Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Artificial Organs 1/2012

01-03-2012 | Minireview

Regeneration of extrahepatic bile ducts by tissue engineering with a bioabsorbable polymer

Authors: Mitsuo Miyazawa, Masayasu Aikawa, Katsuya Okada, Yasuko Toshimitsu, Kojun Okamoto, Isamu Koyama, Yoshito Ikada

Published in: Journal of Artificial Organs | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

With the widespread adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and living-donor liver transplantation in recent years, complications involving the biliary system, stenosis in particular, are increasing. Various invasive and non-invasive techniques are now available for the treatment of biliary stenosis, but all are compromised by a high risk of recurrence and other problems. As a potential solution, our group has developed a bioabsorbable polymer (BAP) tube for implantation as a bypass graft. In the study reported here, we implanted this BAP tube and confirmed bile duct regeneration at the graft site after the tube had been degraded and absorbed into the body. We briefly describe our findings on extrahepatic biliary tissue regeneration, focusing on the possibility of its clinical application. This artificial bile duct may promote the development of novel treatments for biliary disease.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ammori BJ, Joseph S, Attia M, Lodge JP. Biliary strictures complicating pancreaticoduodenectomy. Int J Pancreatol. 2000;28:15.PubMedCrossRef Ammori BJ, Joseph S, Attia M, Lodge JP. Biliary strictures complicating pancreaticoduodenectomy. Int J Pancreatol. 2000;28:15.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Egawa H, Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Asonuma K, Kiuchi T, Fujita S, Hayashi M, Matamoros MA, Itou K, Tanaka K. Biliary anastomotic complications in 400 living related liver transplantations. World J Surg. 2001;25:1300.PubMedCrossRef Egawa H, Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Asonuma K, Kiuchi T, Fujita S, Hayashi M, Matamoros MA, Itou K, Tanaka K. Biliary anastomotic complications in 400 living related liver transplantations. World J Surg. 2001;25:1300.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Wojcicki M, Milkiewicz P, Silva M. Biliary tract complications after liver transplantation: a review. Dig Surg. 2008;25:245–57.PubMedCrossRef Wojcicki M, Milkiewicz P, Silva M. Biliary tract complications after liver transplantation: a review. Dig Surg. 2008;25:245–57.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Maheshwari A, Maley W, Li Z, Thuluvath PJ. Biliary complications and outcomes of liver transplantation from donors after cardiac death. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:1645–53.PubMedCrossRef Maheshwari A, Maley W, Li Z, Thuluvath PJ. Biliary complications and outcomes of liver transplantation from donors after cardiac death. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:1645–53.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Nishida S, Nakamura N, Kadono J, Komokata T, Sakata R, Madariaga JR, Tzakis AG. Intrahepatic biliary strictures after liver transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006;13:511–6.PubMedCrossRef Nishida S, Nakamura N, Kadono J, Komokata T, Sakata R, Madariaga JR, Tzakis AG. Intrahepatic biliary strictures after liver transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006;13:511–6.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Imamura H, Dowaki S, Mizuta K, Kawarasaki H, Hashizume K. Small-for-size grafts in living-related liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:510.PubMedCrossRef Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Imamura H, Dowaki S, Mizuta K, Kawarasaki H, Hashizume K. Small-for-size grafts in living-related liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:510.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Halme L, Hockerstedt K, Lautenschlager I. Cytomegalovirus infection and development of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2003;75:1853.PubMedCrossRef Halme L, Hockerstedt K, Lautenschlager I. Cytomegalovirus infection and development of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2003;75:1853.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Miyazawa M, Torii T, Toshimitsu Y, Okada K, Koyama I, Ikada Y. A tissue-engineered artificial bile duct grown to resemble the native bile duct. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:1541–7.PubMedCrossRef Miyazawa M, Torii T, Toshimitsu Y, Okada K, Koyama I, Ikada Y. A tissue-engineered artificial bile duct grown to resemble the native bile duct. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:1541–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Xu J, Sun S, Zhang Q, Chen J, Wu L, Liu W, Guo G. Experiment for a polyurethane replacement of the common bile duct. Chin Med J (Engl). 1998;111:86. Xu J, Sun S, Zhang Q, Chen J, Wu L, Liu W, Guo G. Experiment for a polyurethane replacement of the common bile duct. Chin Med J (Engl). 1998;111:86.
11.
go back to reference Rosen M, Ponsky J, Petras R, Fanning A, Brody F, Duperier F. Small intestinal submucosa as a bioscaffold for biliary tract regeneration. Surgery. 2002;132:480.PubMedCrossRef Rosen M, Ponsky J, Petras R, Fanning A, Brody F, Duperier F. Small intestinal submucosa as a bioscaffold for biliary tract regeneration. Surgery. 2002;132:480.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Teebken OE, Haverich A. Tissue engineering of small diameter vascular grafts. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002;23:475.PubMedCrossRef Teebken OE, Haverich A. Tissue engineering of small diameter vascular grafts. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002;23:475.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Shin’oka T, Imai Y, Ikada Y. Transplantation of a tissue-engineered pulmonary artery. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:532.PubMedCrossRef Shin’oka T, Imai Y, Ikada Y. Transplantation of a tissue-engineered pulmonary artery. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:532.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Kaihara S, Kim S, Benvenuto M, Kim BS, Mooney DJ, Tanaka K, Vacanti JP. End-to-end anastomosis between tissue-engineered intestine and native small bowel. Tissue Eng. 1999;5:339.PubMedCrossRef Kaihara S, Kim S, Benvenuto M, Kim BS, Mooney DJ, Tanaka K, Vacanti JP. End-to-end anastomosis between tissue-engineered intestine and native small bowel. Tissue Eng. 1999;5:339.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Perez A, Grikscheit TC, Blumberg RS, Ashley SW, Vacanti JP. Tissue-engineered small intestine: ontogeny of the immune system. Transplantation. 2002;74:619.PubMedCrossRef Perez A, Grikscheit TC, Blumberg RS, Ashley SW, Vacanti JP. Tissue-engineered small intestine: ontogeny of the immune system. Transplantation. 2002;74:619.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Ishizaki Y, Bandai Y, Shimomura K, Idezuki Y, Makuuchi M. Healing process of sutureless choledochojejunostomy in an experimental model. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1118–21.PubMedCrossRef Ishizaki Y, Bandai Y, Shimomura K, Idezuki Y, Makuuchi M. Healing process of sutureless choledochojejunostomy in an experimental model. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1118–21.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Watanabe M, Shin’oka T, Tohyama S, Hibino N, Konuma T, Matsumura G, Kosaka Y, Ishida T, Imai Y, Yamakawa M, Ikada Y, Morita S. Tissue-engineered vascular autograft: inferior vena cava replacement in a dog model. Tissue Eng. 2001;7:429–39.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe M, Shin’oka T, Tohyama S, Hibino N, Konuma T, Matsumura G, Kosaka Y, Ishida T, Imai Y, Yamakawa M, Ikada Y, Morita S. Tissue-engineered vascular autograft: inferior vena cava replacement in a dog model. Tissue Eng. 2001;7:429–39.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Noishiki Y, Tomizawa Y, Yamane Y, Matsumoto A. Autocrine angiogenic vascular prosthesis with bone marrow transplantation. Nat Med. 1996;2:90–3.PubMedCrossRef Noishiki Y, Tomizawa Y, Yamane Y, Matsumoto A. Autocrine angiogenic vascular prosthesis with bone marrow transplantation. Nat Med. 1996;2:90–3.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Bhattacharya V, McSweeney PA, Shi Q, Bruno B, Ishida A, Nash R, Storb RF, Sauvage LR, Hammond WP, Wu MH. Enhanced endothelialization and microvessel formation in polyester grafts seeded with CD34(+) bone marrow cells. Blood. 2000;95:581–5.PubMed Bhattacharya V, McSweeney PA, Shi Q, Bruno B, Ishida A, Nash R, Storb RF, Sauvage LR, Hammond WP, Wu MH. Enhanced endothelialization and microvessel formation in polyester grafts seeded with CD34(+) bone marrow cells. Blood. 2000;95:581–5.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Dalakas E, Newsome PN, Boyle S, Brown R, Pryde A, McCall S, Hayes PC, Bickmore WA, Harrison DJ, Plevris JN. Bone marrow stem cells contribute to alcohol liver fibrosis in humans. Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19:1417–25.PubMedCrossRef Dalakas E, Newsome PN, Boyle S, Brown R, Pryde A, McCall S, Hayes PC, Bickmore WA, Harrison DJ, Plevris JN. Bone marrow stem cells contribute to alcohol liver fibrosis in humans. Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19:1417–25.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Jang YY, Collector MI, Baylin SB, Diehl AM, Sharkis SJ. Hematopoietic stem cells convert into liver cells within days without fusion. Nat Cell Biol. 2004;6:532–9. Jang YY, Collector MI, Baylin SB, Diehl AM, Sharkis SJ. Hematopoietic stem cells convert into liver cells within days without fusion. Nat Cell Biol. 2004;6:532–9.
22.
go back to reference Oh SH, Witek RP, Bae SH, Zheng D, Jung Y, Piscaglia AC, Petersen BE. Bone marrow-derived hepatic oval cells differentiate into hepatocytes in 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1077–87.PubMedCrossRef Oh SH, Witek RP, Bae SH, Zheng D, Jung Y, Piscaglia AC, Petersen BE. Bone marrow-derived hepatic oval cells differentiate into hepatocytes in 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1077–87.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Tabibian JH, Asham EH, Han S, Saab S, Tong MJ, Goldstein L, Busuttil RW, Durazo FA. Endoscopic treatment of postorthotopic liver transplantation anastomotic biliary strictures with maximal stent therapy (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:505–12.PubMedCrossRef Tabibian JH, Asham EH, Han S, Saab S, Tong MJ, Goldstein L, Busuttil RW, Durazo FA. Endoscopic treatment of postorthotopic liver transplantation anastomotic biliary strictures with maximal stent therapy (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:505–12.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Pottakkat B, Vijayahari R, Prakash A, Singh RK, Behari A, Kumar A, Kapoor VK, Saxena R. Factors predicting failure following high bilio-enteric anastomosis for post-cholecystectomy benign biliary strictures. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14:1389–94.PubMedCrossRef Pottakkat B, Vijayahari R, Prakash A, Singh RK, Behari A, Kumar A, Kapoor VK, Saxena R. Factors predicting failure following high bilio-enteric anastomosis for post-cholecystectomy benign biliary strictures. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14:1389–94.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Cantwell CP, Pena CS, Gervais DA, Hahn PF, Dawson SL, Mueller PR. Thirty years’ experience with balloon dilation of benign postoperative biliary strictures: long-term outcomes. Radiology. 2008;249:1050–7.PubMedCrossRef Cantwell CP, Pena CS, Gervais DA, Hahn PF, Dawson SL, Mueller PR. Thirty years’ experience with balloon dilation of benign postoperative biliary strictures: long-term outcomes. Radiology. 2008;249:1050–7.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Sikora SS, Srikanth G, Agrawal V, Gupta RK, Kumar A, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Liver histology in benign biliary stricture: fibrosis to cirrhosis… and reversal? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1879–84.PubMedCrossRef Sikora SS, Srikanth G, Agrawal V, Gupta RK, Kumar A, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Liver histology in benign biliary stricture: fibrosis to cirrhosis… and reversal? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1879–84.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Corvera CU, Blumgart LH, Darvishian F, Klimstra DS, DeMatteo R, Fong Y, D’Angelica M, Jarnagin WR. Clinical and pathologic features of proximal biliary strictures masquerading as hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201:862–9.PubMedCrossRef Corvera CU, Blumgart LH, Darvishian F, Klimstra DS, DeMatteo R, Fong Y, D’Angelica M, Jarnagin WR. Clinical and pathologic features of proximal biliary strictures masquerading as hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201:862–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Lillemoe KD, Melton GB, Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Campbell KA, Talamini MA, Sauter PA, Coleman J, Yeo CJ. Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990 s. Ann Surg. 2000;232:430–41.PubMedCrossRef Lillemoe KD, Melton GB, Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Campbell KA, Talamini MA, Sauter PA, Coleman J, Yeo CJ. Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990 s. Ann Surg. 2000;232:430–41.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Shah SA, Grant DR, McGilvray ID, Greig PD, Selzner M, Lilly LB, Girgrah N, Levy GA, Cattral MS. Biliary strictures in 130 consecutive right lobe living donor liver transplant recipients: results of a Western center. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:161–7.PubMedCrossRef Shah SA, Grant DR, McGilvray ID, Greig PD, Selzner M, Lilly LB, Girgrah N, Levy GA, Cattral MS. Biliary strictures in 130 consecutive right lobe living donor liver transplant recipients: results of a Western center. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:161–7.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Judah JR, Draganov PV. Endoscopic therapy of benign biliary strictures. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:3531–9.PubMed Judah JR, Draganov PV. Endoscopic therapy of benign biliary strictures. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:3531–9.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Cameron JL. Current management of benign bile duct strictures. Adv Surg. 1992;25:119–74.PubMed Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Cameron JL. Current management of benign bile duct strictures. Adv Surg. 1992;25:119–74.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Aikawa M, Miyazawa M, Okamoto K, Toshimitsu Y, Torii T, Okada K, Akimoto N, Ohtani Y, Koyama I, Yoshito I. A novel treatment for bile duct injury with a tissue-engineered bioabsorbable polymer patch. Surgery. 2010;147:575–80.PubMedCrossRef Aikawa M, Miyazawa M, Okamoto K, Toshimitsu Y, Torii T, Okada K, Akimoto N, Ohtani Y, Koyama I, Yoshito I. A novel treatment for bile duct injury with a tissue-engineered bioabsorbable polymer patch. Surgery. 2010;147:575–80.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Tocchi A, Mazzoni G, Liotta G, Lepre L, Cassini D, Miccini M. Late development of bile duct cancer in patients who had biliary-enteric drainage for benign disease: a follow-up study of more than 1, 000 patients. Ann Surg. 2001;234:210–4.PubMedCrossRef Tocchi A, Mazzoni G, Liotta G, Lepre L, Cassini D, Miccini M. Late development of bile duct cancer in patients who had biliary-enteric drainage for benign disease: a follow-up study of more than 1, 000 patients. Ann Surg. 2001;234:210–4.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Bettschart V, Clayton RA, Parks RW, Garden OJ, Bellamy CO. Cholangiocarcinoma arising after biliary-enteric drainage procedures for benign disease. Gut. 2002;51:128–9.PubMedCrossRef Bettschart V, Clayton RA, Parks RW, Garden OJ, Bellamy CO. Cholangiocarcinoma arising after biliary-enteric drainage procedures for benign disease. Gut. 2002;51:128–9.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Herba MJ, Casola G, Bret PM, Lough J, Hampson LG. Cholangiocarcinoma as a late complication of choledochoenteric anastomoses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986;147:513–5.PubMed Herba MJ, Casola G, Bret PM, Lough J, Hampson LG. Cholangiocarcinoma as a late complication of choledochoenteric anastomoses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986;147:513–5.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Gouma DJ, Konsten J, Soeters PB, Von Meyenfeldt M, Obertop H. Long-term follow-up after choledochojejunostomy for bile duct stones with complex clearance of the bile duct. Br J Surg. 1989;76:451–3.PubMedCrossRef Gouma DJ, Konsten J, Soeters PB, Von Meyenfeldt M, Obertop H. Long-term follow-up after choledochojejunostomy for bile duct stones with complex clearance of the bile duct. Br J Surg. 1989;76:451–3.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Maeda A, Yokoi S, Kunou T, Saeki S, Niinomi N, Uesaka K. Bile duct cancer developing 21 years after choledochoduodenostomy. Dig Surg. 2003;20:331–4.PubMedCrossRef Maeda A, Yokoi S, Kunou T, Saeki S, Niinomi N, Uesaka K. Bile duct cancer developing 21 years after choledochoduodenostomy. Dig Surg. 2003;20:331–4.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Aikawa M, Miyazawa M, Okada K, Toshimitsu Y, Okamoto K, Akimoto N, Koyama I, Ikada Y. Development of a novel reflux-free bilioenteric anastomosis procedure by using a bioabsorbable polymer tube. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:284–90.PubMedCrossRef Aikawa M, Miyazawa M, Okada K, Toshimitsu Y, Okamoto K, Akimoto N, Koyama I, Ikada Y. Development of a novel reflux-free bilioenteric anastomosis procedure by using a bioabsorbable polymer tube. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:284–90.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Sakai Y, Tsuyuguchi T, Ishihara T, Yukisawa S, Sugiyama H, Miyakawa K, Kuroda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ozawa S, Yokosuka O. Long-term prognosis of patients with endoscopically treated postoperative bile duct stricture and bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1191–7.PubMedCrossRef Sakai Y, Tsuyuguchi T, Ishihara T, Yukisawa S, Sugiyama H, Miyakawa K, Kuroda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ozawa S, Yokosuka O. Long-term prognosis of patients with endoscopically treated postoperative bile duct stricture and bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1191–7.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Roumilhac D, Poyet G, Sergent G, Declerck N, Karoui M, Mathurin P, Ernst O, Paris JC, Gambiez L, Pruvot FR. Long-term results of percutaneous management for anastomotic biliary stricture after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003;9:394–400.PubMedCrossRef Roumilhac D, Poyet G, Sergent G, Declerck N, Karoui M, Mathurin P, Ernst O, Paris JC, Gambiez L, Pruvot FR. Long-term results of percutaneous management for anastomotic biliary stricture after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003;9:394–400.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Miyazawa M, Aikawa M, Okada K, Torii T, Otani Y, Koyama I. Development of bioabsorbable biliary tract stens for treatment of benign biliary stenosis. Jpn J Gastroenterol Surg. 2007;40:1548. Miyazawa M, Aikawa M, Okada K, Torii T, Otani Y, Koyama I. Development of bioabsorbable biliary tract stens for treatment of benign biliary stenosis. Jpn J Gastroenterol Surg. 2007;40:1548.
42.
go back to reference Kasuya K, Shimazu M, Abe Y, Kikuchi S, Itoi T, Ikada Y, Aoki T, Tsuchida A. A newly developed degradable stent for pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy. Int Surg. 2010;95:247–56.PubMed Kasuya K, Shimazu M, Abe Y, Kikuchi S, Itoi T, Ikada Y, Aoki T, Tsuchida A. A newly developed degradable stent for pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy. Int Surg. 2010;95:247–56.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Bandura WP, Arbulu A. Experimental replacement of the common bile duct with teflon graft. Am Surg. 1961;27:518–24.PubMed Bandura WP, Arbulu A. Experimental replacement of the common bile duct with teflon graft. Am Surg. 1961;27:518–24.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Gomez NA, Alvarez LR, Mite A, Andrade JP, Alvarez JR, Vargas PE, Tomala NE, Vivas AF, Zapatier JA. Repair of bile duct injuries with Gore-Tex vascular grafts: experimental study in dogs. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6:116–20.PubMedCrossRef Gomez NA, Alvarez LR, Mite A, Andrade JP, Alvarez JR, Vargas PE, Tomala NE, Vivas AF, Zapatier JA. Repair of bile duct injuries with Gore-Tex vascular grafts: experimental study in dogs. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6:116–20.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Christensen M, Laursen HB, Rokkjaer M, Jensen PF, Yasuda Y, Mortensen FV. Reconstruction of the common bile duct by a vascular prosthetic graft: an experimental study in pigs. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005;12:231–4.PubMedCrossRef Christensen M, Laursen HB, Rokkjaer M, Jensen PF, Yasuda Y, Mortensen FV. Reconstruction of the common bile duct by a vascular prosthetic graft: an experimental study in pigs. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005;12:231–4.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Mendelowitz DS, Beal JM. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in reconstruction of the canine biliary system. Am J Surg. 1982;143:221–4.PubMedCrossRef Mendelowitz DS, Beal JM. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in reconstruction of the canine biliary system. Am J Surg. 1982;143:221–4.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Bottger T, Mann B, Pickel B, Weber W, Sorger K, Junginger T. Animal experiment studies of pedicled small intestine transplantation as partial extrahepatic bile duct replacement. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1991;376:77–84.PubMedCrossRef Bottger T, Mann B, Pickel B, Weber W, Sorger K, Junginger T. Animal experiment studies of pedicled small intestine transplantation as partial extrahepatic bile duct replacement. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1991;376:77–84.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Belzer FO, Watts JM, Ross HB, Dunphy JE. Auto-reconstruction of the common bile duct after venous patch graft. Ann Surg. 1965;162:346–55.PubMedCrossRef Belzer FO, Watts JM, Ross HB, Dunphy JE. Auto-reconstruction of the common bile duct after venous patch graft. Ann Surg. 1965;162:346–55.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Aydin M, Bakir B, Kosem M, Kisli E, Genccelep M. Biliary tract reconstruction with autologous rectus sheath graft—an experimental study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52:1019–22.PubMed Aydin M, Bakir B, Kosem M, Kisli E, Genccelep M. Biliary tract reconstruction with autologous rectus sheath graft—an experimental study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52:1019–22.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Sedgwick CE. Reconstruction of the common bile duct with a free ureteral graft; an experimental study. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951;92:571–3.PubMed Sedgwick CE. Reconstruction of the common bile duct with a free ureteral graft; an experimental study. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951;92:571–3.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Gomez NA, Zapatier JA, Vargas PE. Re: “Small intestinal submucosa as a bioscaffold for biliary tract regeneration”. Surgery. 2004;135:460.PubMedCrossRef Gomez NA, Zapatier JA, Vargas PE. Re: “Small intestinal submucosa as a bioscaffold for biliary tract regeneration”. Surgery. 2004;135:460.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference El-Assmy A, Hafez AT, El-Sherbiny MT, El-Hamid MA, Mohsen T, Nour EM, Bazeed M. Use of single layer small intestinal submucosa for long segment ureteral replacement: a pilot study. J Urol. 2004;171:1939–42.PubMedCrossRef El-Assmy A, Hafez AT, El-Sherbiny MT, El-Hamid MA, Mohsen T, Nour EM, Bazeed M. Use of single layer small intestinal submucosa for long segment ureteral replacement: a pilot study. J Urol. 2004;171:1939–42.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Paradis K, Langford G, Long Z, Heneine W, Sandstrom P, Switzer WM, Chapman LE, Lockey C, Onions D, Otto E. Search for cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus in patients treated with living pig tissue. The XEN 111 Study Group. Science. 1999;285:1236–41.PubMedCrossRef Paradis K, Langford G, Long Z, Heneine W, Sandstrom P, Switzer WM, Chapman LE, Lockey C, Onions D, Otto E. Search for cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus in patients treated with living pig tissue. The XEN 111 Study Group. Science. 1999;285:1236–41.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Fishman JA, Patience C. Xenotransplantation: infectious risk revisited. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:1383–90.PubMedCrossRef Fishman JA, Patience C. Xenotransplantation: infectious risk revisited. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:1383–90.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Regeneration of extrahepatic bile ducts by tissue engineering with a bioabsorbable polymer
Authors
Mitsuo Miyazawa
Masayasu Aikawa
Katsuya Okada
Yasuko Toshimitsu
Kojun Okamoto
Isamu Koyama
Yoshito Ikada
Publication date
01-03-2012
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Journal of Artificial Organs / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 1434-7229
Electronic ISSN: 1619-0904
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10047-011-0590-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Journal of Artificial Organs 1/2012 Go to the issue