. L. (2017). Nursing home residents with dementia and very frequent agitation: A particular group. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2017.08.002

Verhey, F. R., Ponds, R. W., Rozendaal, N., & Jolles, J. (1995). Depression, insight, and personality changes in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 8(1), 23–27.PubMed

Verma, S., Orengo, C. A., Maxwell, R., Kunik, M. E., Molinari, V. A., Vasterling, J. J., & Hale, D. (2001). Contribution of PTSD/POW history to behavioral disturbances in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(4), 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.333 CrossRefPubMed

Vilalta-Franch, J., Garre-Olmo, J., Lopez-Pousa, S., Turon-Estrada, A., Lozano-Gattego, M., Hernandez-Ferrandiz, M., … Feijoo-Lorza, R. (2006). Comparison of different clinical diagnostic criteria for depression in Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(7), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000209396.15788.9d CrossRef

Vital, T. M., Hernandez, S. S., Stein, A. M., Garuffi, M., Corazza, D. I., de Andrade, L. P., … Stella, F. (2012). Depressive symptoms and level of physical activity in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 12(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00830.x CrossRef

Waite, A., Bebbington, P., Skelton-Robinson, M., & Orrell, M. (2004). Life events, depression and social support in dementia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1348/0144665031753005 CrossRefPubMed

Wallin, K., Bostrom, G., Kivipelto, M., & Gustafson, Y. (2013). Risk factors for incident dementia in the very old. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(7), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213000409 CrossRefPubMed

Weiner, M. F., Doody, R. S., Sairam, R., Foster, B., & Liao, T.-Y. (2001). Prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder in Alzheimer's disease: Findings from two databases. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 13(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000048627 CrossRef

Wergeland, J. N., Selbaek, G., Hogset, L. D., Soderhamn, U., & Kirkevold, O. (2014). Dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the use of psychotropic drugs among older people who receive domiciliary care: A cross-sectional study. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(3), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213002032 CrossRefPubMed

Winter, Y., Korchounov, A., Zhukova, T. V., & Bertschi, N. E. (2011). Depression in elderly patients with Alzheimer dementia or vascular dementia and its influence on their quality of life. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 2(1), 27–32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

World Health Organization, & Alzheimer's Disease International (2012). Dementia: A public health priority. Retrieved from UK: https://www.alz.co.uk/WHO-dementia-report. Accessed April 2018.

Yoon, B., Yang, D. W., Hong, Y. J., Choi, S. H., Park, S. A., Park, H. K., … Shim, Y. S. (2016). Differences in depressive patterns according to disease severity in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 52(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150703 CrossRefPubMed

Zhao, Q.-F., Tan, L., Wang, H.-F., Jiang, T., Tan, M.-S., Tan, L., … Yu, J.-T. (2016). The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.069 CrossRefPubMed

Zubenko, G. S., & Moossy, J. (1988). Major depression in primary dementia: Clinical and neuropathologic correlates. Archives of Neurology, 45(11), 1182–1186. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1988.00520350020008 CrossRefPubMed

Zubenko, G. S., Rifai, A. H., Mulsant, B. H., Sweet, R. A., & Pasternak, R. E. (1996). Premorbid history of major depression and the depressive syndrome of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 4(1), 85–90.

Zubenko, G. S., Zubenko, W. N., McPherson, S., Spoor, E., Marin, D. B., Farlow, M. R., … Sunderland, T. (2003). A collaborative study of the emergence and clinical features of the major depressive syndrome of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.857 CrossRefPubMed

Title: Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and PTSD in People with Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: J. K. Kuring
J. L. Mathias
L. Ward
Publication date: 01-12-2018
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Neuropsychology Review / Issue 4/2018
Print ISSN: 1040-7308
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6660
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-018-9396-2

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and PTSD in People with Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2018

Correction to: The Neural Substrate of Reward Anticipation in Health: A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Findings in the Monetary Incentive Delay Task

The Trajectory of Pseudoneglect in Adults: A Systematic Review

The ‘Neglected’ Personal Neglect

The Neural Substrate of Reward Anticipation in Health: A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Findings in the Monetary Incentive Delay Task

Cognitive Deficits in Psychotic Disorders: A Lifespan Perspective

A Systematic Review of Cognitive Outcomes in Angiographically Negative Subarachnoid Haemorrhage