Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Diseases of the Colon & Rectum
Published in: Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 10/2007

01-10-2007 | Practice Parameters

Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence

Authors: Joe J. Tjandra, M.D., Sharon L. Dykes, M.D., Ravin R. Kumar, M.D., C. Neal Ellis, M.D., Sharon G. Gregorcyk, M.D., Neil H. Hyman, M.D., W. Donald Buie, M.D., the Standards Practice Task Force of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons

Published in: Diseases of the Colon & Rectum | Issue 10/2007

Login to get access

Excerpt

The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons is dedicated to ensuring high-quality patient care by advancing the science, prevention, and management of disorders and diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The Standards Committee is composed of Society members who are chosen because they have demonstrated expertise in the specialty of colon and rectal surgery. This Committee was created to lead international efforts in defining quality care for conditions related to the colon, rectum, and anus. This is accompanied by developing Clinical Practice Guidelines based on the best available evidence. These guidelines are inclusive, and not prescriptive. Their purpose is to provide information on which decisions can be made, rather than dictate a specific form of treatment. These guidelines are intended for the use of all practitioners, health care workers, and patients who desire information about the management of the conditions addressed by the topics covered in these guidelines. …
Literature
1.
Whitehead WE, Wald A, Norton NJ. Treatment options for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:131–44.PubMedCrossRef
2.
3.
Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, Furner S. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA 1995;274:559–61PubMedCrossRef
4.
Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR. Prevalence and burden of fecal incontinence: a population-based study in women. Gastroenterology 2005;129:42–9.PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
7.
Quander CR, Morris MC, Melson J, Bienias JL, Evans DA. Prevalence of and factors associated with fecal incontinence in a large community study of older individuals. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:905–9.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Sultan A, Kamm M, Hudson C, Thomas CM, Bartram CI. Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. New Engl J Med 1993;329:1905–11.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Warshaw J. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: incidence, risk factors, and repair. Sem Colon Rectal Surg 2001;12:90–7
10.
Baxter N, Rothenberger D, Lowry A. Measuring fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:1591–605.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Parks A. Royal Society of Medicine, Section of Proctology meeting, November 27, 1974. President’s address. Anorectal incontinence. Proc R Soc Med 1975;68:681–90.PubMed
12.
Broden G, Dolk A, Holmstrom B. Recovery of the internal anal sphincter following rectopexy: a possible explanation for continence improvement. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988;3:23–8.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Keighley M, Fielding J. Management of faecal incontinence and results of surgical treatment. Br J Surg 1983;70:463–8.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Hiltunen K, Matikainen M, Auvinen O, Hietanen P. Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse. Am J Surg 1986;151:489–92.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Corman M. Gracilis muscle transposition for anal incontinence: late results. Br J Surg 1985;72(Suppl):S21–2PubMedCrossRef
16.
Rainey J, Donaldson D, Thomson J. Postanal repair: which patients derive most benefit? J R Coll Surg Edinb 1990;35:101–5PubMed
17.
Williams N, Patel J, George B. Development of an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter. Lancet 1991;338:1166–9.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Womack N, Morrison J, Williams N. Prospective study of the effects of postanal repair in neurogenic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1988;75:48–52.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW. Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence: the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1525–32.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Hull T, Floruta C, Piedmonte M. Preliminary results of an outcome tool used for evaluation of surgical treatment for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:799–805.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Jorge J, Wexner S. Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:77–97.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Pescatori M, Anastasio G, Bottini C, Mentasti A. New grading and scoring for anal incontinence: evaluation of 335 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:482–7.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut 1999;44:77–80.PubMedCrossRef
24.
O’Brien P, Skinner S. Restoring control: the Acticon Neosphincter artificial bowel sphincter in the treatment of anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1213–6.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Miller R, Bartolo DC, Locke-Edmunds JC, Mortensen NJ. Prospective study of conservative and operative treatment for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1988;75:101–5PubMedCrossRef
26.
Bai Y, Chen H, Hao J. Long-term outcome and quality of life after the Swenson procedure for Hirschsprung’s disease. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:639–42.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Rothenberger D. Anal incontinence. In: Cameron JL. Current surgical therapy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1989:186–94.
28.
29.
Lunniss PJ, Kamm MA, Phillips RK. Factors affecting continence after surgery for anal fistula. Br J Surg 1994;81:1382–5.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Jensen L, Lowry A. Biofeedback improves functional outcome after sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:197–200.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Sangalli M, Marti M. Results of sphincter repair in postobstetric fecal incontinence. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179:583–6.PubMed
32.
Oliveira L, Pfeifer J, Wexner S. Physiological and clinical outcome of anterior sphincteroplasty. Br J Surg 1996;3:502–5.CrossRef
33.
Cavanaugh M, Hyman N, Osler T. Fecal incontinence severity index after fistulotomy: a predictor of quality of life. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:349–53.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Rothbarth J, Bemelman WA, Meijerink WJ, et al. What is the impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life? Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44;67–71PubMedCrossRef
35.
Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW, et al. Fecal incontinence quality of life scale: quality of life instruments for patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:9–16.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Temple LK, Bacik J, Savatta SG, et al. The development of a validated instrument to evaluate bowel function after sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1353–65.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLP-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:365–76.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Sprangers MA, te Velde A, Aaronson NK. The construction and testing of the EORTC colorectal cancer-specific quality of life questionnaire module (QLQ-CR38). European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Study Group on Quality of Life. Eur J Cancer 1999;35:238–47PubMedCrossRef
39.
Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 1994;81:463–5PubMedCrossRef
40.
Sultan AH, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Beynon J, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography and correlation with in vitro and in vivo anatomy. Br J Surg 1993;80:508–11.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Berger N, Tjandra JJ, Solomon M. Endoanal and endorectal ultrasound: applications in colorectal surgery. ANZ J Surg 2004;74:71–5.CrossRef
42.
Karoui S, Savoye-Collet C, Koning E, Leroi AM, Denis P. Prevalence of anal sphincter defects revealed by sonography in 335 incontinent patients and 115 continent patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173:389–92.PubMed
43.
Tjandra JJ, Han WR, Goh J, Carey M, Dwyer P. Direct repair vs. overlapping sphincter repair: A randomized controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:937–43.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Tjandra JJ, Lim JF, Matzel K. Sacral nerve stimulation: an emerging treatment for faecal incontinence. ANZ J Surg 2004;74:1098–106.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Tjandra JJ, Lim JF, Hiscock R, Rajendra P. Injectable silicone biomaterial for fecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction is effective. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:2138–46.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Read NW, Bartolo DC, Read MG. Differences in anal function in patients with incontinence to solids and in patients with liquids. Br J Surg 1984;48:39–42.CrossRef
47.
Bliss DZ, Johnson S, Savik K, Clabots CR, Gerding DN. Fecal incontinence in hospitalized patients who are acutely ill. Nurs Res 2000;49:101–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Bliss DZ, Jung HJ, Savik K, et al. Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal incontinence. Nurs Res 2001;50:203–13.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Congilosi Parker S, Thorsen A. Fecal incontinence. Surg Clin North Am 2003;82:1273–90.CrossRef
50.
Read M, Read NW, Barber DC, Duthrie HL. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci 1982;27:807–14.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Palmer KR, Corbett CL, Holdsworth CD. Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1980;79:1272–5.PubMed
52.
Gattuso JM, Kamm MA. Adverse effects of drugs used in the management of constipation and diarrhoea. Drug Safety 1994;10:47–65. [MedLine: 94183478]. Ovid Full Text Bibliographic LinksPubMedCrossRef
53.
Cheetham M, Brazzelli M, Norton C, Glazener CM. Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD002116
54.
Wiesel PH, Norton C, Brazzelli M. Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library 4. Oxford: Update Software, 2001
55.
Kirk PM, King RB, Temple R, Bourjaily J, Thomas P. Long-term follow-up of bowel management after spinal cord injury. SCI Nurs 1997;14:56–63.PubMed
56.
King JC, Currie DM, Wright E. Bowel training in spina bifida: importance of education, patient compliance, age and anal reflexes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:243–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Bouchoucha M, Devroede G, Faye A, Arsac M. Importance of colonic transit evaluation in the management of fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 2002;17:412–7.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Heymen S, Jones KR, Ringel Y, Scarlett Y, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence: a critical review. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:728–36PubMedCrossRef
59.
Mahony RT, Malone PA, Nalty J, Behan M, O’Connell PR, O’Herlihy C. Randomized clinical trial of intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback physiotherapy with intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback augmented with electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter in the early treatment of postpartum fecal incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:885–90.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Ryn AK, Morren GL, Hallbook O, Sjodahl R. Long-term results of electromyographic biofeedback training for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000:43:1262–6.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Guillemot F, Bouche B, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Biofeedback for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Long-term clinical results. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:393–7PubMedCrossRef
62.
Enck P, Daublin G, Heinrich J, Lubke HJ, Strohmeyer G. Long-term efficacy of biofeedback training for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:997–1001.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Pager CK, Solomon MJ, Rex J, Roberts RA. Long-term outcomes of pelvic floor exercise and biofeedback treatment for patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:997–1003.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Musial F, Hinninghofen H, Frieling T, Enck P. Therapy of fecal incontinence in elderly patients: study of a home biofeedback training program. Z Geroltol Geriatr 2000;33:447–53.CrossRef
65.
Prather CM. Physiologic variables that predict the outcome of treatment for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2004;126:135–40.CrossRef
66.
Norton C, Chelvanayagam S, Wilson-Barnett J, Radfern S, Kamm MA. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1320–9.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Kim J, Shim MC, Choi BY, Ahn SH, Janq SH, Shin HJ. Clinical application of continent anal plug in bedridden patients with intractable diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:1162–7.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Deutekom M, Dobben A. Plugs for containing fecal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;20:CD005086
69.
Christiansen J, Roed-Petersen K. Clinical assessment of the anal continence plug. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:740–2.PubMedCrossRef
70.
71.
Engel AF, Kamm MA, Sultan AH, Bartram CI, Nicholls RJ. Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma. Br J Surg 1994;81:1231–4.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Elton C, Stoodley BJ. Anterior anal sphincter repair: results in a district general hospital. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2002;84:321–4.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Fleshman JW, Peters WR, Shemesh EI, Fry RD, Kodner IJ. Anal sphincter reconstruction anterior overlapping muscle repair. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:739–43.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Jacobs PP, Scheuer M, Kuijpers JH, Vingerhotts MH. Obstetric fecal incontinence. Role of pelvic floor denervation and results of delayed sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:494–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Norderval S, Oian P, Revhaug A, Vonen B. Anal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: outcome of anatomic primary repairs. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1055–61.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Osterberg A, Edebol Eeg-Olofsson K, Graf W. Results of surgical treatment for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2000;87:1546–52.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Pinta T, Kylanpaa-Back ML, Salmi T, Jarvinen HJ, Luukkonen P. Delayed sphincter repair for obstetric ruptures: analysis of failure. Colorectal Dis 2003;5:73–8.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Sitzler PJ, Thompson JP. Overlap repair of damaged anal sphincter. A single surgeon’s series. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:1356–60.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AF, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Lancet 2000;355:260–5.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zorcolo L, Covotta L, Bartolo DC. Outcome of anterior sphincter repair for obstetric injury: comparison of early and late results. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:524–31.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Bravo Gutierrez A, Madoff RD, Lowry AC, Parker SC, Buie WD, Baxter NN. Long-term results of anterior sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:727–31.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Halverson AL, Hull TL. Long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:345–8.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Davis KJ, Kumar D, Poloniecki J. Adjuvant biofeedback following anal sphincter repair: a randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:539–49.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Gearhart S, Hull T, Floruta C, Schroeder T, Hammel J. Anal manometric parameters: predictors of outcome following anal sphincter repair? J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:115–20PubMedCrossRef
85.
Fleshman JW, Dreznik Z, Fry RD, Kodner IJ. Anal sphincter repair for obstetric injury: manometric evaluation of functional results. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:1061–7.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett RC, et al. Unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Impact on outcome of anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:686–9.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Oliveira L, Pfeifer J, Wexner SD. Physiological and clinical outcome of anterior sphincteroplasty. Br J Surg 1996;83:502–5.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Kafka NJ, Coller JA, Barrett RC, et al. Pudendal neuropathy is the only parameter differentiating leakage from solid stool incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:1220–7.PubMedCrossRef
89.
90.
Parks AG, McPartlin JF. Late repair of injuries of the anal sphincter. Proc R Soc Med 1971;74:1187–9.
91.
Slade MS, Goldberg SM, Schottler JL, Balcos EG, Christenson CE. Sphincteroplasty for acquired anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1977;20:33–5.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Morren GL, Hallbook O, Nystrom PO, et al. Audit of anal sphincter repair. Colorectal Dis 2001;3:17–22.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Wexner SD, Marchetti F, Jagelman DG. The role of sphincteroplasty for fecal incontinence reevaluated: a prospective physiologic and functional review. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:22–30.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Nielsen MB, Hauge C, Rasmussen OO, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Anal endosonographic findings in the follow up of primarily sutured sphincteric ruptures. Br J Surg 1992;79:104–6.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Pinta T, Kylanpaa-Back ML, Salmi T, Jarvinen HJ, Luukkonen P. Delayed sphincter repair for obstetric ruptures: analysis of failure. Colorectal Dis 2003;5:73–8.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Giordano P, Renzi A, Efron J, et al. Previous sphincter repair does not affect the outcome of repeat repair. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:635–40.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Vaizey CJ, Norton C, Thornton MJ, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Long-term results of repeat anterior anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:858–63.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Briel JW, de Boer LM, Hop WC, Schouten WR. Clinical outcome of anterior overlapping external anal sphincter repair with internal anal sphincter imbrication. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:209–14PubMedCrossRef
99.
Leroi AM, Kamm MA, Weber J, Denis P, Hawley PR. Internal anal sphincter repair. Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12:243–5PubMedCrossRef
100.
Morgan R, Patel B, Beynon J, Carr ND. Surgical management of anorectal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter deficiency. Br J Surg 1997;84:226–30.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Tjandra JJ, Lim JF, Hiscock R, Rajendra P. Injectable silicone biomaterial for fecal incontinence caused by internal anal sphincter dysfunction is effective. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:2138–46.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Chan MK, Tjandra JJ. Injectable silicone biomaterial (PTQ™) to treat fecal incontinence after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:433–9.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Malouf AJ, Vaizey CJ, Norton CS, Kamm MA. Internal anal sphincter augmentation for fecal incontinence using injectable silicone biomaterial. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:595–600.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Davis K, Kumar D, Poloniecki J. Preliminary evaluation of an injectable anal sphincter bulking agent (Durasphere) in the management of faecal incontinence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18:237–43.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Ratto C, Grillo E, Parello A, Petrolino M, Costamagna G, Doglietta GB. Sacral neuromodulation in treatment of fecal incontinence following anterior resection and chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1027–36.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Malouf AJ, Vaizey CJ, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Permanent sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Ann Surg 2000;232:143–8.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Matzel K, Kamm MA, Stösser M, et al. MDT 301 Study Group. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: a multicenter study. Lancet 2004;363:1270–6PubMedCrossRef
108.
Ganio E, Ratto C, Masin A, et al. Neuromodulation for fecal incontinence: outcome in 16 patients with definitive implant. The initial Italian Sacral Neurostimulation Group (GINS) experience. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:965–70.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Kenefick NJ, Vaizey CJ, Cohen RC, et al. Medium-term results of permanent sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2002;89:896–901.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Rasmussen OO, Buntzen S, Sorensen M, Laurberg S, Christiansen J. Sacral nerve stimulation in fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1158–62.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Leroi AM, Michot F, Grise P, Denis P. Effect of sacral nerve stimulation in patients with faecal and urinary incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:779–89PubMedCrossRef
112.
Rosen H, Urbarz C, Holzer B, Novi G, Schiessel R. Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for faecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2001;121:536–41.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Parks AG. Anorectal incontinence. Proc R Soc Med 1975;68:683–7.
114.
Abbas, SM, Bissett IP, Neill ME, Parry BR. Long-term outcome of postanal repair in the treatment of faecal incontinence. ANZ J Surg 2005;75:783–6.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Bartolo DC, Roe AM, Locke-Edmunds JC. Flap-valve theory of anorectal continence. Br J Surg 1986;73:1012–4.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Setti Carraro P, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ. Long-term results of postanal repair for neurogenic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1994;81:140–4.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Pinho M, Ortiz J, Oya M, Panagamuwa B, Asperer J, Keighley MR. Total pelvic floor repair for treatment of neuropathic faecal incontinence. Am J Surg 1992;163:340–3.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Baeten CG, Geerdes BP, Adang EM, et al. Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1600–5.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Koch SM, Uludag O, Rongen M, Baeten CG, van Gemert W. Dynamic graciloplasty in patients born with an anorectal malformation. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1711–9PubMedCrossRef
120.
Chapman AE, Geerdes B, Hewett P, et al. Dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2002;89:138–53.PubMed
121.
Casal E, San Ildefonso A, Carracedo R, Facal C, Sanchez JA. Artificial bowel sphincter in severe anal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2004;6:180–4.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Michot F, Costaglioli B, Leroi AM, Denis P. Artificial anal sphincter in severe faecal incontinence: outcome of prospective experience with 37 patients in one institution. Ann Surg 2003;237:52–6.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Wong WD, Congliosi SM, Spencer MP, et al. The safety and efficacy of the artificial bowel sphincter for fecal incontinence: results from a multicenter cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:1139–53.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Christiansen J, Rasmussen O, Lindorff-Larsen K. Long-term results of artificial anal sphincter implantation for severe anal incontinence. Ann Surg 1999;230:45–8.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Mundy L, Merlin TL, Maddern GJ, Hiller JE. Systematic review of safety and effectiveness of an artificial bowel sphincter for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2004;91:665–72PubMedCrossRef
126.
O’Brien PE, Dixon JB, Skinner S, Laurie C, Khera A, Fonda D. A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of placement of the artifical bowel sphincter (Acticon Neosphincter) for the control of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1852–60.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Takahashi T, Garcia-Osogobio S, Valdovinos MA, et al. Radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:915–22.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Takahashi T, Garcia-Osogobio S, Valdovinos MA, Belmonte C, Barreto C, Velasco L. Extended two-year results of radio-frequency energy delivery for the treatment of fecal incontinence (the Secca procedure). Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:711–5.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Efron JE, Corman ML, Fleshman J, et al. Safety and effectiveness of temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal (Secca procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:1606–16.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Saltzstein RJ, Romano J. The efficacy of colostomy as a bowel management alternative in selected spinal cord injury patients. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1990;13:9–13.PubMed
131.
Stone JM, Wolfe VA, Nino-Murcia M, Perkash I. Colostomy as treatment for complications of spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:514–8.PubMed
132.
Norton C, Burch J, Kamm MA. Patients’ views of a colostomy for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1062–9.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence
Authors
Joe J. Tjandra, M.D.
Sharon L. Dykes, M.D.
Ravin R. Kumar, M.D.
C. Neal Ellis, M.D.
Sharon G. Gregorcyk, M.D.
Neil H. Hyman, M.D.
W. Donald Buie, M.D.
the Standards Practice Task Force of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons
Publication date
01-10-2007
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Diseases of the Colon & Rectum / Issue 10/2007
Print ISSN: 0012-3706
Electronic ISSN: 1530-0358
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-007-9001-x

Other articles of this Issue 10/2007

Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 10/2007 Go to the issue

Original Contributions

Clinical Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 mRNA Expression in the Invasive Front and Inner Surface of Tumor Tissues in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Original Contributions

Pudendal Block with Bupivacaine for Postoperative Pain Relief

Letters to the Editor

Rectal Cancer Perforation After Short-course Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy

Selected Abstracts

Selected Abstracts

Original Contributions

Laparoscopic Repair of Parastomal Hernias: A Single Surgeon’s Experience in 66 Patients

Original Contributions

A Meta-Analysis Comparing Conventional End-to-End Anastomosis vs. Other Anastomotic Configurations After Resection in Crohn’s Disease