Top

Published in:

01-04-2014 | Original Paper

The Impact of Ongoing National Terror on the Community of Hospital Nurses in Israel

Authors: Pnina Ron, Michal Shamai

Published in: Community Mental Health Journal | Issue 3/2014

Abstract

The main goal of this study was to explore the connections between the exposure of nurses in Israel to national terror and the levels of distress experienced due to ongoing terror attacks. The data were collected from 214 nurses from various parts of Israel who work in three types of heath services (mainly hospital departments) and provide help to victims of terror. The nurses reported very high levels of burnout, high levels of stress and medium-to high levels of intrusive memories. Levels of exposure were associated with burnout, intrusive memories and level of stress. More professional attention should be given to hospital nurses who provide care for trauma patients.

Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C., & Harrington, D. (2001). The traumatic stress institute belief scale as a measure of vicarious trauma in a national sample of clinical social workers. Family in Society, 82, 363–371.CrossRef

Adams, R. E., Figley, C. R., & Boscarino, J. A. (2008). The compassion fatigue scale: Its use with social workers following urban disaster. Research on Social Work Practice, 18, 238–250.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J., & Silber, J. H. (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA, 288, 1987–1993.

Antonovski, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Antonovski, A. (1991). The structural sources of salutogenic strength. In C. Cooper and S. R. Payne (Eds.), Personality and stress: individual differences in stress process. New York: Wiley.

Antonovski, A. (1993). The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 725–733.CrossRef

Arvay, M. J. (2001). Secondary traumatic stress among trauma counselors: What does the research say? International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 23, 283–293.CrossRef

Ben-Ezra, M., Palgi, Y., & Essar, N. (2007). Impact of war stress of posttraumatic stress symptoms in hospital personal. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29, 264–266.PubMedCrossRef

Butollo, W. H. (1996). Psychotherapy integration for war traumatization—a training project in central Bosnia. European Psychologist, 1, 140–146.CrossRef

Carney, J., Donvan, R., Yurdin, M., Starr, R., Pernell-Arnold, A., & Mallach Bromberg, E. (1993). Incidence of burnout among New York City intensive case managers: Summary of findings. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 31, 25–38.CrossRef

Collins, S. (2001). What about us? The psychological implications of dealing with trauma following the Omagh bombing. Emergency Nurse, 8, 9–13.PubMed

Dekel, R., Hantman, S., Ginzburg, K., & Solomon, Z. (2007). The cost of caring? Social workers in hospitals confront ongoing terrorism. British Journal of Social Work, 37, 1247–1261.CrossRef

Derogatis, L. R. (1994). SCL-90-R administration, scoring and procedure manual. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.

Derogatis, L. R., & Savitz, K. L. (1999). The SCL-90-R Brief Symptom Inventory and matching clinical rating scale. In M. E. Manrish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 679–724). London: Erlbaum.

Derogatis, L. R., & Spencer, P. M. (1982). The brief symptom inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual—I. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.

Essar, N., Ben-Ezra, M., Langer, S., & Palgi, Y. (2008). Gender differences in response to war stress in hospital personnel: Does profession matter? A preliminary study. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 22, 78–83.CrossRef

Figley, C. R. (1988). Victimization, trauma and traumatic stress. Counseling Psychologist, 16, 635–641.CrossRef

Figley, C.R. (Ed.). (1995a). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazal.

Figley, C.R. (1995b). Compassion fatigue: Towards a new understanding of the costs of caring. In B.H. Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (pp. 3–27). Lutherville: Sidran Press.

Follette, V. M., Polusny, M. M., & Milbeck, K. (1994). Mental health and law enforcement professionals: Trauma history, psychological symptoms and impact of providing services to child sexual abuse survivors. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 25, 275–282.CrossRef

Freudenberger, H. J., & Richelson, G. (1980). Burnout: The high cost of achievement. Garden City: Anchor Press.

Gebbie, K. M., & Qureshi, K. (2002). Emergency and disaster preparedness: Core competence for nurses. American Journal of Nursing, 102, 46–51.PubMedCrossRef

Georgi, A. (2002) A driver in Dan Cooperative: Right after the suicide attack they search every passenger, but soon after routine takes hold. Haaretz (Israeli newspaper).

Ghahramanlou, M., & Brodbeck, C. (2000). Predictors of secondary trauma in sexual assault trauma counselors. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 4, 229–240.

Gilbar, O., & Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Cancer and the family caregiver: Distress and coping. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Publication.

Grieger, T. A., Fullerton C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Reeves, J. J. (2003). Acute stress disorder, alcohol use, and perception of safety among hospital staff after the sniper attacks. Psychiatry Services, 54, 1383–1387.CrossRef

Hodgetts, G., Broers, T., Godwin, M., Bowering, E., & Hasanovic, M. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder among family physicals in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Journal of Family Practice, 20, 489–491.CrossRef

Hyman, O. (2001). Perceived social support and symptoms of secondary traumatic stress in disaster workers. Doctoral dissertation, School of Social Work. Garden City, NY: Adelphi University.

Jayaratne, S., & Chess, W. A. (1984). Job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover: A national study. Social Work, 24, 448–453.

Jordan, J. R. (2001). Is suicide bereavement different? A reassessment of the literature. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 91–101.PubMedCrossRef

Kobasa, S. C. (1982). The hardy personality: Toward a social psychology of stress and health. In G. S. Sanders & J. Suls (Eds.), Social psychology of health and illness. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

Kushnir, T., & Melamed, S. (1992). The Gulf War and its impact on burnout and well-being of working civilians. Psychological Medicine, 22, 987–995.PubMedCrossRef

Laposa, J. M., & Alden, L. E. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder in emergency room: Exploration of cognitive model. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 41, 49–65.CrossRef

Lavee, Y. (2004). Family challenges in the face of war and terrorism: The Israeli experience. Paper presented at a Special Session for the United Nation’s International Year of the Family, the 66th annual conference of the National Council on Family Relations, Orlando, Florida.

Leiter, M. P., & Harvie, P. L. (1996). Burnout among mental health workers: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 42, 90–101.PubMedCrossRef

Lind, E. W. (2000). Secondary traumatic stress: Predictors in psychologists. Doctoral dissertation: Seattle Pacific University.

Luce, A., Firth-Cozens, J., Midgley, S., & Burges, C. (2002). After the Omagh bomb: Posttraumatic stress disorder in health service staff. Journal of Trauma Stress, 15, 27–30.CrossRef

Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout—The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). Maslach Burnout inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout inventory (2nd ed.). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.

Munroe, J. F. (1991). Therapist traumatization from exposure to client with combat related posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for administration and supervision. Dissertation Abstract International, 52, 1731B.

Myers, D. G., & Wee, D. F. (2002). Strategies for managing disaster mental health worker stress. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Treating compassion fatigue (pp. 181–211). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Pearlin, L. A., & MacIan, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 558–565.CrossRef

Primoratz, I. (1990). What is terrorism? Journal of Applied Philosophy, 7, 129–138.CrossRef

Provini, C., Everett, J. R., & Pfeffer, C. R. (2000). Adults mourning suicide: Self reported concerns about bereavement, needs for assistance, and help-seeking behavior. Death Studies, 24, 1–19.PubMedCrossRef

Riba, S., & Reches, H. (2002). When terror is routine: How Israeli nurses cope with multi-causality terror. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 7. http://qqnursingworld.org/MainMenueca.

Ron, P., & Shamai, M. (2011). Challenging the impact of ongoing national terror: Social workers in Israel. Social Work Research, 35, 36–45.CrossRef

Ross, R. R., Altmaier, E. M., & Russel, D. W. (1989). Job stress, social support and burnout among counseling center staff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 464–470.CrossRef

Shamai, M., & Ron, P. (2009). Living and working under on going terror: The experience of social workers in Israel. Qualitative Health Research, 19, 42–54.PubMedCrossRef

Soderfeldt, M., Soderfeldt, B., & Warg, L. E. (1995). Burnout in social work. Social Work, 40, 638–646.

Stern, J. (1999). The ultimate terrorists. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Thilagavathi, K. (2006). Nurses burn out. Nursing Journal of India, 97, 81.PubMed

Thoits, P. H. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53, 79–83.

Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Shalev, A. Y. (2005). Epidemiology of psychological reactions to terror among adults in Israel. In E. Zomer & A. Bleich (Eds.), Mental health in terror’s shadow: The Israeli experience (pp. 29–54). Tel Aviv, Israel: Ramot. (Hebrew).

Valent, P. (2002). Diagnosis and treatment of helper stresses, traumas and illness. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Treating compassion fatigue (pp. 17–38). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Veenema, T. G. (2003). Essentials of disaster planning. In T. G. Veenema (Ed.), Disaster nursing and emergency preparedness for chemical, biological and radiological terrorism and other hazards (pp. 3–29). New York: Springer.

Vicarcy D., Searle, G. & Andrews, H. (2000). Assessment and intervention with Kosovar refugees: Design and management of a therapeutic team. Australian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 4:NP.

Zimmet, G. D., Dahlin, N. W., Zimmet, S. G., & Farley, K. G. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.CrossRef

Title: The Impact of Ongoing National Terror on the Community of Hospital Nurses in Israel
Authors: Pnina Ron
Michal Shamai
Publication date: 01-04-2014
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Community Mental Health Journal / Issue 3/2014
Print ISSN: 0010-3853
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2789
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9645-z

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

The Impact of Ongoing National Terror on the Community of Hospital Nurses in Israel

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2014

Pathways to Assignment of Payees

The Impact of the Great Recession on Community-Based Mental Health Organizations: An Analysis of Top Managers’ Perceptions of the Economic Downturn’s Effects and Adaptive Strategies Used to Manage the Consequences in Ohio

An Implementation Evaluation of the Community Engagement and Planning Intervention in the CPIC Depression Care Improvement Trial

Development of Telehealth Dialogues for Monitoring Suicidal Patients with Schizophrenia: Consumer Feedback

The CANSAS Self-report for Screening of Needs in Outpatients with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders

Impact of Socio-Economic Status in Meeting the Needs of People with Mental Illness; Human Rights Perspective