Skip to main content
Top
Published in: European Journal of Epidemiology 8/2010

01-08-2010 | COMMENTARY

Genome-wide association studies and large-scale collaborations in epidemiology

Authors: Bruce M. Psaty, Albert Hofman

Published in: European Journal of Epidemiology | Issue 8/2010

Login to get access

Excerpt

In 1989–1990, investigators recruited 5,201 subjects from four US sites to the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) [1]. The purpose was to evaluate risk factors for clinical and subclinical disease in adults aged 65 or older. With the recruitment of an additional 687 African Americans in 1992–1993 and annual clinic visits through 1999, CHS was adequately powered to address the study’s primary aims. In the US, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study had a similar design and recruited about 16,000 middle-aged adults from four US sites [2], and the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study included 5,116 subjects aged 18–30 years [3]. Historically, collaboration with the older Framingham Heart Study (FHS) [4], the European Rotterdam Study (RS) [5] or even among the three major US cohorts launched in the 1980s occurred only rarely [6, 7]. …
Literature
1.
go back to reference Fried LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, Furberg C, Gardin J, Kronmal R, Kuller LH, Manolio T, Mittelmark M, Newman A, O’Leary DH, Psaty B, Rautaharju P, Tracy RP. The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale. Ann Epidemiol. 1991;1:263–76.CrossRefPubMed Fried LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, Furberg C, Gardin J, Kronmal R, Kuller LH, Manolio T, Mittelmark M, Newman A, O’Leary DH, Psaty B, Rautaharju P, Tracy RP. The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale. Ann Epidemiol. 1991;1:263–76.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference The ARIC. Investigators. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:687–702. The ARIC. Investigators. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:687–702.
3.
go back to reference Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, Hughes GH, Hulley SB, Jacobs DR Jr, Liu K, Savage PJ. CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:1105–16.CrossRefPubMed Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, Hughes GH, Hulley SB, Jacobs DR Jr, Liu K, Savage PJ. CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:1105–16.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Dawber TR, Meadors GF, Moore FE. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: The Framingham study. Am J Public Health. 1951;41:279–86.CrossRef Dawber TR, Meadors GF, Moore FE. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: The Framingham study. Am J Public Health. 1951;41:279–86.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Hofman A, Breteler MMB, van Duijn CM, Krestin GP, Pols HA, Stricker BHC, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vingerling JR, Witteman JCM. The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22:819–29.CrossRefPubMed Hofman A, Breteler MMB, van Duijn CM, Krestin GP, Pols HA, Stricker BHC, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vingerling JR, Witteman JCM. The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22:819–29.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Howard G, Manolio T, Burke G, Wolfson S, O’Leary D. Does the association of risk factors and atherosclerosis change with age? An analysis of the combined ARIC and CHS cohorts. Stroke. 1997;28:1693–701.PubMed Howard G, Manolio T, Burke G, Wolfson S, O’Leary D. Does the association of risk factors and atherosclerosis change with age? An analysis of the combined ARIC and CHS cohorts. Stroke. 1997;28:1693–701.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Folsom AR, Cushman M, Tsai MY, et al. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism in relation to factor V Leiden and related factors. Blood. 2002;99:2720–5.CrossRefPubMed Folsom AR, Cushman M, Tsai MY, et al. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism in relation to factor V Leiden and related factors. Blood. 2002;99:2720–5.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Hindorff L, Sethupathy P, Junkins H, et al. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:9362–7.CrossRefPubMed Hindorff L, Sethupathy P, Junkins H, et al. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:9362–7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Cornelis MC, Agrawal A, Cole JW, Hansel NN, Barnes KC, Beaty TH, et al. for the GENEVA Consortium. The Gene, Environment Association Studies Consortium (GENEVA): maximizing the knowledge obtain from GWAS by collaboration across studies of multiple conditions. Gen Epidemiol. 2010; 34:364–72. Cornelis MC, Agrawal A, Cole JW, Hansel NN, Barnes KC, Beaty TH, et al. for the GENEVA Consortium. The Gene, Environment Association Studies Consortium (GENEVA): maximizing the knowledge obtain from GWAS by collaboration across studies of multiple conditions. Gen Epidemiol. 2010; 34:364–72.
10.
go back to reference Psaty BM, O’Donnell CJ, Gudnason V, Lunetta KL, Folsom AR, Rotter JI, et al. Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE): design of prospective meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:73–80.CrossRefPubMed Psaty BM, O’Donnell CJ, Gudnason V, Lunetta KL, Folsom AR, Rotter JI, et al. Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE): design of prospective meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:73–80.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Harris T, Launer L, Eiriksdottir G, Kjartansson O, Jonsson PV, Sigurdsson G, Thorgeirsson G, Aspelund T, Garcia MF, Hoffman HJ, Gudnason V. Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study: multidisciplinary applied phenomics. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:1076–87.CrossRefPubMed Harris T, Launer L, Eiriksdottir G, Kjartansson O, Jonsson PV, Sigurdsson G, Thorgeirsson G, Aspelund T, Garcia MF, Hoffman HJ, Gudnason V. Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study: multidisciplinary applied phenomics. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:1076–87.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Furberg H, et al. for the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies implicate multiple loci for smoking behavior. Nat Genet. 2010; 42:441–7. Furberg H, et al. for the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies implicate multiple loci for smoking behavior. Nat Genet. 2010; 42:441–7.
13.
go back to reference Saxena R, Hivert MF, Langenberg C, Tanaka T, Pankow JS, Vollenwelder P, et al. for the MAGIC investigators. Genetic variation in gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) impacts the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. Nat Genet. 2010. doi:10.1038/ng.520. Saxena R, Hivert MF, Langenberg C, Tanaka T, Pankow JS, Vollenwelder P, et al. for the MAGIC investigators. Genetic variation in gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) impacts the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. Nat Genet. 2010. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​520.
14.
go back to reference Dupuis J, Langenberg C, Prokopenko I, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Jackson AU, et al. for the MAGIC investigators. Novel genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostatis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Genet. 2010. doi:10.1038/ng.521. Dupuis J, Langenberg C, Prokopenko I, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Jackson AU, et al. for the MAGIC investigators. Novel genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostatis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Genet. 2010. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​521.
15.
go back to reference The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3000 shared controls. Nature. 2007;447:661–78.CrossRef The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3000 shared controls. Nature. 2007;447:661–78.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Pattaro C, De Grandi A, Vitart V, Hayward C, Franke A, Aulchenko YS, et al. for the EUROSPANconsortium. A meta-analysis of genome-wide data from five European isolates reveals an association of COL22A1, SYT1, and GABRR2 with serum creatinine level. BMC Med Genet. 2010; 11:41. Pattaro C, De Grandi A, Vitart V, Hayward C, Franke A, Aulchenko YS, et al. for the EUROSPANconsortium. A meta-analysis of genome-wide data from five European isolates reveals an association of COL22A1, SYT1, and GABRR2 with serum creatinine level. BMC Med Genet. 2010; 11:41.
17.
go back to reference Igl W, Johansson A, Wilson JF, Wild SH, Polasek O, Hayward C, et al. for the EUROSPAN Consortium. Modeling of environmental effects in genome-wide association studies identifies SLC2A2 and HP as novel loci influencing serum cholesterol levels. PLoSGenet. 2010; 6(1):e1000798. Igl W, Johansson A, Wilson JF, Wild SH, Polasek O, Hayward C, et al. for the EUROSPAN Consortium. Modeling of environmental effects in genome-wide association studies identifies SLC2A2 and HP as novel loci influencing serum cholesterol levels. PLoSGenet. 2010; 6(1):e1000798.
18.
go back to reference Evans A, Salomaa V, Kulathinal S, Asplund K, Cambien F, Ferrario M, et al. MORGAM (an international pooling of cardiovascular cohorts). Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:21–7.CrossRefPubMed Evans A, Salomaa V, Kulathinal S, Asplund K, Cambien F, Ferrario M, et al. MORGAM (an international pooling of cardiovascular cohorts). Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:21–7.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Skol AD, Scott LJ, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M. Joint analysis is more efficient than replication-based analysis for two-stage genome wide association studies. Nat Genet. 2006;38:209–13.CrossRefPubMed Skol AD, Scott LJ, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M. Joint analysis is more efficient than replication-based analysis for two-stage genome wide association studies. Nat Genet. 2006;38:209–13.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, et al. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease (The Health, Aging and Body Composition [Health ABC] Study). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:522–8.CrossRefPubMed Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, et al. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease (The Health, Aging and Body Composition [Health ABC] Study). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:522–8.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, et al. Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:871–81.CrossRefPubMed Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, et al. Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:871–81.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Benjamin EJ, Rice KM, Arking DE, Pfeufer A, van Noord C, Smith AV, Schnabel RB, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Sinner MF, Dehghan A, Lubitz SA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Variants in ZFHX3 are associated with atrial fibrillation in individuals of European ancestry. Nat Genet. 2009;41:879–81.CrossRefPubMed Benjamin EJ, Rice KM, Arking DE, Pfeufer A, van Noord C, Smith AV, Schnabel RB, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Sinner MF, Dehghan A, Lubitz SA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Variants in ZFHX3 are associated with atrial fibrillation in individuals of European ancestry. Nat Genet. 2009;41:879–81.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Ikram MA, Seshadri S, Bis JC, Fornage M, DeStefano AL, Aulchenko YS, Debette S, Lumley T, Folsom AR, van den Herik EG, Bos MJ, Beiser A, Cushman M, et al. Genome-wide association studies of total stroke and ischemic stroke: meta-analysis and replication from the CHARGE consortium. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1718–28.CrossRefPubMed Ikram MA, Seshadri S, Bis JC, Fornage M, DeStefano AL, Aulchenko YS, Debette S, Lumley T, Folsom AR, van den Herik EG, Bos MJ, Beiser A, Cushman M, et al. Genome-wide association studies of total stroke and ischemic stroke: meta-analysis and replication from the CHARGE consortium. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1718–28.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Kottgen A, Glazer NL, Dehghan A, Hwang SJ, Katz R, Li M, Yang Q, Gudnason V, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Smith AV, Arking DE, Astor BC, Boerwinkle E, et al. Multiple novel loci are associated with indices of renal function and chronic renal disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41:712–7.CrossRef Kottgen A, Glazer NL, Dehghan A, Hwang SJ, Katz R, Li M, Yang Q, Gudnason V, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Smith AV, Arking DE, Astor BC, Boerwinkle E, et al. Multiple novel loci are associated with indices of renal function and chronic renal disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41:712–7.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Dehghan A, Yang Q, Peters A, Basu A, Bis JC, Rudnicka AR, Kavousi M, Chen MH, Baumert J, Lowe GDO, McKnight B, Tang W, de Maat M, Larson MG, et al. Association of novel genetic loci with circulating fibrinogen levels: a genome-wide association study in six population-based cohorts. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:125–33.CrossRefPubMed Dehghan A, Yang Q, Peters A, Basu A, Bis JC, Rudnicka AR, Kavousi M, Chen MH, Baumert J, Lowe GDO, McKnight B, Tang W, de Maat M, Larson MG, et al. Association of novel genetic loci with circulating fibrinogen levels: a genome-wide association study in six population-based cohorts. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:125–33.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Vasan RS, Glazer NL, Felix JF, Lieb W, Wild PS, Felix SB, et al. Genetic variants associated with cardiac structure and function: a meta-analysis and replication of genome-wide association data. JAMA. 2009;302:168–78.CrossRefPubMed Vasan RS, Glazer NL, Felix JF, Lieb W, Wild PS, Felix SB, et al. Genetic variants associated with cardiac structure and function: a meta-analysis and replication of genome-wide association data. JAMA. 2009;302:168–78.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Heard-Costa NL, Zillikens MC, Monda KL, Johansson A, Harris TB, Fu M, Haritunians T, Feitosa MF, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Garcia M, Launer LJ, et al. NRXN3 is a novel locus for waist circumference: a genome-wide association study from the CHARGE consortium. PLoS Genet. 2009;5:e1000539.CrossRefPubMed Heard-Costa NL, Zillikens MC, Monda KL, Johansson A, Harris TB, Fu M, Haritunians T, Feitosa MF, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Garcia M, Launer LJ, et al. NRXN3 is a novel locus for waist circumference: a genome-wide association study from the CHARGE consortium. PLoS Genet. 2009;5:e1000539.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Meigs J, Shrader P, Sullivan L, McAteer J, Fox C, Dupuis J, et al. Genotype score in addition to common risk factors for prediction of type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2208–19.CrossRefPubMed Meigs J, Shrader P, Sullivan L, McAteer J, Fox C, Dupuis J, et al. Genotype score in addition to common risk factors for prediction of type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2208–19.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference O’Rahilly S. Human genetics illuminates the paths to metabolic disease. Nature. 2009;462:307–14.CrossRefPubMed O’Rahilly S. Human genetics illuminates the paths to metabolic disease. Nature. 2009;462:307–14.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Newton-Cheh, Eijgelsheim m, Rice K, et al. Common variants at ten loci influence QT interval duration in the QTGEN study. Nat Genet. 2009;41(4):399–406.CrossRefPubMed Newton-Cheh, Eijgelsheim m, Rice K, et al. Common variants at ten loci influence QT interval duration in the QTGEN study. Nat Genet. 2009;41(4):399–406.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Pfeufer A, Sanna S, Arking DE, et al. Common variants at ten loci modulate the QT interval duration in the QTSCD Study. Nat Genet. 2009;41:407–14.CrossRefPubMed Pfeufer A, Sanna S, Arking DE, et al. Common variants at ten loci modulate the QT interval duration in the QTSCD Study. Nat Genet. 2009;41:407–14.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Levy D, Ehret GB, Rice K, Verwoert GC, Launer LJ, Dehghan A, Glazer NL, Morrison AC, Johnson AD, Aspelund T, Aulchenko Y, Lumley T, Kottgen A, et al. Association of common genetic variants with blood pressure and hypertension: a genome-wide association study of six population-based cohort studies, replication, and meta-analysis. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:677–87. Online May 10. doi:10.1038/ng.384. Levy D, Ehret GB, Rice K, Verwoert GC, Launer LJ, Dehghan A, Glazer NL, Morrison AC, Johnson AD, Aspelund T, Aulchenko Y, Lumley T, Kottgen A, et al. Association of common genetic variants with blood pressure and hypertension: a genome-wide association study of six population-based cohort studies, replication, and meta-analysis. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:677–87. Online May 10. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​384.
33.
go back to reference Newton-Cheh C, Johnson T, Gateva V, Tobin MD, Cochud M, Coin L, Najjar SS, Zhao JH, Heath SC, Eyheramendy S, Papadakis K, Voight BF, Scott LJ, et al. Eight blood pressure loci identified by genome-wide association study of 34,433 people of European ancestry. Nat Genet. 2009;41:666–76.CrossRef Newton-Cheh C, Johnson T, Gateva V, Tobin MD, Cochud M, Coin L, Najjar SS, Zhao JH, Heath SC, Eyheramendy S, Papadakis K, Voight BF, Scott LJ, et al. Eight blood pressure loci identified by genome-wide association study of 34,433 people of European ancestry. Nat Genet. 2009;41:666–76.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Ganesh SK, Zakai NA, van Rooij FJA, et al. Multiple loci influence erythrocyte phenotypes in the CHARGE consortium. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1191–8.CrossRefPubMed Ganesh SK, Zakai NA, van Rooij FJA, et al. Multiple loci influence erythrocyte phenotypes in the CHARGE consortium. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1191–8.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Soranzo N, Spector TD, Mangino M, Kuhnel B, Rendon A, Tuemer A, et al. A genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 22 loci associated with eight hematologic parameters in the HaemGen consortium. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1182–92.CrossRefPubMed Soranzo N, Spector TD, Mangino M, Kuhnel B, Rendon A, Tuemer A, et al. A genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 22 loci associated with eight hematologic parameters in the HaemGen consortium. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1182–92.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Hancock DB, Eijgelsheim M, Wilk JB, Gharib SA, Loehr LR, Marciante KD, Franceschini N, van Durme YMTA, Chen TH, Barr RG, Schabath MB, Couper DJ, et al. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies identify multiple novel loci related to pulmonary function. Nat Genet. 2010;42:45–52.CrossRefPubMed Hancock DB, Eijgelsheim M, Wilk JB, Gharib SA, Loehr LR, Marciante KD, Franceschini N, van Durme YMTA, Chen TH, Barr RG, Schabath MB, Couper DJ, et al. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies identify multiple novel loci related to pulmonary function. Nat Genet. 2010;42:45–52.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Repapi E, Sayers I, Wain LV, Burton PR, Johnson T, Obeidat M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function. Nat Genet. 2010;42:36–43.CrossRefPubMed Repapi E, Sayers I, Wain LV, Burton PR, Johnson T, Obeidat M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function. Nat Genet. 2010;42:36–43.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Go AS, Magid DJ, Wells B, Sung SH, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Greenlee RT, et al. The Cardiovascular Research Network: a new paradigm for cardiovascular quality and outcomes research. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2008;1:138–47.CrossRefPubMed Go AS, Magid DJ, Wells B, Sung SH, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Greenlee RT, et al. The Cardiovascular Research Network: a new paradigm for cardiovascular quality and outcomes research. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2008;1:138–47.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Platt R, Wilson M, Chan K, Benner J, Marchibroda J, McClellan M. The new Sentinel Network—improving the evidence of medical-product safety. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:645–7.CrossRefPubMed Platt R, Wilson M, Chan K, Benner J, Marchibroda J, McClellan M. The new Sentinel Network—improving the evidence of medical-product safety. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:645–7.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, et al. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:132–40.CrossRefPubMed Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, et al. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:132–40.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Dehghan A, Kottgen A, Yang Q, et al. Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2008;372:1953–61.CrossRefPubMed Dehghan A, Kottgen A, Yang Q, et al. Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2008;372:1953–61.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Woodward WM, Kottgen A, Coresh J, Boerwinkle E, Guiggino WB, Kottgen M. Identification of a urate transporter, ABCG2, with a common functional polymorphism causing gout. PNAS. 2009;106:10338–42.CrossRefPubMed Woodward WM, Kottgen A, Coresh J, Boerwinkle E, Guiggino WB, Kottgen M. Identification of a urate transporter, ABCG2, with a common functional polymorphism causing gout. PNAS. 2009;106:10338–42.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Janssens A, van Duijn C. Genome-based prediction of common diseases: advances and prospects. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:R166–73.CrossRefPubMed Janssens A, van Duijn C. Genome-based prediction of common diseases: advances and prospects. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:R166–73.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Gazdar AF. Personalized medicine and inhibition of EGFR signaling in lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1018–20.CrossRefPubMed Gazdar AF. Personalized medicine and inhibition of EGFR signaling in lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1018–20.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, et al. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:958–67.CrossRefPubMed Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, et al. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:958–67.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Tracy R. Deep phenotyping: characterizing populations in the era of genomics and systems biology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007; 19:000–000. Tracy R. Deep phenotyping: characterizing populations in the era of genomics and systems biology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007; 19:000–000.
Metadata
Title
Genome-wide association studies and large-scale collaborations in epidemiology
Authors
Bruce M. Psaty
Albert Hofman
Publication date
01-08-2010
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
European Journal of Epidemiology / Issue 8/2010
Print ISSN: 0393-2990
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7284
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9487-8

Other articles of this Issue 8/2010

European Journal of Epidemiology 8/2010 Go to the issue