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01-05-2015 | Original Article

The spectrum of pyruvate oxidation defects in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders

Authors: Wolfgang Sperl, Leanne Fleuren, Peter Freisinger, Tobias B. Haack, Antonia Ribes, René G. Feichtinger, Richard J. Rodenburg, Franz A. Zimmermann, Johannes Koch, Isabel Rivera, Holger Prokisch, Jan A. Smeitink, Johannes A. Mayr

Published in: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease | Issue 3/2015

Abstract

Pyruvate oxidation defects (PODs) are among the most frequent causes of deficiencies in the mitochondrial energy metabolism and represent a substantial subset of classical mitochondrial diseases. PODs are not only caused by deficiency of subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) but also by various disorders recently described in the whole pyruvate oxidation route including cofactors, regulation of PDHC and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Our own patients from 2000 to July 2014 and patients identified by a systematic survey of the literature from 1970 to July 2014 with a pyruvate oxidation disorder and a genetically proven defect were included in the study (n=628). Of these defects 74.2% (n=466) belong to PDHC subunits, 24.5% (n=154) to cofactors, 0.5% (n=3) to PDHC regulation and 0.8% (n=5) to mitochondrial pyruvate import. PODs are underestimated in the field of mitochondrial diseases because not all diagnostic centres include biochemical investigations of PDHC in their routine analysis. Cofactor and transport defects can be missed, if pyruvate oxidation is not measured in intact mitochondria routinely. Furthermore deficiency of the X-chromosomal PDHA1 can be biochemically missed depending on the X-inactivation pattern. This is reflected by an increasing number of patients diagnosed recently by genetic high throughput screening approaches. PDHC deficiency including regulation and import affect mainly the glucose dependent central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. PODs with combined enzyme defects affect also other organs like heart, lung and liver. The spectrum of clinical presentation of PODs is still expanding. PODs are a therapeutically interesting group of mitochondrial diseases since some can be bypassed by ketogenic diet or treated by cofactor supplementation. PDHC kinase inhibition, chaperone therapy and PGC1α stimulation is still a matter of further investigations.

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Title: The spectrum of pyruvate oxidation defects in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Wolfgang Sperl
Leanne Fleuren
Peter Freisinger
Tobias B. Haack
Antonia Ribes
René G. Feichtinger
Richard J. Rodenburg
Franz A. Zimmermann
Johannes Koch
Isabel Rivera
Holger Prokisch
Jan A. Smeitink
Johannes A. Mayr
Publication date: 01-05-2015
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease / Issue 3/2015
Print ISSN: 0141-8955
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2665
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-014-9787-3

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