Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2/2006

01-06-2006 | Original Paper

Emotional Processing Theory (EPT) and Exposure Therapy for PTSD

Authors: Sheila Rauch, Edna Foa

Published in: Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy | Issue 2/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Emotional processing theory developed by E. B. Foa and M. J. Kozak (1986) has informed the conceptualization of anxiety disorders and the development of effective treatments for these disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article presents a summary and update of emotional processing theory as it applies to the treatment of PTSD, data in support of this theory, and clinical examples of how the theory can be used to assist in the treatment of clients with PTSD. Common difficulties confronted during exposure therapy for PTSD, including underengagement and overengagement, are discussed in the context of emotional processing theory and suggestions for how to manage these difficulties are presented.
Literature
go back to reference Bremner, J.D., Krystalo, J.H., Southwick, S.M., & Charney, D.S. (1995). Functional neuroanatomical correlates of the effects of stress on memory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 527–553.PubMedCrossRef Bremner, J.D., Krystalo, J.H., Southwick, S.M., & Charney, D.S. (1995). Functional neuroanatomical correlates of the effects of stress on memory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 527–553.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chaplin, E.W., & Levine, B.A. (1981). The effects of total exposure duration and interrupted versus continuous exposure in flooding therapy. Behavior Therapy, 12, 360–368.CrossRef Chaplin, E.W., & Levine, B.A. (1981). The effects of total exposure duration and interrupted versus continuous exposure in flooding therapy. Behavior Therapy, 12, 360–368.CrossRef
go back to reference Cochran, B., Pruitt, L.D., Fukada, S., Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N.C., Butt, Z., & Wuyek, L. (2003). Why? Why? Why? A qualitative analysis of women’s reasons for choice of PTSD treatment. Paper presented at the Anxiety Disorder Association of America Annual Conference, Toronto, ON. Cochran, B., Pruitt, L.D., Fukada, S., Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N.C., Butt, Z., & Wuyek, L. (2003). Why? Why? Why? A qualitative analysis of women’s reasons for choice of PTSD treatment. Paper presented at the Anxiety Disorder Association of America Annual Conference, Toronto, ON.
go back to reference Feeny, N.C., Zoellner, L.A., Fukuda, S., Stucka, J., Vigil, S., Arlien, C., et al. (2004). Prolonged exposure and sertraline for PTSD: Moving toward effectiveness. Paper presented at annual ITSSS conference, New Orleans, LA. Feeny, N.C., Zoellner, L.A., Fukuda, S., Stucka, J., Vigil, S., Arlien, C., et al. (2004). Prolonged exposure and sertraline for PTSD: Moving toward effectiveness. Paper presented at annual ITSSS conference, New Orleans, LA.
go back to reference Foa, E.B., & Cahill, S.P. (2001). Emotional processing in psychological therapies. In N.J. Smelser & P.B. Bates (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral science (pp. 12363–12369). New York: Elsevier. Foa, E.B., & Cahill, S.P. (2001). Emotional processing in psychological therapies. In N.J. Smelser & P.B. Bates (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral science (pp. 12363–12369). New York: Elsevier.
go back to reference Foa, E.B., & Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.PubMedCrossRef Foa, E.B., & Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Foa, E.B., & Rauch, S.A.M. (2004). Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 879–884.CrossRef Foa, E.B., & Rauch, S.A.M. (2004). Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 879–884.CrossRef
go back to reference Foa, E.B., & Riggs, D.S. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder and rape. In J. Oldham, M.B. Riba, & A. Tasman (Eds.), American psychiatric press review of psychiatry (Vol. 12, pp. 273–303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. (Reprinted Post-traumatic stress disorder: A clinical review, pp. 133–163, by R. S. Pynoos, (Ed.), 1994, Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press). Foa, E.B., & Riggs, D.S. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder and rape. In J. Oldham, M.B. Riba, & A. Tasman (Eds.), American psychiatric press review of psychiatry (Vol. 12, pp. 273–303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. (Reprinted Post-traumatic stress disorder: A clinical review, pp. 133–163, by R. S. Pynoos, (Ed.), 1994, Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press).
go back to reference Foa, E.B., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford. Foa, E.B., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Hembree, E.A., Rauch, S.A.M., & Foa, E.B. (2003). Beyond the manual: The insider’s guide to prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 22–30.CrossRef Hembree, E.A., Rauch, S.A.M., & Foa, E.B. (2003). Beyond the manual: The insider’s guide to prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 22–30.CrossRef
go back to reference Jaycox, L.H., Foa, E.B., & Morral, A.R. (1998). Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 185–192.PubMedCrossRef Jaycox, L.H., Foa, E.B., & Morral, A.R. (1998). Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 185–192.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lang, P.J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy, 8, 862–886.CrossRef Lang, P.J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy, 8, 862–886.CrossRef
go back to reference Lang, P.J., Melamed, B.G., & Hart, J. (1970). A psychophysiological analysis of fear modification using an automated desensitization procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 220–234.PubMedCrossRef Lang, P.J., Melamed, B.G., & Hart, J. (1970). A psychophysiological analysis of fear modification using an automated desensitization procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 220–234.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nader, K., Schafe, G.E., & Le Doux, J.E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdale for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406(6797), 722–726.PubMedCrossRef Nader, K., Schafe, G.E., & Le Doux, J.E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdale for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406(6797), 722–726.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pitman, R.K., Orr, S.P., Altman, B., & Longpre, R.E. (1996). Emotional processing and outcome of imaginal flooding therapy in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 37(6), 409–418.PubMedCrossRef Pitman, R.K., Orr, S.P., Altman, B., & Longpre, R.E. (1996). Emotional processing and outcome of imaginal flooding therapy in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 37(6), 409–418.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference van Minnen, A., & Foa, E.B. (2005). The effects of long versus short imaginal exposure on treatment outcome of PTSD. Manuscript under review. van Minnen, A., & Foa, E.B. (2005). The effects of long versus short imaginal exposure on treatment outcome of PTSD. Manuscript under review.
go back to reference van Minnen, A., & Hagenaars, M. (2002). Fear activation and habituation patters as early process predictors of response to prolonged exposure treatment in PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5), 359–367.PubMedCrossRef van Minnen, A., & Hagenaars, M. (2002). Fear activation and habituation patters as early process predictors of response to prolonged exposure treatment in PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5), 359–367.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N.C., Cochran, B., & Pruit, L. (2003). Treatment choice for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 879–886.PubMedCrossRef Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N.C., Cochran, B., & Pruit, L. (2003). Treatment choice for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 879–886.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N.C., McDavid, J., Moore, S., Fukada, S., Vigil, S., et al. (2004). Moving toward effectiveness: An open comparison of sertraline and prolonged exposure in the treatment of PTSD. Paper presented at annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Miami, FL. Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N.C., McDavid, J., Moore, S., Fukada, S., Vigil, S., et al. (2004). Moving toward effectiveness: An open comparison of sertraline and prolonged exposure in the treatment of PTSD. Paper presented at annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Miami, FL.
Metadata
Title
Emotional Processing Theory (EPT) and Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Authors
Sheila Rauch
Edna Foa
Publication date
01-06-2006
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy / Issue 2/2006
Print ISSN: 0022-0116
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3564
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-006-9008-y

Other articles of this Issue 2/2006

Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2/2006 Go to the issue