Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Religion and Health 2/2023

23-02-2023 | Plague | PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION

Islamic Civilizations and Plagues: The Role of Religion, Faith and Psychology During Pandemics

Authors: Rania Awaad, Merve Nursoy-Demir, Abdullah Khalil, Hosam Helal

Published in: Journal of Religion and Health | Issue 2/2023

Login to get access

Abstract

The current study seeks to analyze Muslim experiences of communicative diseases with a focus on the psychosocial impacts and public, communal, and personal responses of Muslim populations throughout history. By examining a selection of plague outbreaks between the 8–19th centuries across the lands broadly defined as the Islamic Mediterranean (Varlık, 2017), the guidelines and coping mechanisms that Muslims extracted from their traditional sources are highlighted. This historical perspective contributes to a better understanding of the psychological and social aspects of pandemics for the Muslim community, specifically for the role played by faith and spirituality as determinants of psychological well-being in Muslims’ perceptions and responses. We suggest that such an understanding is especially useful for contemporary mental health practitioners working with Muslim patients through the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Literature
go back to reference Al-ʻAsqalānī, I. Ḥ. (2013). Fatḥ Al-Bārī BiSharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, vol. 17. al-Risālah al-’Ālimiyyah. Al-ʻAsqalānī, I. Ḥ. (2013). Fatḥ Al-Bārī BiSharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, vol. 17. al-Risālah al-’Ālimiyyah.
go back to reference Al-Jāḥiẓ (1985). Al-Bayān Wa-Al-Tabyīn (A.M. Hārūn, Ed.). Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī. Al-Jāḥiẓ (1985). Al-Bayān Wa-Al-Tabyīn (A.M. Hārūn, Ed.). Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī.
go back to reference Al-Jawzīyah, I. Q., Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, ʻA., & Madkūr, ʻA. (1996). Madārij al-sālikīn. Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrīyah. Al-Jawzīyah, I. Q., Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, ʻA., & Madkūr, ʻA. (1996). Madārij al-sālikīn. Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrīyah.
go back to reference Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. The Guilford Press. Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Bentzen, J. (2020). In crisis, we pray: Religiosity and the COVID-19 pandemic. Covid Economics, 20, 52–108. Bentzen, J. (2020). In crisis, we pray: Religiosity and the COVID-19 pandemic. Covid Economics, 20, 52–108.
go back to reference Bukhārī, M. (1997). Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī (M. M. Khan, Trans.). Dār al-Salām. Bukhārī, M. (1997). Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī (M. M. Khan, Trans.). Dār al-Salām.
go back to reference Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Martínez-González, M. B., Benitez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Beltran-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto, P., Diaz Arroyo, E., Laborde-Cárdenas, C. C., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Martínez-González, M. B., Benitez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Beltran-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto, P., Diaz Arroyo, E., Laborde-Cárdenas, C. C., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10041. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​ijerph181910041CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Curry, J. J. (2017). Scholars, Sufis, and disease: Can Muslim religious works offer us novel insights on plagues and epidemics among the medieval and early modern Ottomans?. In Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean (pp. 27–56). ARC, Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781942401162-004 Curry, J. J. (2017). Scholars, Sufis, and disease: Can Muslim religious works offer us novel insights on plagues and epidemics among the medieval and early modern Ottomans?. In Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean (pp. 27–56). ARC, Amsterdam University Press. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1515/​9781942401162-004
go back to reference Gökhan, İ. (2008). el-Eşref Barsbay Döneminde Memlûk Devleti’nde Salgın Hastalıklar ve İktisadî Buhranlar (1422–1438). Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 23(1), 91–136. Gökhan, İ. (2008). el-Eşref Barsbay Döneminde Memlûk Devleti’nde Salgın Hastalıklar ve İktisadî Buhranlar (1422–1438). Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 23(1), 91–136.
go back to reference Haynes, W. C., Van Tongeren, D. R., Aten, J., Davis, E. B., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Boan, D., & Johnson, T. (2017). The meaning as a buffer hypothesis: Spiritual meaning attenuates the effect of disaster-related resource loss on posttraumatic stress. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 446. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000098CrossRef Haynes, W. C., Van Tongeren, D. R., Aten, J., Davis, E. B., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Boan, D., & Johnson, T. (2017). The meaning as a buffer hypothesis: Spiritual meaning attenuates the effect of disaster-related resource loss on posttraumatic stress. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 446. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1037/​rel0000098CrossRef
go back to reference Hopley, R. (2010). Contagion in Islamic lands: responses from medieval Andalusia and North Africa. Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, 10, 45–64.CrossRef Hopley, R. (2010). Contagion in Islamic lands: responses from medieval Andalusia and North Africa. Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, 10, 45–64.CrossRef
go back to reference Ibn ʻAsākir, A., Badrān, A., & Ibn ʻAsākir, A. (1329). Al-Taʼrīkh Al-Kabīr, Li-ʼl-Ḥāfiẓ Al-Kabīr Thiqat Al-Dīn Abu ʼl-Qāsim ʻalī Ibn Al-Ḥasan Ibn Hibat Allāh Ibn ʻabd Allāh Ibn Al-Ḥusayn Ibn ʻasākir A. Maṭbaʻat Rawḍat al-Shaʼm. Ibn ʻAsākir, A., Badrān, A., & Ibn ʻAsākir, A. (1329). Al-Taʼrīkh Al-Kabīr, Li-ʼl-Ḥāfiẓ Al-Kabīr Thiqat Al-Dīn Abu ʼl-Qāsim ʻalī Ibn Al-Ḥasan Ibn Hibat Allāh Ibn ʻabd Allāh Ibn Al-Ḥusayn Ibn ʻasākir A. Maṭbaʻat Rawḍat al-Shaʼm.
go back to reference Ibn Ṭūlūn, S., & Muṣṭafá, M. (1962). Mufākahat al-Khillān fī ḥawādith al-zamān: Tārīkh Miṣr wa-al-Shām. Al-Muʼassasah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Taʼlīf wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr. Ibn Ṭūlūn, S., & Muṣṭafá, M. (1962). Mufākahat al-Khillān fī ḥawādith al-zamān: Tārīkh Miṣr wa-al-Shām. Al-Muʼassasah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Taʼlīf wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr.
go back to reference Ibn Saʻd, M., & Bewley, A. (2012). Kitab At-Tabaqat Al-Kabir. Ta-Ha. Ibn Saʻd, M., & Bewley, A. (2012). Kitab At-Tabaqat Al-Kabir. Ta-Ha.
go back to reference Kaadan, A. N., & Angrini, M. (2014). Was the plague disease a motivating or an Inhibiting Factor in the Early Muslim Community? Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 12–13(23–26). Kaadan, A. N., & Angrini, M. (2014). Was the plague disease a motivating or an Inhibiting Factor in the Early Muslim Community? Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 12–13(23–26).
go back to reference Kola, L., Kohrt, B. A., Hanlon, C., Naslund, J. A., Sikander, S., Balaji, M., Benjet, C., Cheung, E. Y. L., Eaton, J., Gonsalves, P., Hailemariam, M., Luitel, N. P., Machado, D. B., Misganaw, E., Omigbodun, O., Roberts, T., Salisbury, T. T., Shidhaye, R., Sunkel, C., … Patel, V. (2021). COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(6), 535–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00025-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kola, L., Kohrt, B. A., Hanlon, C., Naslund, J. A., Sikander, S., Balaji, M., Benjet, C., Cheung, E. Y. L., Eaton, J., Gonsalves, P., Hailemariam, M., Luitel, N. P., Machado, D. B., Misganaw, E., Omigbodun, O., Roberts, T., Salisbury, T. T., Shidhaye, R., Sunkel, C., … Patel, V. (2021). COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(6), 535–550. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S2215-0366(21)00025-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Kritovoulos, M. (1954). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. (C. Riggs, Trans.). Princeton University Press. Kritovoulos, M. (1954). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. (C. Riggs, Trans.). Princeton University Press.
go back to reference Maqrīzī, A. (1973). Kitāb As-Sulūk Li-Maʻrifat Duwal Al-Mulūk. Laĝnat at-Taʼlīf wa't-Tarĝama wa'n-Našr. Maqrīzī, A. (1973). Kitāb As-Sulūk Li-Maʻrifat Duwal Al-Mulūk. Laĝnat at-Taʼlīf wa't-Tarĝama wa'n-Našr.
go back to reference Marzana, D., Novara, C., De Piccoli, N., Cardinali, P., Migliorini, L., Di Napoli, I., Guidi, E., Fedi, A., Rollero, C., Agueli, B., Esposito, C., Marta, E., Leone, F. G., Guazzini, A., Meringolo, P., Arcidiacono, C., & Procentese, F. (2022). Community dimensions and emotions in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2560CrossRef Marzana, D., Novara, C., De Piccoli, N., Cardinali, P., Migliorini, L., Di Napoli, I., Guidi, E., Fedi, A., Rollero, C., Agueli, B., Esposito, C., Marta, E., Leone, F. G., Guazzini, A., Meringolo, P., Arcidiacono, C., & Procentese, F. (2022). Community dimensions and emotions in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 358–373. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​casp.​2560CrossRef
go back to reference Oman, D., & Thoresen, C. (2005). Do religion and spirituality influence health? In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 435–459). The Guilford Press. Oman, D., & Thoresen, C. (2005). Do religion and spirituality influence health? In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 435–459). The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Pargament, K. I., Ano, G. G., & Wacholtz, A. B. (2005b). The religious dimension of coping: Advances in theory, research, and practice. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 479–495). The Guilford Press. Pargament, K. I., Ano, G. G., & Wacholtz, A. B. (2005b). The religious dimension of coping: Advances in theory, research, and practice. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 479–495). The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., & Hamedani, M. G. (2012). Who explains Hurricane Katrina and the Chilean earthquake as an act of god? The experience of extreme hardship predicts religious meaning-making. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(4), 606–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112454330CrossRef Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., & Hamedani, M. G. (2012). Who explains Hurricane Katrina and the Chilean earthquake as an act of god? The experience of extreme hardship predicts religious meaning-making. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(4), 606–619. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​0022022112454330​CrossRef
go back to reference The Hadith, (pp. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Book 76, Hadith 2572, 5734). The Hadith, (pp. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Book 76, Hadith 2572, 5734).
go back to reference Varlık, N. (2015). Plague and empire in the early modern Mediterranean world. Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Varlık, N. (2015). Plague and empire in the early modern Mediterranean world. Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Islamic Civilizations and Plagues: The Role of Religion, Faith and Psychology During Pandemics
Authors
Rania Awaad
Merve Nursoy-Demir
Abdullah Khalil
Hosam Helal
Publication date
23-02-2023
Publisher
Springer US
Keyword
Plague
Published in
Journal of Religion and Health / Issue 2/2023
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01765-z

Other articles of this Issue 2/2023

Journal of Religion and Health 2/2023 Go to the issue