Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 1/2012

Open Access 01-01-2012 | Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Enzymology of the branched-chain amino acid oxidation disorders: the valine pathway

Authors: Ronald J. A. Wanders, Marinus Duran, Ference J. Loupatty

Published in: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Valine is one of the three branched-chain amino acids which undergoes oxidation within mitochondria. In this paper, we describe the current state of knowledge with respect to the enzymology of the valine oxidation pathway and the different disorders affecting oxidation.
Literature
go back to reference Andresen BS, Christensen E, Corydon TJ, Bross P, Pilgaard B, Wanders RJA, Ruiter JPN, Simonsen H, Winter V, Knudsen I, Schroeder LD, Gregersen N, Skovby F (2000) Isolated 2-Methylbutyrylglycinuria Caused by Short/Branched-Chain Acyl- CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Identification of a New Enzyme Defect, Resolution of Its Molecular Basis, and Evidence for Distinct Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases in Isoleucine And Valine Metabolism. Am J Hum Genet 67:1095–1103PubMedCrossRef Andresen BS, Christensen E, Corydon TJ, Bross P, Pilgaard B, Wanders RJA, Ruiter JPN, Simonsen H, Winter V, Knudsen I, Schroeder LD, Gregersen N, Skovby F (2000) Isolated 2-Methylbutyrylglycinuria Caused by Short/Branched-Chain Acyl- CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Identification of a New Enzyme Defect, Resolution of Its Molecular Basis, and Evidence for Distinct Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases in Isoleucine And Valine Metabolism. Am J Hum Genet 67:1095–1103PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bachhawat BK, Coon MJ, Kupiecki FP, Nagle R, Robinson WG (1957) Coenzyme A thiol esters of isobutyric, methacrylic, and beta-hydroxyisobutyric acids as intermediates in the enzymatic degradation of valine. J Biol Chem 224:1–11PubMed Bachhawat BK, Coon MJ, Kupiecki FP, Nagle R, Robinson WG (1957) Coenzyme A thiol esters of isobutyric, methacrylic, and beta-hydroxyisobutyric acids as intermediates in the enzymatic degradation of valine. J Biol Chem 224:1–11PubMed
go back to reference Bannerjee D, Sanders LE, Sokatch JR (1970) Properties of purified methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 245:1828–1835PubMed Bannerjee D, Sanders LE, Sokatch JR (1970) Properties of purified methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 245:1828–1835PubMed
go back to reference Battaile KP, Nguyen TV, Vockley J, Kim JJ (2004) Structures of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and enzyme-product complex: comparison with isovaleryl- and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. J Biol Chem 279:16526–16534PubMedCrossRef Battaile KP, Nguyen TV, Vockley J, Kim JJ (2004) Structures of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and enzyme-product complex: comparison with isovaleryl- and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. J Biol Chem 279:16526–16534PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Boulat O, Benador N, Girardin E, Bachmann C (1995) 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria with a mild clinical course. J Inherit Metab Dis 18:204–206PubMedCrossRef Boulat O, Benador N, Girardin E, Bachmann C (1995) 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria with a mild clinical course. J Inherit Metab Dis 18:204–206PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Brown GK, Hunt SM, Scholem R, Fowler K, Grimes A, Mercer JF, Truscott RM, Cotton RG, Rogers JG, Danks DM (1982) Beta-hydroxyisobutyryl coenzyme A deacylase deficiency: a defect in valine metabolism associated with physical malformations. Pediatrics 70:532–538PubMed Brown GK, Hunt SM, Scholem R, Fowler K, Grimes A, Mercer JF, Truscott RM, Cotton RG, Rogers JG, Danks DM (1982) Beta-hydroxyisobutyryl coenzyme A deacylase deficiency: a defect in valine metabolism associated with physical malformations. Pediatrics 70:532–538PubMed
go back to reference Chambliss KL, Gray RG, Rylance G, Pollitt RJ, Gibson KM (2000) Molecular characterization of methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 23:497–504PubMedCrossRef Chambliss KL, Gray RG, Rylance G, Pollitt RJ, Gibson KM (2000) Molecular characterization of methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 23:497–504PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chitayat D, Meagher-Villemure K, Mamer OA, O'Gorman A, Hoar DI, Silver K, Scriver CR (1992) Brain dysgenesis and congenital intracerebral calcification associated with 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. J Pediatr 121:86–89PubMedCrossRef Chitayat D, Meagher-Villemure K, Mamer OA, O'Gorman A, Hoar DI, Silver K, Scriver CR (1992) Brain dysgenesis and congenital intracerebral calcification associated with 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. J Pediatr 121:86–89PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gibson KM, Lee CF, Bennett MJ, Holmes B, Nyhan WL (1993) Combined malonic, methylmalonic and ethylmalonic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiencies: an inborn error of beta-alanine, L-valine and L-alloisoleucine metabolism? J Inherit Metab Dis 16:563–567PubMedCrossRef Gibson KM, Lee CF, Bennett MJ, Holmes B, Nyhan WL (1993) Combined malonic, methylmalonic and ethylmalonic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiencies: an inborn error of beta-alanine, L-valine and L-alloisoleucine metabolism? J Inherit Metab Dis 16:563–567PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gibson KM, Burlingame TG, Hogema B, Jakobs C, Schutgens RBH, Millington D, Roe CR, Roe DS, Sweetman L, Steiner RD, Linck L, Pohowalla P, Sacks M, Kiss D, Rinaldo P, Vockley J (2000) 2-Methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency: a new inborn error of L-isoleucine metabolism. Pediatr Res 47:830–833PubMedCrossRef Gibson KM, Burlingame TG, Hogema B, Jakobs C, Schutgens RBH, Millington D, Roe CR, Roe DS, Sweetman L, Steiner RD, Linck L, Pohowalla P, Sacks M, Kiss D, Rinaldo P, Vockley J (2000) 2-Methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency: a new inborn error of L-isoleucine metabolism. Pediatr Res 47:830–833PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gray RG, Pollitt RJ, Webley J (1987) Methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: demonstration of defective valine and beta-alanine metabolism and reduced malonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity in cultured fibroblasts. Biochem Med Metab Biol 38:121–124PubMedCrossRef Gray RG, Pollitt RJ, Webley J (1987) Methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: demonstration of defective valine and beta-alanine metabolism and reduced malonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity in cultured fibroblasts. Biochem Med Metab Biol 38:121–124PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hawes JW, Harper ET, Crabb DW, Harris RA (1996) Structural and mechanistic similarities of 6-phosphogluconate and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenases reveal a new enzyme family, the 3-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. FEBS Lett 389:263–267PubMedCrossRef Hawes JW, Harper ET, Crabb DW, Harris RA (1996) Structural and mechanistic similarities of 6-phosphogluconate and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenases reveal a new enzyme family, the 3-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. FEBS Lett 389:263–267PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hawes JW, Crabb DW, Chan RJ, Rougraff PM, Paxton R, Harris RA (2000) Mammalian 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. Meth Enzymol 324:218–228PubMedCrossRef Hawes JW, Crabb DW, Chan RJ, Rougraff PM, Paxton R, Harris RA (2000) Mammalian 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. Meth Enzymol 324:218–228PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ikeda Y, Tanaka K (1983a) Purification and characterization of 2-methyl-branched chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the isoleucine and valine metabolism, from rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 258:9477–9487PubMed Ikeda Y, Tanaka K (1983a) Purification and characterization of 2-methyl-branched chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the isoleucine and valine metabolism, from rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 258:9477–9487PubMed
go back to reference Ikeda Y, Tanaka K (1983b) Purification and characterization of isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase from rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 258:1077–1085PubMed Ikeda Y, Tanaka K (1983b) Purification and characterization of isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase from rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 258:1077–1085PubMed
go back to reference Ikeda Y, Dabrowski C, Tanaka K (1983) Separation and properties of five distinct acyl-CoA dehydrogenases from rat liver mitochondria. Identification of a new 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 258:1066–1076PubMed Ikeda Y, Dabrowski C, Tanaka K (1983) Separation and properties of five distinct acyl-CoA dehydrogenases from rat liver mitochondria. Identification of a new 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 258:1066–1076PubMed
go back to reference Jr S, Del CA (1956) Enzymes of fatty acid metabolism. II. Properties of crystalline crotonase. J Biol Chem 218:985–1002 Jr S, Del CA (1956) Enzymes of fatty acid metabolism. II. Properties of crystalline crotonase. J Biol Chem 218:985–1002
go back to reference Kedishvili NY, Popov KM, Rougraff PM, Zhao Y, Crabb DW, Harris RA (1992) CoA-dependent methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, a unique member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. cDNA cloning, evolutionary relationships, and tissue distribution. J Biol Chem 267:19724–19729PubMed Kedishvili NY, Popov KM, Rougraff PM, Zhao Y, Crabb DW, Harris RA (1992) CoA-dependent methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, a unique member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. cDNA cloning, evolutionary relationships, and tissue distribution. J Biol Chem 267:19724–19729PubMed
go back to reference Ko FJ, Nyhan WL, Wolff J, Barshop B, Sweetman L (1991) 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria: an inborn error of valine metabolism. Pediatr Res 30:322–326PubMed Ko FJ, Nyhan WL, Wolff J, Barshop B, Sweetman L (1991) 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria: an inborn error of valine metabolism. Pediatr Res 30:322–326PubMed
go back to reference Koeberl DD, Young SP, Gregersen NS, Vockley J, Smith WE, Benjamin DK Jr, An Y, Weavil SD, Chaing SH, Bali D, McDonald MT, Kishnani PS, Chen YT, Millington DS (2003) Rare disorders of metabolism with elevated butyryl- and isobutyryl-carnitine detected by tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening. Pediatr Res 54:219–223PubMedCrossRef Koeberl DD, Young SP, Gregersen NS, Vockley J, Smith WE, Benjamin DK Jr, An Y, Weavil SD, Chaing SH, Bali D, McDonald MT, Kishnani PS, Chen YT, Millington DS (2003) Rare disorders of metabolism with elevated butyryl- and isobutyryl-carnitine detected by tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening. Pediatr Res 54:219–223PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Loupatty FJ, van der Steen A, IJlst L, Ruiter JPN, Ofman R, Baumgartner MR, Ballhausen D, Yamaguchi S, Duran M, Wanders RJA (2006) Clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings in three patients with 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. Mol Genet Metab 87:243–248PubMedCrossRef Loupatty FJ, van der Steen A, IJlst L, Ruiter JPN, Ofman R, Baumgartner MR, Ballhausen D, Yamaguchi S, Duran M, Wanders RJA (2006) Clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings in three patients with 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. Mol Genet Metab 87:243–248PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Loupatty FJ, Clayton PT, Ruiter JPN, Ofman R, IJlst L, Brown GK, Thorburn DR, Harris RA, Duran M, Desousa C, Krywawych S, Heales SJ, Wanders RJA (2007) Mutations in the Gene Encoding 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA Hydrolase Results in Progressive Infantile Neurodegeneration. Am J Hum Genet 80:195–199PubMedCrossRef Loupatty FJ, Clayton PT, Ruiter JPN, Ofman R, IJlst L, Brown GK, Thorburn DR, Harris RA, Duran M, Desousa C, Krywawych S, Heales SJ, Wanders RJA (2007) Mutations in the Gene Encoding 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA Hydrolase Results in Progressive Infantile Neurodegeneration. Am J Hum Genet 80:195–199PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nguyen TV, Andresen BS, Corydon TJ, Ghisla S, bd-El RN, Mohsen AW, Cederbaum SD, Roe DS, Roe CR, Lench NJ, Vockley J (2002) Identification of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and its deficiency in humans. Mol Genet Metab 77:68–79PubMedCrossRef Nguyen TV, Andresen BS, Corydon TJ, Ghisla S, bd-El RN, Mohsen AW, Cederbaum SD, Roe DS, Roe CR, Lench NJ, Vockley J (2002) Identification of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and its deficiency in humans. Mol Genet Metab 77:68–79PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Oglesbee D, He M, Majumder N, Vockley J, Ahmad A, Angle B, Burton B, Charrow J, Ensenauer R, Ficicioglu CH, Keppen LD, Marsden D, Tortorelli S, Hahn SH, Matern D (2007) Development of a newborn screening follow-up algorithm for the diagnosis of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Genet Med 9:108–116PubMedCrossRef Oglesbee D, He M, Majumder N, Vockley J, Ahmad A, Angle B, Burton B, Charrow J, Ensenauer R, Ficicioglu CH, Keppen LD, Marsden D, Tortorelli S, Hahn SH, Matern D (2007) Development of a newborn screening follow-up algorithm for the diagnosis of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Genet Med 9:108–116PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pedersen CB, Bischoff C, Christensen E, Simonsen H, Lund AM, Young SP, Koeberl DD, Millington DS, Roe CR, Roe DS, Wanders RJA, Ruiter JPN, Keppen LD, Stein Q, Knudsen I, Gregersen N, Andresen BS (2006) Variations in IBD (ACAD8) in children with elevated C4-carnitine detected by tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening. Pediatr Res 60:315–320PubMedCrossRef Pedersen CB, Bischoff C, Christensen E, Simonsen H, Lund AM, Young SP, Koeberl DD, Millington DS, Roe CR, Roe DS, Wanders RJA, Ruiter JPN, Keppen LD, Stein Q, Knudsen I, Gregersen N, Andresen BS (2006) Variations in IBD (ACAD8) in children with elevated C4-carnitine detected by tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening. Pediatr Res 60:315–320PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pollitt RJ, Green A, Smith R (1985) Excessive excretion of beta-alanine and of 3-hydroxypropionic, R- and S-3-aminoisobutyric, R- and S-3-hydroxyisobutyric and S-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyric acids probably due to a defect in the metabolism of the corresponding malonic semialdehydes. J Inherit Metab Dis 8:75–79PubMedCrossRef Pollitt RJ, Green A, Smith R (1985) Excessive excretion of beta-alanine and of 3-hydroxypropionic, R- and S-3-aminoisobutyric, R- and S-3-hydroxyisobutyric and S-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyric acids probably due to a defect in the metabolism of the corresponding malonic semialdehydes. J Inherit Metab Dis 8:75–79PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Redina G, Coon MJ (1957) Enzymatic hydrolysis of the coenzyme a thiol esters of beta-hydroxypropionic and beta-hydroxyisobutyric acids. J Biol Chem 225:523–534 Redina G, Coon MJ (1957) Enzymatic hydrolysis of the coenzyme a thiol esters of beta-hydroxypropionic and beta-hydroxyisobutyric acids. J Biol Chem 225:523–534
go back to reference Robinson WG, Coon MJ (1957) The purification and properties of beta-hydroxyisobutyric dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 225:511–521PubMed Robinson WG, Coon MJ (1957) The purification and properties of beta-hydroxyisobutyric dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 225:511–521PubMed
go back to reference Roe CR, Cederbaum SD, Roe DS, Mardach R, Galindo A, Sweetman L (1998a) Isolated isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: an unrecognized defect in human valine matabolism. Mol Genet Metab 65:264–271PubMedCrossRef Roe CR, Cederbaum SD, Roe DS, Mardach R, Galindo A, Sweetman L (1998a) Isolated isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: an unrecognized defect in human valine matabolism. Mol Genet Metab 65:264–271PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Roe CR, Struys E, Kok RM, Roe DS, Harris RA, Jakobs C (1998b) Methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: psychomotor delay and methylmalonic aciduria without metabolic decompensation. Mol Genet Metab 65:35–43PubMedCrossRef Roe CR, Struys E, Kok RM, Roe DS, Harris RA, Jakobs C (1998b) Methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: psychomotor delay and methylmalonic aciduria without metabolic decompensation. Mol Genet Metab 65:35–43PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rougraff PM, Paxton R, Kuntz MJ, Crabb DW, Harris RA (1988) Purification and characterization of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase from rabbit liver. J Biol Chem 263:327–331PubMed Rougraff PM, Paxton R, Kuntz MJ, Crabb DW, Harris RA (1988) Purification and characterization of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase from rabbit liver. J Biol Chem 263:327–331PubMed
go back to reference Rougraff PM, Zhang B, Kuntz MJ, Harris RA, Crabb DW (1989) Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. Evidence for its evolutionary relationship to other pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases. J Biol Chem 264:5899–5903PubMed Rougraff PM, Zhang B, Kuntz MJ, Harris RA, Crabb DW (1989) Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. Evidence for its evolutionary relationship to other pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases. J Biol Chem 264:5899–5903PubMed
go back to reference Sasaki M, Kimura M, Sugai K, Hashimoto T, Yamaguchi S (1998) 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria in two brothers. Pediatr Neurol 18:253–255PubMedCrossRef Sasaki M, Kimura M, Sugai K, Hashimoto T, Yamaguchi S (1998) 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria in two brothers. Pediatr Neurol 18:253–255PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sasaki M, Iwata H, Sugai K, Fukumizu M, Kimura M, Yamaguchi S (2001) A severely brain-damaged case of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. Brain Dev 23:243–245PubMedCrossRef Sasaki M, Iwata H, Sugai K, Fukumizu M, Kimura M, Yamaguchi S (2001) A severely brain-damaged case of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. Brain Dev 23:243–245PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sass JO, Sperl W (2001) 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (MHBD) deficiency versus beta-ketothiolase (MAT) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 24:60CrossRef Sass JO, Sperl W (2001) 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (MHBD) deficiency versus beta-ketothiolase (MAT) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 24:60CrossRef
go back to reference Sass JO, Sander S, Zschocke J (2004) Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: isobutyrylglycinuria and ACAD8 gene mutations in two infants. J Inherit Metab Dis 27:741–745PubMedCrossRef Sass JO, Sander S, Zschocke J (2004) Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: isobutyrylglycinuria and ACAD8 gene mutations in two infants. J Inherit Metab Dis 27:741–745PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Shield JP, Gough R, Allen J, Newbury-Ecob R (2001) 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria: phenotypic heterogeneity within a single family. Clin Dysmorphol 10:189–191PubMedCrossRef Shield JP, Gough R, Allen J, Newbury-Ecob R (2001) 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria: phenotypic heterogeneity within a single family. Clin Dysmorphol 10:189–191PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Shimomura Y, Murakami T, Fujitsuka N, Nakai N, Sato Y, Sugiyama S, Shimomura N, Irwin J, Hawes JW, Harris RA (1994) Purification and partial characterization of 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A hydrolase of rat liver. J Biol Chem 269:14248–14253PubMed Shimomura Y, Murakami T, Fujitsuka N, Nakai N, Sato Y, Sugiyama S, Shimomura N, Irwin J, Hawes JW, Harris RA (1994) Purification and partial characterization of 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A hydrolase of rat liver. J Biol Chem 269:14248–14253PubMed
go back to reference Steinman HM, Hill RL (1975) Bovine liver crotonase (enoyl coenzyme A hydratase). EC 4.2.1.17 L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydrolyase. Meth Enzymol 35:136–151PubMedCrossRef Steinman HM, Hill RL (1975) Bovine liver crotonase (enoyl coenzyme A hydratase). EC 4.2.1.17 L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydrolyase. Meth Enzymol 35:136–151PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Telford EA, Moynihan LM, Markham AF, Lench NJ (1999) Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA encoding the precursor for a novel member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene family. Biochim Biophys Acta 1446:371–376PubMed Telford EA, Moynihan LM, Markham AF, Lench NJ (1999) Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA encoding the precursor for a novel member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene family. Biochim Biophys Acta 1446:371–376PubMed
go back to reference Young VR, Pellett PL (1985) Wheat proteins in relation to protein requirements and availability of amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 41:1077–1090PubMed Young VR, Pellett PL (1985) Wheat proteins in relation to protein requirements and availability of amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 41:1077–1090PubMed
go back to reference Zello GA, Wykes LJ, Ball RO, Pencharz PB (1995) Recent advances in methods of assessing dietary amino acid requirements for adult humans. J Nutr 125:2907–2915PubMed Zello GA, Wykes LJ, Ball RO, Pencharz PB (1995) Recent advances in methods of assessing dietary amino acid requirements for adult humans. J Nutr 125:2907–2915PubMed
go back to reference Zhang YX, Tang L, Hutchinson CR (1996) Cloning and characterization of a gene (msdA) encoding methylmalonic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Streptomyces coelicolor. J Bacteriol 178:490–495PubMed Zhang YX, Tang L, Hutchinson CR (1996) Cloning and characterization of a gene (msdA) encoding methylmalonic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Streptomyces coelicolor. J Bacteriol 178:490–495PubMed
Metadata
Title
Enzymology of the branched-chain amino acid oxidation disorders: the valine pathway
Authors
Ronald J. A. Wanders
Marinus Duran
Ference J. Loupatty
Publication date
01-01-2012
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0141-8955
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2665
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-010-9236-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 1/2012 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine